精品文檔-下載后可編輯年12月19日大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試試卷(B卷)2022年12月19日大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試試卷(B卷)

PartⅠWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledShouldParentsSendTheirKidstoArtClasses?Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.

1.1現(xiàn)在有不少家長(zhǎng)送孩子參加各種藝術(shù)班2對(duì)這種做法有人表示支持，也有人并不贊成3我認(rèn)為……ShouldParentsSendTheirKidstoArtClasses?注意：此部分試題在答題卡1上。[15分]

PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.BossesSay“Yes”toHomeWorkRisingcostsofofficespace,timelosttostressfulcommuting,andaslowrecognitionthatworkershavelivesbeyondtheoffice—allarestrongargumentsforlettingstaffworkfromhome.Forthesmallbusiness,thereareadditionalbenefitstoo—staffaremoreproductive,andhappier,enablingfirmstokeeptheirheadcounts(員工數(shù))andtheirrecruitmentcoststoaminimum.Itcanalsoprovidecompetitiveadvantage,especiallywhensmallbusinesseswanttoattractnewstaffbutdon’thavethebudgettoofferhugesalaries.Whilecompanymanagershaveknownaboutthebenefitsforalongtime,manyhavedonelittleaboutit,scepticalofwhethertheycouldtrusttheiremployeestoworktofullcapacitywithoutsupervision,orconcernedabouttheadditionalexpensesteleworkingpoliciesmightincurasstaffstartchargingtheirhomephonebillstothebusiness.Yetthisisnowchanging.WhencommunicationsproviderInter-Telresearchedtheuseofremoteworkingsolutionsamongsmall-and-medium-sizedUKbusinessesinAprilthisyear,itfoundthat28%morecompaniesclaimedtohaveintroducedflexibleworkingpracticesthanayearago.TheUKnetworkofBusinessLinksconfirmsthatittoohasseenagrowinginterestinremoteworkingsolutionsfromsmallbusinessesseekingitsadvice,andclaimsthatasmanyas60-70%ofthebusinessesthatcomethroughitsdoorsnowoffersomeformofremoteworkingsupporttotheirworkforces.Technologyadvances,includingthewidespreadavailabilityofbroadband,aremakingtheintroductionofremoteworkingapieceofcake.“Ifsystemsaresetupproperly,staffcanhaveaccesstoalltheresourcestheyhaveintheofficewherevertheyhaveaninternetconnection,”saysAndyPoulton,e-businessadvisoratBusinessLinkforBerkshireandWiltshire.“Therearesomeveryexcitingdevelopmentswhichhaveenabledthis.”O(jiān)neistheavailabilityofbroadbandeverywhere,whichnowcoversalmostallofthecountry(BTclaimsthat,byJuly,99.8%ofitsexchangeswillbebroadbandenabled,withalternativeplansinplaceforeventhemostremoteexchanges).“Thisistheenabler,”Poultonsays.Yetwhilebroadbandhascomedowninpricetoo,thoseserviceproviderstargetingthebusinessmarketwarnagainstconsumerservicesmasquerading(偽裝)asbusiness-friendlybroadband.“Broadbandisavailableforaslittleas￡15amonth,butmanybusinessesfailtoappreciatethehiddencostsofsuchaservice,”saysNeilStephenson,salesandmarketingdirectoratOnyxInternet,aninternetserviceproviderbasedinthenorth-eastofEngland.“Providersofferingbroadbandforrock-bottompricesarenotoriousforpoorservice,withregularbreakdownsandheavilycongested(擁堵的)networks.Itisalwaysadvisableforbusinessestolookbeyondthepricetagandlookforabusiness-onlyproviderthatcanoffermorereliability,withgoodsupport.”Suchservicesdon’tcosttoomuch—qualityservicescanbefoundforupwardsof￡30amonth.Thebenefitsofbroadbandtotheoccasionalhomeworkerarethattheycanaccessemailinrealtime,andtakefulladvantageofservicessuchasinternet-basedbackuporeveninternet-basedphoneservices.Internet-basedtelecoms,orVoIP(VoiceoverIP)togiveititstechnicaltitle,isaninterestingtooltoanybusinesssupportingremoteworking.Notnecessarilybecauseofthepromiseoffreeorreducedpricephonecalls(whichexpertspointoutismisleadingfortheaveragebusiness),butbecauseofthesophisticatedvoiceservicesthatcanbeexploitedbytheremoteworker—facilitiessuchasvoicemailandcallforwarding,whichprovideacontinuityofthecompanyimageforcustomersandbusinesspartners.Bylaw,companiesmust“considerseriously”requeststoworkflexiblymadebyaparentwithachildundertheageofsix,oradisabledchildunder18.ItwastheneedtoaccommodateemployeeswithyoungchildrenthatmotivatedaccountancyfirmWrightVigartobeginpromotingteleworkingrecently.Thecompany,whichneededtoupgradeitsITinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)toprovideconnectivitywithanew,secondoffice,decidedtointroducesupportforremoteworkingatthesametime.MarketingdirectorJackO’Hernexplainsthatthecompanyhasarelativelyyoungworkforce,manyofwhomareparents:“Oneofthetriggerswaswhenoneofourtaxmanagersreturnedfrommaternityleave.Shewasintendingtoworkparttime,butcouldonlymanageonedayaweekintheofficeduetochildcare.Byofferinghertheabilitytoworkfromhome,wehavedoubledhercapacity—nowsheworksadayaweekfromhome,andadayintheoffice.Thisisgreatforher,andforusasweretainsomeonehighlyqualified.”ForWrightVigar,whichhasnowequippedallofitsfee-earnerstobeabletoworkatmaximumproductivitywhenawayfromtheoffices(whetherthat’sfromhome,orwhileontheroad),thisstrategyisnotjustaboutsavingoncommutetimeorcuttingthemloosefromtheoffice,butenablingthemtoworkmoreflexiblehoursthatfitaroundtheirhomelife.O’Hernsays:“Althoughmostofourworkisclient-basedandmustfitaroundthis,wecan’tseeanyreasonwhyaparentcan’tbeonhandtodealwithsomethingimportantathome,iftheyhavetheabilitytocompleteaprojectlaterintheday.”Supportingthisnewwayofworkingcamewithaprice,though.Althoughthefirmwasupdatingitssystemsanyway,thecompanyspent10-15%moreperusertoequipthemwithalaptopratherthanaPC,andaboutthesametoupgradetoaserverthatwouldenableremotestafftoconnecttothecompanynetworksandaccessalltheirusualresources.AlthoughWrightVigarhasn’tyetquantifiedthebusinessbenefits,itclaimsthat,inadditiontobeingabletoretainkeystaffwithyoungfamilies,itisabletosavefee-earnersasubstantialamountof“dead”timeintheirworkingdays.Thatstaffcandothiswithoutneedingafixedtelephonelineprovidesevenmoreefficiencysavings.“WithWi-Fi(fast,wirelessinternetconnections)poppingupallovertheplace,evenontrains,ourfee-earnerscanbeproductiveastheytravel,andbetweenmeetings,insteadofhavingtokilltimeattheshops,”headds.Thecompanywillalsobeabletoavoidtheexpenseofhavingtorelocatestafftotemporaryofficesforseveralweekswhenitbeginsdisruptiveofficerenovationssoon.FinancialrecruitmentspecialistLynneHargreavesknowsexactlyhowmuchherfirmhassavedbyadoptingateleworkingstrategy,whichhasinvolvedhandinghercompany’sdatamanagementovertoaremotehostingcompany,Datanet,soitcanbeaccessiblebyallthecompany’sconsultantsoverbroadbandinternetconnections.Ithasenabledthecompanytodispensewithitsbusinesspremisesaltogether,followingtherealisationthatitjustdidn’tneedthemanymore.“Themainmotivationbehindadoptinghomeworkingwastoincreasemyownproductivity,asasinglemumtoan11-year-old,”saysHargreaves.“ButIsoonrealisedthat,asmostofourbusinessisdoneonthephone,emailandatoff-sitemeetings,wedidn’tneedourofficesatall.We’renowsaving￡16,000ayearonrent,plusthecostofutilities,nottomentionwhatwouldhavebeenspentoncommuting.”

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?[1分]

A.Howbusinessmanagersviewhi-tech.

B.Benefitsofthepracticeofteleworking.

C.Howtocutdownthecostsofsmallbusinesses.

D.Relationsbetweenemployersandemployees.

2.FromtheresearchconductedbythecommunicationsproviderInter-Tel,welearnthat__________.[1分]

A.attitudestowardITtechnologyhavechanged

B.moreemployeesworktofullcapacityathome

C.morebusinesseshaveadoptedremoteworkingsolutions

D.employeesshowagrowinginterestinsmallbusinesses

3.WhatdevelopmenthasmadeflexibleworkingpracticespossibleaccordingtoAndyPoulton?[1分]

A.Reducedcostoftelecommunications.

B.Improvedreliabilityofinternetservice.

C.Accesstobroadbandeverywhere.

D.AvailabilityoftheVoIPservice.

4.WhatisNeilStephenson’sadvicetofirmscontractinginternetservices?[1分]

A.Theycontractthecheapestprovider.

B.Theylookforreliablebusiness-onlyproviders.

C.Theycontactproviderslocatednearesttothem.

D.Theycarefullyexaminethecontract.

5.Internet-basedtelecomsfacilitatesremoteworkingby__________.[1分]

A.offeringsophisticatedvoiceservices

B.providingcallscompletelyfreeofcharge

C.helpingclientsdiscussbusinessathome

D.givingaccesstoemailinginrealtime

6.TheaccountancyfirmWrightVigarpromotedteleworkinginitiallyinorderto__________.[1分]

A.attractyoungpeoplewithITexpertisetoworkforit

B.presentapositiveimagetoprospectivecustomers

C.reduceoperationalexpensesofasecondoffice

D.supportitsemployeeswithchildrentotakecareof

7.AccordingtomarketingdirectorJackO’Hern,teleworkingenabledthecompanyto__________.[1分]

A.minimiseitsofficespace

B.keephighlyqualifiedstaff

C.enhanceitsmarketimage

D.reducerecruitmentcosts

8.WrightVigar’spracticeofallowingformoreflexibleworkinghoursnotonlybenefitsthecompanybuthelpsimproveemployees’___.[每空1分]

9.Withfast,wirelessinternetconnections,employeescanstillbe___whiletraveling.[每空1分]

10.SinglemotherLynneHargreavesdecidedtoworkathomemainlyto___.[每空1分]

PartⅢListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

11.[1分]

A.Theyprefertocarrycashwhentravelingabroad.

B.Theyusuallycarrymanythingsaroundwiththem.

C.Theywouldrathertravelaroundthanstayathome.

D.Theydon’tliketospendmuchmoneyontraveling.

12.[1分]

A.Theselectionprocesswasalittleunfair.

B.Rodwasinchargeoftheadmissionsoffice.

C.Rodwaseliminatedintheselectionprocess.

D.Hehadlongdreamedofthedean’sposition.

13.[1分]

A.Theconcertisveryimpressive.

B.Almosteveryonelovespopmusic.

C.Sheregretspayingfortheconcert.

D.Applauseencouragesthesinger.

14.[1分]

A.TheywerebothchairpersonsoftheStudents’Union.

B.Theyhaveknowneachothersincetheirschooldays.

C.Theyaregoingtoholdareunionparty.

D.Theyhavebeeninclosetouchbyemail.

15.[1分]

A.Cooktheirdinner.

B.Gettheircarfixed.

C.Restforawhile.

D.Stopforthenight.

16.[1分]

A.Surveyresults.

B.Newly-launchedproducts.

C.Surveymethods.

D.Consumerpreferences.

17.[1分]

A.Thewomanneedsblousesinthecolorsofarainbow.

B.Theinformationinthecatalogisnotalwaysreliable.

C.Hethinkstheblueblouseisbetterthantheredone.

D.Hewouldratherthewomandidn’tbuytheblouse.

18.[1分]

A.Hewilldrophiscourseinmarketing.

B.Thewomanhasnottoldthetruth.

C.Thenoticemaynotbereliable.

D.Thecourseisopentoallnextsemester.

Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

19.[1分]

A.Anaccountantofacomputerfirm.

B.Adirectorofasalesdepartment.

C.Asalesclerkatashoppingcenter.

D.Amanageratacomputerstore.

20.[1分]

A.Handlingcustomercomplaints.

B.Recruitingandtrainingnewstaff.

C.Developingcomputerprograms.

D.Dispatchingorderedgoodsontime.

21.[1分]

A.Shelikessomethingmorechallenging.

B.Shelikestobenearertoherparents.

C.Shewantstobewithherhusband.

D.Shewantstohaveabetter-paidjob.

22.[1分]

A.Inacoupleofdays.

B.Rightaway.

C.Intwomonths.

D.Earlynextmonth.

Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

23.[1分]

A.Itisboundtoregainitsfullgloryofahundredyearsago.

B.Itwillbeamajoreconomicpowerbythemid-21stcentury.

C.Itisaresoluteadvocateoftheanti-globalmovement.

D.Itwillfacechallengesunprecedentedinitshistory.

24.[1分]

A.Theinadequatesupplyofwaterandelectricity.

B.Thelackofoverallurbanplanning.

C.Theshortageofhi-techpersonnel.

D.Thehugegapbetweenthehavesandhave-nots.

25.[1分]

A.Theyaregoodatlearningfromothernations.

B.Theyareabletograspgrowthopportunities.

C.Theyattachgreatimportancetoeducation.

D.Theyhavemadeuseofadvancedtechnologies.

SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

26.[1分]

A.Sheengagedinfieldresearchonenvironmentalpollution.

B.Shehelpedfamiliesmoveawayfromindustrialpolluters.

C.Shetaughtchemistryandmicrobiologycoursesinacollege.

D.Shegavelecturesonhowtobecomeapublicspeaker.

27.[1分]

A.Thejobrestrictedherfromrevealingherfindings.

B.Shewasofferedabetterjobinaminoritycommunity.

C.Thejobposedapotentialthreattoherhealth.

D.Shefoundtheworkingconditionsfrustrating.

28.[1分]

A.Morebranchesofhercompanyhavebeensetup.

B.ManytoxicsitesinAmericahavebeencleanedup.

C.Moreenvironmentalorganizationshaveappeared.

D.Somegiantindustrialpollutershavegoneoutofbusiness.

29.[1分]

A.Herrigoroustrainingindeliveringeloquentspeeches.

B.Herlifelongcommitmenttodomesticandglobalissues.

C.HerwidespreadinfluenceamongmembersofCongress.

D.Herabilitytocommunicatethroughpublicspeaking.

PassageTwoQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

30.[1分]

A.Theurgentneedofadiverseworkforce.

B.Thegrowingnecessityofstafftraining.

C.Thefiercecompetitioninthemarket.

D.Theacceleratedpaceofglobalisation.

31.[1分]

A.Takecoursesofforeignlanguagesandcultures.

B.Gainadeepunderstandingoftheirownculture.

C.Participateininternationalexchangeprogrammes.

D.Sharetheexperiencesofpeoplefromothercultures.

32.[1分]

A.Globalisationwilleliminatemanyjobs.

B.Reflectivethinkingisbecomingcritical.

C.Thelabourmarketisgettingglobalised.

D.Knowingaforeignlanguageisessential.

PassageThreeQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

33.[1分]

A.Red-hairedwomenwereregardedasmorereliable.

B.Brown-hairedwomenwereratedasmorecapable.

C.Golden-hairedwomenwereconsideredattractive.

D.Black-hairedwomenwerejudgedtobeintelligent.

34.[1分]

A.Theyareshrewdanddishonest.

B.Theyarewealthyandindustrious.

C.Theyaresmartandeloquent.

D.Theyareambitiousandarrogant.

35.[1分]

A.Theyexaggeratetherolesofcertaingroupsofpeople.

B.Theyforcepeopletofollowtheculturalmainstream.

C.Theyhinderourperceptionofindividualdifferences.

D.Theyemphasizediversityattheexpenseofuniformity.

SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.TheancientGreeksdevelopedbasicmemorysystemscalledmnemonics.Thenameis(36)__________________fromtheirGoddessofmemory“Mnemosyne”.Intheancientworld,atrainedmemorywasan(37)__________________asset,particularlyinpubliclife.Therewereno(38)__________________devicesfortakingnotes,andearlyGreekorators(演說(shuō)_)deliveredlongspeecheswithgreat(39)__________________becausetheylearnedthespeechesusingmnemonicsystems.TheGreeksdiscoveredthathumanmemoryis(40)__________________anassociativeprocess—thatitworksbylinkingthingstogether.Forexample,thinkofanapple.The(41)__________________yourbrainregisterstheword“apple”,it(42)__________________theshape,color,taste,smelland(43)__________________ofthatfruit.Allthesethingsareassociatedinyourmemorywiththeword“apple”.(44)________________________________________________________.Anexamplecouldbewhenyouthinkaboutalectureyouhavehad.Thiscouldtriggeramemoryaboutwhatyou’retalkingaboutthroughthatlecture,whichcanthentriggeranothermemory.(45)________________________________________________________.AnexamplegivenonawebsiteIwaslookingatfollows:DoyouremembertheshapeofAustria,Canada,Belgium,orGermany?Probablynot.WhataboutItaly,though?(46)________________________________________________________.Youmadeanassociationwithsomethingalreadyknown,theshapeofaboot,andItaly’sshapecouldnotbeforgottenonceyouhadmadetheassociation.

36.[1分]

37.[1分]

38.[1分]

39.[1分]

40.[1分]

41.[1分]

42.[1分]

43.[1分]

44.[1分]

45.[1分]

46.[1分]

PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheet2.Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Manycountrieshavemadeitillegaltochatintoahand-heldmobilephonewhiledriving.Butthelatestresearchfurtherconfirmsthatthedangerlieslessinwhatamotorist’shandsdowhenhetakesacallthaninwhattheconversationdoestohisbrain.Evenusinga“hands-free”devicecandivertadriver’sattentiontoanalarmingextent.MelinaKunaroftheUniversityofWarwick,andToddHorowitzoftheHarvardMedicalSchoolranaseriesofexperimentsinwhichtwogroupsofvolunteershadtopayattentionandrespondtoaseriesofmovingtasksonacomputerscreenthatwerereckonedequivalentindifficultytodriving.Onegroupwasleftundistractedwhiletheotherhadtoengageinaconversationusingaspeakerphone.AsKunarandHorowitzreport,thosewhoweremakingtheequivalentofahands-freecallhadanaveragereactiontime212millisecondsslowerthanthosewhowerenot.That,theycalculate,wouldadd5.7metrestothebrakingdistanceofacartravellingat100kph.Theyalsofoundthatthegroupusingthehands-freekitmade83%moreerrorsintheirtasksthanthosewhowerenottalking.Totrytounderstandmoreaboutwhythiswas,theytriedtwofurthertests.Inone,membersofagroupwereaskedsimplytorepeatwordsspokenbythecaller.Intheother,theyhadtothinkofawordthatbeganwiththelastletterofthewordtheyhadjustheard.Thoseonlyrepeatingwordsperformedthesameasthosewithnodistraction,butthosewiththemorecomplicatedtaskshowedevenworsereactiontimes—anaverageof480millisecondsextradelay.Thisshowsthatwhenpeoplehavetoconsidertheinformationtheyhearcarefully,itcanimpairtheirdrivingabilitysignificantly.Punishingpeopleforusinghand-heldgadgetswhiledrivingisdifficultenough,eventhoughtheycanbeseenfromoutsidethecar.Persuadingpeopletoswitchtheirphonesoffaltogetherwhentheygetbehindthewheelmightbetheonlyanswer.Whoknows,theymightevencometoenjoynothavingtotakecalls.

47.Carryingonamobilephoneconversationwhileoneisdrivingisconsidereddangerousbecauseitseriouslydistracts_______________________.[1分]

48.Intheexperiments,thetwogroupsofvolunteerswereaskedtohandleaseriesofmovingtaskswhichwereconsidered_______________________.[2分]

49.Resultsoftheexperimentsshowthatthosewhoweremakingtheequivalentofahands-freecalltook_______________________toreactthanthosewhowerenot.[2分]

50.Furtherexperimentsrevealthatparticipantstendtorespondwithextradelayiftheyarerequiredtodo_______________________.[2分]

51.Theauthorbelievespersuasion,ratherthan_______________________,mightbetheonlywaytostoppeoplefromusingmobilephoneswhiledriving.[2分]

SectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Cripplinghealthcarebills,longemergency-roomwaitsandtheinabilitytofindaprimarycarephysicianjustscratchthesurfaceoftheproblemsthatpatientsfacedaily.Primarycareshouldbethebackboneofanyhealthcaresystem.Countrieswithappropriateprimarycareresourcesscorehighlywhenitcomestohealthoutcomesandcost.TheU.S.takestheoppositeapproachbyemphasizingthespecialistratherthantheprimarycarephysician.ArecentstudyanalyzedtheproviderswhotreatMedicarebeneficiaries（老年醫(yī)保受惠人）.ThestartlingfindingwasthattheaverageMedicarepatientsawatotalofsevendoctors—twoprimarycarephysiciansandfivespecialists—inagivenyear.Contrarytopopularbelief,themorephysicianstakingcareofyoudon’tguaranteebettercare.Actually,increasingfragmentationofcareresultsinacorrespondingriseincostandmedicalerrors.Howdidweletprimarycareslipsofar?Thekeyishowdoctorsarepaid.Mostphysiciansarepaidwhenevertheyperformamedicalservice.Themoreaphysiciandoes,regardlessofqualityoroutcome,thebetterhe’sreimbursed(返還費(fèi)用).Moreover,theamountaphysicianreceivesleansheavilytowardmedicalorsurgicalprocedures.Aspecialistwhoperformsaprocedureina30-minutevisitcanbepaidthreetimesmorethanaprimarycarephysicianusingthatsame30minutestodiscussapatient’sdisease.Combinethisfactwithannualgovernmentthreatstoindiscriminatelycutreimbursements,physiciansarefacedwithnochoicebuttoincreasequantitytoboostincome.Primarycarephysicianswhorefusetocompromisequalityareeitherdrivenoutofbusinessortocash-onlypractices,furthercontributingtothedeclineofprimarycare.Medicalstudentsarenotblindtothisscenario.Theyseehowheavilythereimbursementdeckisstackedagainstprimarycare.Therecentnumbersshowthatsince1997,newlygraduatedU.S.medicalstudentswhochooseprimarycareasacareerhavedeclinedby50%.Thistrendresultsinemergencyroomsbeingoverwhelmedwithpatientswithoutregulardoctors.Howdowefixthisproblem?Itstartswithreformingthephysicianreimbursementsystem.Removethepressureforprimarycarephysicianstosqueezeinmorepatientsperhour,andrewardthemforoptimally(最佳地)managingtheirdiseasesandpracticingevidence-basedmedicine.Makeprimarycaremoreattractivetomedicalstudentsbyforgivingstudentloansforthosewhochooseprimarycareasacareerandreconcilingthemarkeddifferencebetweenspecialistandprimarycarephysiciansalaries.We’reatapointwhereprimarycareisneededmorethanever.Withinafewyears,thefirstwaveofthe76millionBabyBoomerswillbecomeeligibleforMedicare.Patientsolderthan85,whoneedchroniccaremost,willriseby50%thisdecade.Whowillbetheretotreatthem?

52.Theauthor’schiefconcernaboutthecurrentU.S.healthcaresystemis__________.[1分]

A.theinadequatetrainingofphysicians

B.thedecliningnumberofdoctors

C.theever-risinghealthcarecosts

D.theshrinkingprimarycareresources

53.Welearnfromthepassagethatpeopletendtobelievethat__________.[1分]

A.seeingmoredoctorsmayresultinmorediagnosticerrors

B.visitingdoctorsonaregularbasisensuresgoodhealth

C.themoredoctorstakingcareofapatient,thebetter

D.themorecostlythemedicine,themoreeffectivethecure

54.Facedwiththegovernmentthreatstocutreimbursementsindiscriminately,primarycarephysicianshaveto__________.[1分]

A.seemorepatientsattheexpenseofquality

B.improvetheirexpertiseandservice

C.makevariousdealswithspecialists

D.increasetheirincomebyworkingovertime

55.Whydomanynewmedicalgraduatesrefusetochooseprimarycareastheircareer?[1分]

A.Theythinkworkinginemergencyroomstedious.

B.Thecurrentsystemworksagainstprimarycare.

C.Theyfindtheneedforprimarycaredeclining.

D.Primarycarephysicianscommandlessrespect.

56.Whatsuggestiondoestheauthorgiveinordertoprovidebetterhealthcare?[1分]

A.Extendprimarycaretopatientswithchronicdiseases.

B.Recruitmoremedicalstudentsbyofferingthemloans.

C.Reducethetuitionofstudentswhochooseprimarycareastheirmajor.

D.Bridgethesalarygapbetweenspecialistsandprimarycarephysicians.

PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thereisnothinglikethesuggestionofacancerrisktoscareaparent,especiallyoneoftheover-educated,eco-conscioustype.SoyoucanimaginethereactionwhenarecentUSATodayinvestigationofairqualityaroundthenation’sschoolssingledoutthoseinthesmugly（自鳴得意的）greenvillageofBerkeley,Calif.,asbeingamongtheworstinthecountry.Thecity’spublichighschool,aswellasanumberofdaycarecenters,preschools,elementaryandmiddleschools,fellinthelowest10%.Industrialpollutioninourtownhadsupposedlyturnedstudentsintolivingscienceexperimentsbreathinginalaboratory’sworthofheavymetalslikemanganese,chromiumandnickeleachday.Thisinacitythatrequiresschoolcafeteriastoserveorganicmeals.Great,Ithought,organiclunch,toxiccampus.SinceDecember,whenthereportcameout,themayor,neighborhoodactivists（活躍分子）andvariousparent-teacherassociationshaveengagedinafiercebattleoveritsvalidity:overtheguiltofthesteel-castingfactoryonthewesternedgeoftown,overunionjobsversuschildren’shealthandoverwhat,ifanything,oughttobedone.Withallsidespresentingtheirownexpertsarmedwithconflictingscientificstudies,whomshouldparentsbelieve?Istheretrulyathreathere,weaskedoneanotheraswedroppedoffourkids,andifso,howgreatisit?Andhowdoesitcomparewiththeother,seeminglyperpetualhealthscaresweconfront,likepanicoverleadinsyntheticathleticfields?Ratherthanjustanotherweirdepisodeinthetownthatbroughtyouprotestingenvironmentalists,thislatestdramaisatrialforhow