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1策劃：鞠方安商希建顧問(wèn)：李光立主編：劉蘭芝董敬一副主編：GeraldZimmerman楊真真任林靜制作人：毛曉霞國(guó)榮2Lesson10OurPictureoftheUniverseByStephenHawking3CatalogueBackgroundInformationWarm-upQuestionsLanguagePointsDifficultSentencesKeystotheExcercisesMainIdea4StephenHawking(斯蒂芬·霍金,1942

-)

aBritishtheoreticalphysicist,hasdevotedmuchofhislifetoprobingthespace-timedescribedbygeneralrelativityandthesingularities(變異)whereitbreaksdown.Andhe’sdonemostofthisworkwhileconfinedtoawheelchair,

brought

onbytheprogressiveneurological

(神經(jīng)的)

diseaseamyotrophic

lateral

sclerosis(肌肉BackgroundInformation

5萎縮性脊髓側(cè)索硬化癥).HeistheLucasian(盧卡斯〕ProfessorofMathematicsatCambridge,apostonceheldbyIsaacNewton.Hawking’swork,ABriefHistoryofTime,fromwhichthistextisexcerpted,spentmorethanfouryearsontheLondonSundayTimesbestsellerlist—thelongestrunforanybookinhistory.BackgroundInformation

6

BertrandRussell(1872-1970)

Britishphilosopher,mathematician,andNobellaureate,whoseemphasisonlogicalanalysisinfluencedthecourseof20th-centuryphilosophy.BackgroundInformation

7BackgroundInformation

St.Augustine(354–430CE)waswas

one

of

thegreatestthinkersoftheearlyChristianchurch.

Hespentmuchof

hislifein

NorthAfrica,

inwhatisnow

Algeria.

Hismost

recognized

worksare

theConfessionsofSt.AugustineandTheCityofGod.What

makeshim

standoutis

that

hewasthefirstChristiantogobeyondsimplestatementsoffaith8BackgroundInformation

andusedlogicandreasoningtosupporthispoints.BytheWay,BTW:“St.〞inthiscontextmeans“Saint〞,aholyandvirtuousperson.Itsometimesisusedinlowercase,saint,toaChristianbeliever.–Nottobeconfusedinothercontextswith“Street,〞asinBroadwaySt.,BroadwayStreet.9Aristotle(384BC—322BC)Greek

philosopher

and

scientist,whoshareswithPlatoandSocratesthe

distinctionof

being

the

mostfamousofancientphilosopher.BackgroundInformation

10

ImmanuelKant(1724-1804)Germanphilosopher,consideredby

many

the

most

influentialthinkerofmoderntimes.

Inhiswritings

he

argued

for

usingreasontoexplainexperience.BackgroundInformation

11

EdwinHubble(1889-1953)

American

astronomer,

who

madeimportantcontributions

tothestudyof

galaxies,

the

expansion

of

the

universe,and

thesizeoftheuniverse.BackgroundInformation

12

Empedocles(490BC?-430BC)

Greekphilosopher,statesman,

andpoet.BackgroundInformation

13

KarlPopper

(

1902-1994

)Austrian-bornBritish

philosopherofscience,knownforhistheoryofscientificmethod

and

criticismofhistoricaldeterminism.BackgroundInformation

14

SirIsaacNewton(1642-1727)

Englishphysicist,

mathematician,

andnaturalphilosopher,consideredoneofthemostimportantscientistsof

all

time.

Heformulated

lawsof

universalgravitationand

motion—

laws

that

explain

howobjectsmoveonEarthaswellasthroughtheheavens.

BackgroundInformation

15Warm-upQuestions1.Whatisyouropinionaboutthebeginningofthe

universeorthepictureoftheuniverse?2.Whatistheeventualgoalofscience

?

What

isthe

approachmostscientistsfollowto

pursuethisgoal?16MainIdeaStephenHawkingisteachingusabouttheuniverse.Heuses

questions

to

drawusto

hisargumentsbeginningwitha

historical

review

of

known

humanthoughtonthe

subject.These

move

fromearlycosmologistsandvariousreligiousgroupstoStAugustine,allsupportingafinite

beginning.Then

theGreekphilosophers’ideaofalwaysbeingwithoutbeginningorendingwasintro-duced.ThequestionstillwasnotsettledbyImmanuel17MainIdeaKant,whoin1781usedreasoningtoexplainexistence.These

ideaswere

unsettled

until1929

when

EdwinHubbleobserved

thatgalaxiesaremovingawayfromuswhich

brought

thequestionof

the

beginningintotherealmofscience.Hubble

understoodthattomoveaway,galaxieshad

tohavebeenclosertogethersugge-stingthattheoutwardmovementwasinitiatedinatimecalledthebigbang.(Anytimebeforethebigbangwouldbeirrelevant.)Thisexpandinguniversemeant18MainIdea“theremaybephysicalreasonswhytherehadtobeabeginning.〞HawkingallowedtheideathatGodcouldhavedoneitthatway.NextHawkingexplainedwhatascientifictheoryisandhowtotestit.Thoughtheywereseekingonetheorytodescribetheuniverse,theydividedthequestionintotwoparts:first,howithaschangedwithtimeandsecond,whattheinitialstate19MainIdeawas.

Hawkingpointedoutthattheuniverseappearstohaveevolved

according

tocertainlaws

andthattheinitialstateshouldalsobe

accordingtolaws.Hecontinued

withthedesireforonetheorytodescribetheuniversebeingapproachedinpartialtheoriesthatallowscientiststoexaminesegmentsof

theproblemandstated

thatmanwillkeeplooking.Ourcuriositywilldriveustoseekanswerstoourquestions.20LangaugePoints1.astronomy

n

[u]

(line2,para.1)thescientificstudyofthestarsandplanets;astrology21LangaugePoints2.

orbit

vi&vt

(line2,para.1)totravelinacurvedpatharoundamuchlargerobjectsuchastheearth,thesunetc

●我們的人造衛(wèi)星將繞月球運(yùn)行兩天。Oursatellitewillorbitaroundthemoonforaperiodoftwodays.

●科學(xué)家為行星設(shè)定三個(gè)必要條件,其中一個(gè)是它一定

繞太陽(yáng)軌道而行的。

22LangaugePoints

Scientistssetthreerequirementsforaplanet，oneofthem,itmustorbitthesun.2)n

thecurvedpathtravelledbyanobjectwhichismoving

aroundanothermuchlargerobjectsuchastheEarth,the

sunetc●通訊衛(wèi)星去年年底被送入軌道。

Thetelecommunicationssatellitewentintoorbitatthe

endoflastyear.23LangaugePoints3)fml

theareaofpowerandinfluenceofaperson,

organizationetc●他們不受共和黨的影響。TheyareoutoftheRepublicanorbit.●受......的影響

withintheorbitofsomebodyorsth24LangaugePoints3.vast

adj(line3,para.1)extremelylarge;huge

●全球網(wǎng)已成為巨大的數(shù)字信息庫(kù)。

TheWorldwideWebhasbecomeavast

respositoryfordigitalinformation.●大批難民越過(guò)邊界。

Therefugeescomeacrosstheborder

invastnumbers.

vastamounts/numbers/quantities/sums

etc(ofsth)25LangaugePoints

vastareas/expanses/tractsetc(ofsth) ●他們擁有廣袤的熱帶雨林。Theyown

vastareasofrainforest.●他們擁有大量的外層空間情況的資料。

Theyhaveavastamountofinformationaboutconditionsinouterspace.

26LangaugePoints

thevastmajorityof

sth

:used

when

you

wantto

emphasizethatsthistrueaboutalmostallofagroup

ofpeopleorthings●有關(guān)這個(gè)學(xué)科的絕大多數(shù)書(shū)籍完全是垃圾。

Thevastmajorityofbooksonthesubjectarecomplete

rubbish.27LangaugePointsSynonyms:

boundless,broad,enormous,limitless,massive,measureless,immense,extensive,huge,never-ending,unbounded,unlimited,wide28LangaugePoints4.galaxy

n[c](line3,para.1)

oneofthelargegroupsofstarsthatmakeuptheuniverse29LangaugePoints5.flatadj(line5,para.1)1)notverydeep,thick,

or

high,especiallyincomparisontoitswidthorlength

●埃倫正一手托著一個(gè)方形的扁盒子沿私人車(chē)道走著。

Elleniswalkingdownthedrivewithasquareflat

box

balancedononehand.2)smoothandlevel,withoutraisedorhollowareas,and

notslopingorcurving

●把那張報(bào)紙平鋪在桌子上。30LangaugePointsSpreadthenewspaperoutflat

onthetable.3)havingnoairornotenoughairinit

●到這兒來(lái)的路上，不幸我的車(chē)胎泄氣了。

Iunluckilyhadaflattireonthewayhere.4)aflat

battery

haslostitselectricalpower;dead

AmE31LangaugePoints●蓄電池的電用完了，我們只好從后面推著汽車(chē)。Thebatterywasflat,sowehadtopushthecarfromtheback.5)aflatrefusal/denialetc arefusaletc:thatisdefiniteandwhichsomeonewillnotchange

●我們的請(qǐng)求遭到了斷然拒絕。

Ourrequestsweremetwithaflatrefusal.326.plate

n(line5,para.1)Aplateisaflatpieceofmetal,especiallyonmachineryorabuilding.LangaugePoints33LangaugePoints7.tortoise

n(line5,para.1)aslow-movinglandanimalthatcanpullitsheadandlegsintothehardroundshellthatcoversitsbody;turtleThebackofthetortoise34LangaugePoints

Theworldis

reallyaflatplatesupportedonthe

back

ofagianttortoise.

(line4&5,para.1)

Thisis

anoftentoldstory.Itis

usedasanexample

of

how

difficultitisfortraditionalolder-

thinking

peopletogiveuptheideaswithwhichtheyfeelcom-

fortable.Inspiteofthestrongscientificevidencethat

ispresented,iftheydonotunderstandittheypreferto

retaintheiroldbeliefs.35LangaugePoints8.infinite

adj(line1,para.2)verygreatinamountordegree

●

她是一位極有耐心的女性。Sheisawomanof

infinitepatience.

●約翰小心翼翼地挪動(dòng)了姿勢(shì)。Withinfinitecare,Johnshiftedposition.

36LangaugePoints2)withoutlimitsinspaceortime

●宇宙似乎是無(wú)限的。

Theuniverseseems

infinite.

●有幾近無(wú)限的可能性。Thereisnearly

infinitenumberofpossibilities.Antonym:finite37LangaugePointsSynonyms:

boundless,countless,endless,everlasting,limitless,immeasurable,inestimable,incalculable,undefined,unfathomable,unlimited,unnumbered,untold38LangaugePoints9.tower

n(line1,para.2)atallnarrowbuildingeitherbuiltonitsownorformingpartofacastle,churchetc39LangaugePoints10.breakthrough

n(line5,para.2)animportantnewdiscoveryinsthyouarestudying,especiallyonemadeaftertryingforalongtime

●科學(xué)家們力爭(zhēng)在癌癥研究方面有個(gè)突破。

Thescientistsstriveforabreakthroughincancerresearch.

●在聯(lián)合國(guó)的最后期限到來(lái)前數(shù)小時(shí)取得了重大突破。

ThebreakthroughcamehoursbeforetheUNdeadline.40LangaugePointsSynonyms:

advance,development,discovery,find,improvement,innovation,invention,leapforward,progress,revolution,success41LangaugePoints11.longstanding

adj(line6,para.2)havingcontinuedorexistedforalongtime

●他們很快就能解決長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)的金錢(qián)糾紛。Theyareonthebrinkofresolvingtheirlongstanding

disputeovermoney.

●鑒于你我雙方的長(zhǎng)期貿(mào)易關(guān)系，我們可以做成這筆交易。Inviewofourlongstandingbusinessrelationship,wecanconcludethetransaction.42LangaugePoints12.cosmologyn(line1,para.3)thescienceoftheoriginandstructureoftheuniverse,especiallyasstudiedin astronomy●亞里士多德的宇宙論以及相關(guān)的運(yùn)動(dòng)法那么極富吸引力。ThiscosmologyofAristotle's,togetherwiththeassociatedlawsofmotion,wasenormouslyappealing.43LangaugePoints●我們確實(shí)有必要描述一下亞里士多德關(guān)于宇宙論、物質(zhì)和運(yùn)動(dòng)的根本思想。

WedoneedtodescribeAristotle'sbasicideasconcern-ingcosmology,matterandmotion.

44LangaugePointsCosmologyisthestudyofthebeginningsoftheworldanduniverse.Nooneknowswhowerethefirsttocon-sidersuchmatters,buttosay“earlycosmologists〞wouldusuallyrefertotheearlyGreeks,andinWesternthought,theearlyChristianchurch.45LangaugePoints13.TheCityofGod(line6,para.3)

TheCityofGodisconsideredSt.Augustine’sgreatest

work.Christianityhadbecomehighlyidentifiedwith

theCityofRome.When

Rome

was

invadedin410

CEpeoplewereshockedandquestionedthepowerof

ChristandChristianity.St.Augustineusedlogicand

reasoningtodefendChristianityasthekingdomofall

God’speopleinHeavenandonEarth.46LangaugePoints14.Genesis

n(lastbut2ndlineofpara.3)TheBookofGenesisisthefirstbookoftheBible.ItrelatesthestoryofcreationoftheEarth,andthefirstmanandwoman,AdamandEve,aswellastheirdescendents.47LangaugePoints15.theotherGreekphilosophers

(line2,para.4)Westernthoughtisbuiltonthephilosophersofclassi-calancientGreece(4thand5thcenturiesBCE).ThemosthighlyregardedareSocrates,PlatoandAristotle.48LangaugePoints16.smackofvprep(line2,para.4)1)ifasituationsmacksofsthunpleasant,itseemstoinvolvethatthing.

●這個(gè)方案有點(diǎn)科幻小說(shuō)的味道。Thisplanmaysmackofsciencefiction.●這件事有遮掩的成分。Themattersmacksofacover-up.49LangaugePoints2)tohaveatasteorflavor

●這種冰淇淋有巧克力味道。Theicecreamsmacksofchocolate.50LangaugePoints17.divine

adj(line2,para.4)comingfromorrelatingtoGodoragod

●他暗示說(shuō)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)是上天的懲罰。Hesuggestedthatthecivilwarhadbeenadivinepunishment.

●他憎惡人的肉欲，欣賞人性中神圣的一面。Hehatedthelustbutadmiredthe

divineinmen.

divineintervention/providence/revelation/guidanceetc51LangaugePoints18.monumental

adj(line2,para.5)veryimportantand

isusuallybasedonmanyyearsofwork

●這部著作不愧為中國(guó)新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)的豐碑。

ThisbookisamonumentalworkworthyofChina's

newculturalmovement.●許多歷史文化遺跡和重要的自然特征也被永久地淹

沒(méi)。

Numeroushistoricculturalsitesandmonumental

naturalfeatureswerealsopermanentlyflooded.52LangaugePointsSynonyms:commemorative,memorial53LangaugePoints2)extremelylarge,bad,good,impressiveetc●當(dāng)時(shí)把這項(xiàng)任務(wù)給他是大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。

Ithadbeenamonumentalblundertogivehimthe

assignment.54LangaugePoints19.obscure

adj(line3,para.5)1)difficulttounderstand

●這些合同的語(yǔ)言晦澀難懂。

Thecontractsarewritteninobscurelanguage.

●你的觀點(diǎn)很叫我費(fèi)解。

Yourideasseemveryobscuretome.2)notwellknownandusuallynotveryimportant55LangaugePoints●這一習(xí)俗的起源鮮為人知。

Theoriginofthecustomis

obscure.●伊麗莎白時(shí)代有許多不知名的詩(shī)人。

Therearemanyminorandobscurepoetsintheageof

Elizabeth.

56LangaugePointsSynonyms:notfamous,little-known,unknownAntonyms:well-known,celebrated,renowned,eminent,noted,famous57LangaugePoints"obscure"canmean“notclearlyexpressed,confusing〞oritcanmean“unfamiliar,notwidelyknown〞.Bothofthesemeaningscanapplyhere.Kant’swritingsareverycomplexanddifficulttoread.Perhaps,becauseofthis,ittakesaveryeducatedanddedicatedpersontoreadhismaterial.58LangaugePoints20.antinomyn(line4,para.5)acontradictionbetweentwostatementsthatseemequallyreasonable

●這一突出的矛盾有其歷史因素，存在著固有的特殊性。Thisoutstandingantinomyhasitshistoryfactor,existingparticularity.59LangaugePoints●既有他自身的矛盾之處，也有方法論的啟示。Ithasitsownantinomy,andalsosomerevelationofmethodology.Antinomies(singular,antinomy)–aGreekwordmeaning,acontradictionorconflictbetweentwolawsoracceptedrules.InEnglishmuchscientific,philo-sophicalandotherscholarlyterminologyisbasedonancientGreekandLatin.Thesewerethelanguages60LangaugePointsof

ClassicalGreece,andtheRomanEmpire.Foralmost2,000yearstheyremainedthescholarlylanguagesoftheChristianityandWesternCivilization.Eventodayscho-larlywritingsoftenrefertothesewordswhentryingtounderstandtheiroriginalmeanings.Whendoingthis,itiscommontowritetheGreekorLatinwordinitalic,61LangaugePointsthengoontogivetheoriginalmeaninganddiscusstheimplications.–ItiscommonforminEnglishwritingtoplaceanyforeignwordinitalicasanindicatorthatitisnotacommonlyacceptedEnglishword.62LangaugePoints21.thesis

n(line5,para.5)1)anideaoropinionaboutsth,thatyoudiscussinaformalwayandgiveexamplesfor

●這個(gè)命題經(jīng)不起仔細(xì)推敲。Thisthesisdoesnotstanduptocloseinspection.

●它把你文章中的引言、命題和觀察結(jié)果結(jié)合起來(lái)。

Itcementstogetheryourintroduction,yourthesis,andyourobservation.

63LangaugePoints2)alongpieceofwritingaboutaparticularsubjectthatyoudoaspartofanadvanceduniversitydegreesuchasanMAoraPhD●他還在寫(xiě)論文。He'sstillworkingonhisthesis.●他的論文辯論的很不錯(cuò)。Hearguedhisthesiswell.●提交論文tosubmitathesis

64LangaugePointsSynonyms:disquisition,dissertation,essay,monograph,paper,tract,treatise65LangaugePoints22.antithesis

n(line5,para.5)

–thecompleteopposite

ofsth66LangaugePoints23.absurdadj(line7,para.5)completelystupidorunreasonable;ridiculous●指望人開(kāi)3小時(shí)的車(chē)去開(kāi)20分鐘的會(huì)是十分荒唐的。Itseemsquiteabsurdtoexpectanyonetodrivefor3hoursjustfora20minutemeeting.●相信數(shù)字13是個(gè)不桔祥的數(shù)字是荒唐可笑的。Itisveryabsurdtobelievethatthenumber13isunlucky.

quite/slightly/completelyetcabsurd67LangaugePoints24.unspokenassumption(line11,para.5)Itisanlogicalposition,assumptionorbiasthatisnotstated.Theremaybemanyreasonsforthis:1)Some-onedoesnotwanttomakeobviousaweakpointorbiasintheirargument.2)Theyarenotawareoftheirbias,becauseitisawidelyacceptedpartoftheirper-sonalculturalexperience.Thesecondisprobablythereasoninthiswriting.68LangaugePoints25.“WhatdidGoddobeforehecreatedtheuniverse?〞“HewaspreparingHellforpeoplewhoaskedsuchquestions.〞(line13&14,para.5)ThisseemstobeabitofhumorbyHawking.InAu-gustine’stimemostChristianwriterswouldhavesaidsomethinglike,“BecauseGodsimplydidit,andhewillpunishyouforevenaskingthequestion.〞Haw-kingrespectsAugustinebecauseheusedlogicandcarefulreasoningtoprovidehisanswer.69LangaugePoints26.property

n(lastbut2ndlineofpara.5)1)aqualityorpowerthatasubstance,plantetchas;characteristic;

quality

●這就是那種有治愈特性的中草藥。ThisistheChineseherbwithhealingproperties.

●語(yǔ)言學(xué)是指對(duì)語(yǔ)言的性質(zhì)所作的系統(tǒng)研究。Linguisticsisascientificstudyofthepropertyoflanguage.

70LangaugePointsSynonyms:

attribute,characteristic,feature,idiosyncrasy,peculiarity,quality,trait71LangaugePoints2)thethingorthingsthatsomeoneowns

●這輛車(chē)是我的財(cái)產(chǎn)，你必須得到我的允許才能使用。Thatcarismyproperty;youmustn'tuseitwithoutmypermission.●平安部隊(duì)搜查了數(shù)千所住宅，沒(méi)收了武器和贓物。Securityforcessearchedthousandsofhomes,confiscatingweaponsandstolenproperty.72LangaugePointsSynonyms:assets,belongs,possessions,riches,wealth,goods,fortune,effects,patrimony,chattels73LangaugePoints3)abuilding,apieceofland,orbothtogether

●房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格近來(lái)格飆升。

Propertypriceshaveshotuprecently.74LangaugePointsSynonyms:buildings,estate,land,premises75LangaugePoints27.staticadj(line1,para.6)notmoving,changing,ordeveloping;notdynamic

●經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)房?jī)r(jià)在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)不變。Economistspredictthathousepriceswillremainstatic

foralongperiod.

●獲得資格證的年輕人數(shù)量一直維持不變或出現(xiàn)下降。Thenumberofyoungpeopleobtainingqualificationshasremainedstaticordecreased.76LangaugePoints28.metaphysics

n[u]

(line2,para.6)

Metaphysicsisabranchofphilosophythatdealswith

abstractconcepts,conceptsthatcannotbetestedina

measureablemathematicalway,astheyareinthe

traditionalsciencesofchemistry,physics,etc.77LangaugePoints●形而上學(xué)是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)根本特性的描述所進(jìn)行的研究。

Metaphysicsisconcernedwiththedescriptionofthe

fundamentalaspectsofreality.●邏輯與形而上學(xué)之間有類(lèi)似之處。

Thereisanalliancebetweenlogicandmetaphysics.78LangaugePoints29.setinmotion(line4,para.6)tostartaprocessorseriesofeventsthatwillcontinueforsometime●按一下按鈕啟動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)。Pressthebuttontosetthecomputerinmotion.●他們一旦有了足夠的資金，就將方案付諸實(shí)施。Theirplanwillbeput/setinmotiononcetheygetenoughmoney.79LangaugePoints30.tenortwentythousandmillionyearsago

(line8,para.6)Itmayalsobeexpressedastentotwentybillionyearsago.HawkingusesacommonBritishwaytostateverylargenumbers.80LangaugePoints31.thebigbang(line1,para.7)Whenusedinreferencetotheoriginoftheuniverseortocreation,the“bigbang〞,oftencapitalizedasBigBang,iscommonlyunderstoodtomeanthebegin-ningoftheuniverseasweknowit,includingthebeginningoftime,about13.75bya,billionyearsago.81LangaugePoints32.infinitesimal

adj(line2,para.7)extremelysmall,smallerthancanbedirectlymeasured,smallbeyondimagination.82LangaugePoints33.unchanginguniversen(line8,para.7)An“unchanginguniverse〞isoneoftenassumedbyreligiousfundamentalists,thosewhobelievethateverythingintheirancientreligiouswritingsistheexactwordofGod,exactlytrueasstated.Ofcourse,eventhisissubjecttosomeinterpretation.83LangaugePoints34.precludevtfml(lastbut2ndlineofpara.7)topreventsthormakesthimpossible

●一項(xiàng)憲法修正案限定任何一位總統(tǒng)的任職都不得

超過(guò)兩屆。Aconstitutionalamendmentprecludesanypresident

fromservingmorethantwoterms.

●我們努力排除任何誤解的可能性。

Wetrytoprecludeanypossibilityofmisunderstanding.84LangaugePointsSynonyms:

debar,exclude,makeimpossible,ruleout,prevent,pre-empt85LangaugePoints35.Ishalltake...toobservationsthatwemake.(line2--4,para.8)Thisdiscussionof“theory〞maywellbeconfusingtostudentswithamoretraditionalunderstandingofthescientificmethod:observation,question,hypothesis,experimentanddatagathering,analysis,conclusions,

86LangaugePointsleadingtofurtherquestions.WhatHawkingpresentsiscorrect–WhoamItoquestionStephenHawking!–However,givenhisintellecthis“simplifiedview〞islikelytobeachallengeformostreaders,particularlyiftheydonothavestrongbackgroundsintheoreticalphysicsandrelatedfields.87LangaugePoints36.inverselyadv(line12,para.8)exactlyopposite●優(yōu)質(zhì)醫(yī)療效勞的提供往往與需要成反比。Theavailabilityofgoodmedicalcaretendstovaryinverselywiththeneedforit.●壓力隨溫度成正比例變化，與容積成反比例變化。Pressurevariesdirectlywithtemperatureandinverselywithvolume.88LangaugePoints37.proportionaltoadjprep(line12,para.8)inthecorrectormostsuitablerelationshiptoitinsize,amount,importanceetc

●懲罰的力度應(yīng)該和犯罪的輕重成正比。

Thepunishmentshouldbeproportionaltothecrime.

●收的費(fèi)用直接和財(cái)產(chǎn)的價(jià)格有關(guān)系。

Thefeechargedis

directlyproportional

tothepriceof

theproperty.89LangaugePoints38.square

n(line12,para.8)1)theresultofmultiplying

anumberbyitself

●4的平方是16。

Thesquareof4is16.2)vt

ifyousquaretwoideas,statementsetcwitheach

otheroriftheysquarewitheachother,theyarecon-

sideredtobeinagreement.90LangaugePoints

●那個(gè)解釋和事實(shí)相符。

Thatexplanationsquareswiththefacts.

●他開(kāi)始讓自己的夢(mèng)想接近現(xiàn)實(shí)。

Hesetouttosquarehisdreamswithreality.91LangaugePoints39.provisionaladj

fml

(line1,para.9)likelyorabletobechangedinthefuture

●已宣布說(shuō)這些日期是暫定的，還有待確定。Itwasannouncedthatthedateswereprovisionalandsubjecttoconfirmation.

●所有這些結(jié)論都是暫時(shí)性的。

Alltheseconclusionsareprovisional.92LangaugePointsSynonyms:

conditional,interim,stop-gap,temporary,tentativeAntonyms:

permanent93LangaugePoints40.inprinciple(line6,para.9)thereisnogoodreasonwhyitshouldnothappen,butithasnotactuallyha-ppenedyet●他們的看法在大體上是一致的，但是在細(xì)節(jié)上有所不同。Theyagreedinprinciplebutnotindetail.●財(cái)政部原那么上反對(duì)這些提案。TheTreasurywasopposedinprincipletotheproposals.94LangaugePoints41.falsifyvt(line7,para.9)tochangefigures,recordsetcsothattheycontainfalseinformation

●他們篡改或者否認(rèn)任何不符合他們意見(jiàn)的東西。Theyfalsifyordenywhateverdoesn'tsuittheirideas.●為了不讓您發(fā)現(xiàn)，她還得在賬上做手腳。Shehadtofalsifytheaccountssoyouwouldn'tknowaboutit.95LangaugePoints42.devisevt(line1,para.11)toplanorinventanewwayofdoingsth

●籌措維艱。Itisnoteasytodevisemeans.

●你不必想方設(shè)法不關(guān)注這次旅行。Youdon'thavetodevisewaysoftakingyourmindoffthejourney.96LangaugePoints43.confirmation

n

[u][c]

(line5&6,para.11)astatement,documentetcthatsaysthatsthisdefinitelytrue

●三天后獲得了書(shū)面確認(rèn)。Writtenconfirmationcamethreedayslater.

●警方正在尋找這個(gè)案件中某些細(xì)節(jié)的獨(dú)立證據(jù)。Thepoliceareseekingindependentconfirmationofcertaindetailsofthestory.97LangaugePoints44.omnipotentadj(line7,para.12)havingabsolutepower,abletodoanything.Thisterm,alongwith“omniscient〞knowingeverythingand“omnipresent〞,abletobeeverywhereatthesametimearequalitiesoftenattributedtoGod.98LangaugePoints45.allinone

go

(line1&2,para.13)Allinonetry,attempt.Thisidiomisalittlemore