181頁——203頁峰——蓮花峰，海拔1864米。在天都峰與蓮花峰之間，可以看到一片黃墻紅頂?shù)姆孔?，那就是“玉屏樓〞，其所在的山峰名為玉屏峰。玉屏峰被稱為“黃山絕勝處〞，有“人間玉屏，天上人家"之稱。著名的迎客松、送客松、陪客松以及黃山臥佛等都在這兒。鰲魚峰在我們面前的這座山峰是鰲魚峰。你看，整個山峰猶如一條巨大的鰲魚，頭向左，尾向右。在鰲魚的嘴前有三塊小巧石，像三個螺螄，因此組成“鰲魚吃螺螄〞景觀。在鰲魚背上，有石如龜，向前探首，峰石結合，構成“鰲魚馱金龜〞的奇景。游覽至此，黃山北海景區(qū)的景點便全部結束。謝謝大家!MountJiuhua(九華山)Ladiesandgentlemen，Today，accompaniedbythesunshineinearlymorning,wearegoingtopayavisittoMountJiuhua.FirstallowmetobrieflyintroduceMountJiuhua.MountJiuhuaislocatedinsouthwesternQingyangCounty,AnhuiProvince.ItcombinesBuddhistculturewithbeautifulsceneryandancienttemples,anditisoneofthefoursacredBuddhistmountainsinChina.MountJiuhhuahas99peakssurroundingitssummit,ShiwangPeak,whichis1,342metershigh.MountJiuhuahasalonghistoryofreligiousculture,withTaoismprecedingBuddhism.Amongthemorethaneightytemplesstillstandingtoday,Huacheng,Ganlu,Tiantai,andQiyuanTemples,RoushenHall,andZhantanFroestarethebestpreserved.ThearchitecturalstyleisdistinguishedbyitsfreeandvividdesignmixingBuddhisttemplesandlocalresidencesinthemountainregion.Therearenotonlybigtemplesofagrandscaleandstrictstyle,butalsosmallquiettemplesmadeupofoneroomandonehall.MountJiuhuaisaspecialplaceofBuddhistworshipwherereligiousritesareheldfortheworshipofKsitigarbha,knowninChineseasDìzàng(地藏)，whoisaBodhisattvaandprotectorofsoulsinhellintheMahayanaBuddhisttradition．ItisrecordedthatduringtheTangDynasty，JinQiaojue，thenearclanoftheKingofKoyroKingdom，orpresentdayKorea,cametoChinaandpracticedBuddhisminMt．Jiuhuauntilhediedattheageof99,muchlikethefamousBuddhistsage，Ksitigarbha，soheisregardedastheKsitigarbhaBodhisattva．SinceagravetowerwasbuilttoburyhimonShenguangRidge，itbecametheplaceforworshipingKsitigarbha．Thetowerisalwaysfilledwithincensesmokeandeveryyear，atemplefairisheldlasting10days．Thefairhasbeenincludedinnation-widetouringprogramsandwelcomesmanydomesticandforeignpilgrims．Today，duetolimitedtime，wearejustgoingtovisitJiuhuaStreetandTiantaiScenicArea．JiuhuaStreetScenicAreaNowwearewalkingontheJiuhuaStreet．ItislocatedinaspaciousareaatthefootofFurongPeak600meters，abovesealevelandsurroundedbymountains，whichservesasMountJiuhua’sreceptioncenter．Temples，localresidences，andshopsaremixedtogetheronJiuhuastreet，andmonks，nuns，pilgrims，visitorsandthelocalinhabitantswanderaroundhereallday．QiyuanTempleWhatweseenowisQiyuanTemple，whichisalsocalledQiyuanBuddhistTemple.ItwasoriginallybuiltintheMingDynasty．Thestructureofthebuildingsresemblesthoseofapalacecomplex；however，unlikethebuildingsinapalacecomplex，theyarenotsymmetricallylaidout．Indeed，eventhegateisslantingtooneside．Pleaselookattheaisleinfrontofthetemple；ithasareliefsculptureoflotuswiththepatternofancientcoinsengravedonit，symbolizingtheholytraceofSakyamuni．Enteringthegate，youcanseetwoBuddhistwarriorsonthetwosideswithfrighteningfacialexpressions．InthemiddleisthestatueofLinguan，thejudge，withawide-openeyeonhisforeheadandalongwhipinhishand.LinguanwasoriginallyagodofTaosim,butwhydidhecomeintoaBuddhisttemple?Itissaidthatoneday，whenVitasoka，theprotectorofKsitigarbhawentouttoinspectthemountain，ascholarwhowasanon-believerofBuddhismthrustanironneedleatthelegofKsitigarbhatoseeifhewasreal．SeeingthebloodoozingfromthelegofKsitigarbha，thescholarwasscaredandhurrieddownthemountain．WhenVitasokacamebackandwastoldaboutit，hechasedthescholarinspiteofKsitigarbha’sstopping，andbeatthescholartodeathwithonewhipatWuxiBridge．Ksitigarbhawasratherangry，forthemonksshouldbemerciful，sohedismissedVitasokaandaskedLingguantotakehisplace．Today，therelicsofthescholar’stombatWuxiBridgecanbetheproofforthelegend.RoushenHallWearenowinthefamousRoushenHall．Morethan1．200yearsago，theeminentmonkJinQiaojueusedtochantsutraandsitinmeditationOnShenguangRidge．Whenhedied，hesatinavatandwasplacedinNantai．Asthegroundshonemagically，itwasrenamedShenguang(MagicShine)Ridge．Threeyearslater，thevatwasopened．Hisbodywasstillsoft，hisfacewasstilllivelyandhisbonessoundedclearlywhenshaken.AstheBuddhistsutrashowed，hewasthereincarnationofBuddha，sohewashonoredKsitigarbhaandahighhallandawoodenpagodawerebuilttoprotecthim，whichwasnamedRoushen(incarnation)Hall．Thestructureofapagodainsideahall,avatinsidethepagoda，andanincarnatedbodyinsidethevatisunique.TiantaiScenicAreaWe’vearrivedatTiantaiScenicArea.TiantaiScenicAreasissituatedsoutheastofMountJiuhuawheremostofthehighpeaksgather.TiantaiPeakis1,325metershigh,makingitalittlelowerthanShiwangPeak.Butitisalwaysbeenregardedasthecenterofthehighpeaksbecauseofitsmanyscenicsightsandancienttemples.StartingfromMinyuantoTiantai,you’llenjoyvariousmagnificentviewsonebyoneasyouclimbhigherandhigher.TiantaiTempleTiantaiTemplenowisinoursights.ItisalsocalledWanfoBuildingandKsitigarbhaBuddhistTempleandhasthreeparts.Firstyou’llentertheMaitreyaBuddhaHall,thenthehalloftheThreeSagesinthewesternworld，atlasttheGrandHall.Now，pleaselookup，youcanseeonthewoodenceiling,thousandsofsmallBuddhistfigurinesarelinedwithvariousvividexpressions．Thetemplehasnooutsideyards，butisstillspaciousandbright，duetoitsspecialdesign．Ontherockatthecornerofthehallisabigfootprintwhichispairedwithoneonanotherpeak，theEastCliff．TheyweretheholyprintsleftbyJinQiaojuewhenhetookoffstridingoverthetwopeaks．Thebigdrumwaspresentedin1982bythepiousBuddhistbelieversinKowloon，HongKong．Well,thetourofMountJiuhuanowcomestoanend．Ithankyouallandwishyouahappyjourneyhome！各位朋友，大家好!沐浴著清晨的陽光，我們將前往九華山風景區(qū)游覽。我先簡單介紹一下九華山風景區(qū)的概況。九華山位于安徽省青陽縣西南，景色秀奇，古剎林立，是以佛教文化為特色的山岳風景區(qū)，中國四大佛教名山之一。九華山群峰林立，高上下低的山峰圍繞著海拔1342米的主峰十王峰，猶如兒孫繞膝，老少歡聚。九華山宗教活動歷史悠久，其道教在先，佛教更盛。現(xiàn)存寺廟80多座，其中被列為國家重點保護的有化成寺、祗園寺、肉身寶殿、旃檀林、甘露寺、天臺寺等。其建筑形式很有特色，大局部以佛教殿堂與皖南民居相結合，依山傍勢，布局靈巧，既有規(guī)模宏大的殿宇，也有一舍一佛堂的清凈小庵。大家可能都知道，九華山佛教以地藏道場而聞名。據(jù)古跡記載，唐代開元年間，古新羅國(今朝鮮半島)王族近屬金喬覺渡海來華，在九華山苦修,于貞元十年(公元764年)夏99歲時圓寂。佛教界以他生前苦行，寂后形跡與經典所載地藏菩薩相合，尊為地藏菩薩應化，在神光嶺上建墓安葬，九華山自此被辟為地藏應化道場，香火日盛。這里每年定期舉行廟會，一般都要持續(xù)10天，已經成為了全國性的旅游工程，為海內外游人香客所歡送。因為時間的關系，我們主要游覽九華街和天臺景區(qū)。九華街景區(qū)現(xiàn)在我們正走在九華街上。九華街位于芙蓉峰下海拔600米的開闊地帶，四面環(huán)山，是九華山的接待中心。這里是佛國，也是街市，寺廟、民宅、商店交錯分布，一條環(huán)形小街，終日人來人往，有僧尼，有香客，有游人，還有當?shù)氐钠胀ň用?，他們各行其是，既清靜又熱鬧。祗園寺大家現(xiàn)在看到的這座寺院是祗園寺，又名祗園禪寺，初建于明代，是九華山唯一的宮殿式完整寺廟，但整個建筑并不像宮殿那樣取中軸線對稱形式，而是曲曲折折，連寺門也偏向一邊。大家先請看寺前的浮雕蓮花甬道，上面刻有古錢幣圖案，表現(xiàn)了僧人對虛無縹緲的“七寶蓮池〞琉璃世界的憧憬，象征著釋迦牟尼的圣跡。進入寺門后，請看兩邊：兩尊金剛居于左右，一哼一哈，令人生畏。中間是靈官護法，他額生豎眼，手執(zhí)長鞭，顯示出他的職責和佛法不可侵犯。靈官本是道教的神仙，為什么來到了九華山呢?傳說有一天地藏的護法神韋馱外出巡山，來了個不信佛的狀元，用鋼針朝地藏的腿上扎去，看看是不是真身。一扎果然流出血水，那狀元便急忙下山去了。待韋馱回來問明情由后，不顧地藏的勸阻，偷偷下山追到五溪橋，一鞭打死了狀元。地藏為此十分生氣，逐走了韋馱，請來了靈官。至今，五溪橋頭仍有“狀元墳〞遺跡作為這個傳說的佐證。肉身寶殿大家現(xiàn)在來到的是著名的肉身寶殿。1200多年前，高僧金喬覺常到神光嶺上誦經，晏坐。唐貞元十年(公元794年)，金喬覺圓寂，依浮屠之法，坐殮缸內，安置于南臺〔西嶺〕。因當時地發(fā)神光，此地便改名為神光嶺了。三年后開缸，其遺體綿軟，顏貌如生，撼其骨節(jié)有金鎖般響聲，以佛經所示，乃菩薩應世，遂立三級小浮屠供奉，尊為地藏王菩薩，以后又外筑高殿，木塔寵護。肉身殿在九華山的廟宇中，可謂是最具特色的建筑了，這“殿中有塔，塔中有缸，缸中有肉身〞的結構實屬罕見。天臺景區(qū)我們現(xiàn)在已經進入天臺景區(qū)。天臺景區(qū)位于九華山的東南方，以登高覽盛為特色，九華頂峰多匯于此。天臺峰海拔1325米，略低于十王峰，但這里景觀薈萃，古寺重重，歷來被視作九華頂峰的中心。我們由閔園上天臺，一步一景，越上越奇。天臺寺現(xiàn)在映入我們眼簾的是天臺寺，俗稱萬佛樓，又名地藏禪林。于明代初年興建，清代光緒年間重修。天臺寺第一進是彌勒殿，第二進是西方三圣殿，第三進是大雄寶殿即萬佛樓。大家請?zhí)ь^看，殿宇的木梁上密密麻麻地排列著萬尊小佛像，千姿百態(tài)，栩栩如生。該寺一無院落，二五天井，卻寬敞明亮，足見設計者頗費匠心。殿角小門的崗頭上有一巨大腳印，與東崖上的正好是一對，那是金喬覺騰空跨兩峰時留下的圣跡。1982年，香港九龍的信士向天臺寺捐獻了一只大鼓，天臺的鐘聲鼓聲便傳遍了九華山的峰峰嶺嶺。到此，今天的行程就全部結束。非常感謝大家，祝愿大家旅途愉快!AncientVillagesinSouthernAnhuiProvince(皖南古村落)Ladiesandgentlemen，Today，wearegoingtopayavisittoXidiandHongcunVillages．Now，I'dliketobrieflyintroducethesetwowell-knownscenicattractions．XidiandHongcunVillagesaregoodexamplesofSouthernAnhuiProvince’scultureanditsuniqueancientvillages．TheyandothersuchancientvillageshavetheirregionalandculturaloriginsintheregionsouthoftheYangtzeRiverandpossessspecialHuizhouculturalfeatures．Xidivillagehasbeenreputedas“ALivingAncientResidentialMuseum〞,whileHongcunvillageisdescribedas“China’sPicturesqueVillage"．BothwereaddedtoUNESCO’slistofWorldCulturalHeritagesitesin2000．XidiVillageXidiVillageisinsoutheastYixianCounty，AnhuiProvince，with300ancienthousesbuiltintheMingandQingDynasties，124ofwhichareinperfectcondition．Thedesignofthestreetsandlanesandotherhousesfollowstheolderpattern，maintainingthevillage’sancientstyleoflifeandarchitecture．Foreignexpertshavedeclaredthat“theyarethefinestexamplesofancientresidencesunderbestprotectionandpreservation〞andareamongthemostbeautifulvillagesintheworld.〞XidiVillageextends700metersfromeasttowestand300metersfromnorthtosouth，givingittheshapeofalargeboat．ThevillagefirstbecameprominentduringtheMingDynastyJingtaiEmperor'sreignandbecamehighlyprosperousfromthereignoftheMingDynastyJiajingEmperortotheQingDynastyQianlongEmperor'sreign．Thisprosperitywasduetotheeffortsofhigh-rankingofficialsandsuccessfulmerchants．Yet，thestricthierarchyoffeudalsocietywasalsoshownintheconstructionofresidence．Themerchantscouldonlychoosethebestmaterialsandplanmostsophisticatedworkmanshiptoshowofftheirwealthandposition．InXidiVillage，wecanseemanyexamplesoffinestone，brick，andwoodcarvings．TheArchwayofHuWenguangthePrefecturalGovernorThefirstsightthatappearsbeforeuswhenweapproachXidiVillageisahigharchway-theArchwayofHuWenguangthePrefecturalGovernor．ItisthearchwaytothehonorofHuWenguang’smeritsandvirtues．InSouthernAnhuiProvincearchwaysarebuiltfordifferentpurposes，includingloyalty,meritsandvirtues,benevolenceandfilialpiety，andchastity．HuWenguang，anativeofXidiVillage，wonhispositionofcandidateintheprovincialexaminationin1555andwasappointedtheCountyGovernorofWanzaiCounty．Duringhistimeinoffice，heorderedthatthecitywallsbebuilt，setupschools，andcontributedmuchtothebenefitofthelocalpeople．Later，theProvincialGovernorrecommendedthathebeappointedJiaozhou’sPrefecturalGovernorinchargeofoceanicshippingservice．Later，hewaspromotedforseveraltimes．Inthe6thyearofMingDynastyWanliEmperor'sreign，theemperorapprovedoftheestablishmentofthisarchwayinhishometowntorewardhisdevotedserviceandeffortsforthepublicinterest．MansionoftheSenior0fficialWearenowvisitingtheMansionwheretheseniorofficial，HuWenzhaooncelivedin．Itwasbuiltin1619duringtheearlyQingDynastyandhasauniquefeature—adelicateandelegantpavilionextendsfromtheuprightwallclosetothestreet．Thepavilionhangsthere，withaflying-uproofandup-turnedeavesandhasrailsandwindowsalongthreesides．Originally,itwasusedforlandscape-appreciation．Butlater，peopleuseditforsilk-ball-throwing，alocalpracticeformatching-makingbetweenyoungmanandyoungwoman．Suchpracticeisoftendescribedindramasandnovels，asthoseyoungladiesofrichanddecentfamiliescouldonlyarbitrarilydecidetheirmarriagebythrowingsilk-balltoanyonewhocaughtit.Thiswasdonebecauseitwashardforsuchladiestochooseamongsomanysuitors.Youcannowalsotakepartinthisactivityandhaveabitoffundoingso.HongcunVillageNowweareinHongcunvillage.HongcunVillagewasdesignedandconstructedintheshapeofabuffalo.Ifseenonahigherplace,thewholevillageislikeabuffalolyingbesidethestream.Ahillockintheweststandslikeabuffalo’shead;withtwobigtreesastowhorns;fourstonebridgesacrossJiyangRiverarelikethefourlegsofthebuffalo;theblocksofancienthousesinthevillagemakeupthebody;whilea1,000meterlongstreamwindingamongthehousesisjustlikethebowelofthebuffalo;apondintheshapeofahalf-moonisthestomach,andalargerpoolinthesouthofthevillageisthebellyofthebuffalo.Thelocalpeopleusedtheirintelligenceanddiligencetodesignandconstructsuchabuffalo-shapevillage.ChengzhiTang(AmbitionHall)Pleaselookatthebuilding.ItiscalledChengzhiTangandwasbuiltin1855.Itservedastheresidenceofthewell-knownQingDynastysaltmerchant,WangDinggui.Accordingtoanoldlocalsaying,“ThereisnotownbutwithHuizhou-stylebuildingsandthereisnobusinessbutwithmerchantsfromYixianCounty.〞ItisobviousthatYixianCountymenplayedaveryimportantroleintheHuizhoubusinesscommunity.WangDingguiwasashrewdsalttraderandmadelargeprofitsfromit.Inordertohonorhisancestry,Wangconstructedmagnificentresidenceinhishometown.Nowweareinthecenterofthecourtyard,andhereChengzhiTang’smainhall.Thedoorframeandporcharedecoratedwithwoodandbrickcarvingsofvases,ancientplumflowers,theEightImmortals,andthelike.Onthetwosidesofthegatetherearethecarvingsof“CarpJumpingovertheDragonGate〞,symbolizingtheowner’spoliticalambitionsafterhissuccessinthebusinessworld.ThetourofXidiandHongcunvillagesnowhascometoanend.Thankyouall.IhopeyoucanrememberthebeautyoftheancientvillagesinSouthernAnhuiProvinceandexpectyouwillcomebacktovisithereagain.各位朋友，大家好!我們將前往西遞和宏村景區(qū)游覽。先簡單介紹一下這兩個著名的古村落。西遞和宏村是皖南古村落中最具有代表性的兩座古村落，是皖南地域文化的典型代表?，F(xiàn)在我們所指的皖南古村落是指安徽省長江以南山區(qū)地域范圍內，具有共同地域文化背景的歷史傳統(tǒng)村落，具有強烈的徽州文化特色。西遞有“中國古民居博物館〞之稱，宏村那么有“中國畫里的鄉(xiāng)村"之譽。2000年，它們被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入世界文化遺產名錄。西遞村西遞村位于安徽省黟縣東南，村中300幢民居絕大多數(shù)是明清時修建，保存完好的有124幢，街巷布局依然如故，風貌古樸，被國外一些建筑專家譽為“世界上保護完好的古民居建筑群〞、“世界上最美的村鎮(zhèn)〞。西遞村東西長700米，南北寬300米，平面呈船形。它開展于明朝景泰年間，明嘉靖至清乾隆時期到達鼎盛。西遞之所以興旺，主要是因為村中屢出高官和富商，聚集了大量的財富，有了較雄厚的經濟根底。但是在封建社會，建筑府第宅院是有嚴格的等級標準的，徽商只能盡可能的選用上好的石頭、木材，在精雕細刻上下功夫，并以此作為炫耀財富和地位的手段。所以在西遞，精美的石雕、磚雕、木雕隨處可見。胡文光刺史坊大家看，前面就是西遞村，村頭迎面矗立的一座高大的石牌坊，叫胡文光刺史坊。這是一座功德牌坊。順便介紹一下，在徽州，牌坊分為忠義、功德、慈孝、貞潔四類。胡文光，西遞村人，于明代嘉靖三十四年〔公元1555年〕中舉，擔任過萬載縣縣令，筑城墻、修學校，做了不少利國利民的好事。后經巡撫推薦，擔任了膠州刺史兼理海運。后來又被屢次提升。明萬歷年間，皇帝批準胡文光的鄉(xiāng)親在此立這座功德牌坊，以表達胡文光在任期間對民眾做的好事。大夫第大家現(xiàn)在參觀的是大夫第。它建于清康熙三十年(公元1619年)，為朝列大夫胡文照故居。大夫第有個突出的特點，就是在臨街墻的平面，懸空挑出一座小巧玲瓏、古樸典雅的亭閣式建筑。閣頂飛檐翹角，三面有欄桿、排窗，顯得突兀別致。這座懸閣危樓原本是用于觀景的，但后來人們便把它作為拋彩球的繡樓了。拋繡球這種事，大家在小說和戲劇中都看到過的。大多是這些待守閨中的小姐，或者因求婚者多，且多有權勢，如何抉擇左右為難，或者是因待守少女擇婚主張與父母意見不合，愛女也許早有意中人，于是便出現(xiàn)了拋彩球選婿這種戲劇性做法?，F(xiàn)在有興趣的朋友也可以參與一下，看看自己的運氣如何。宏村不知不覺，我們已經步入了宏村。宏村是一座“牛形村"，整個村莊從高處看，宛假設一頭斜臥山前溪邊的青牛。西邊的雷崗巍巍而立，宛如“牛首〞；村口的兩棵參天古樹恰似“牛角"；前后四座橫跨吉陽水的橋梁正如“牛腿〞；村中數(shù)百幢明清古建筑，猶如臥牛盤踞；一條千米之長的水渠環(huán)繞全村，盤曲流經各家各戶，這是“牛腸〞；村中一半月形池塘，那就是“牛胃"；村南有一較大水面南湖，那是“牛肚"。宏村人用自己的智慧和辛勤的汗水，做活、做絕了牛形村，創(chuàng)造了絕妙的田園風光。承志堂大家請看這座建筑，這是承志堂，是清代大鹽商汪定貴的住宅，建于清咸豐五年(公元1855年)。有句古語叫“無徽不成鎮(zhèn)，無黟不成商〞，可見“黟縣幫〞當年在徽商中的重要位置。據(jù)說汪定貴為人精明，經營鹽業(yè)發(fā)了大財，為了光宗耀祖，便在家鄉(xiāng)大興土木，建造豪華住宅?，F(xiàn)在我們到了院內正中，是承志堂正堂。先讓我們看看它的門罩，門樓上的雕刻，同別的庭院一樣，有磚雕花瓶、古梅、八仙等。八字門樓的兩邊，刻有“鯉魚跳龍門〞，反映了房主在占有大量財富后企求政治上飛黃騰達的愿望。西遞和宏村之旅到此就要結束了，感謝大家，希望大家能記住皖南古村落的秀美，有空再來看看。HenanProvince河南省AGlimpseoftheProvince(本省簡介)|HenanProvinceislocatedineasterncentralChina，ontheplainbetweentheYellowandHuaiherivers.SincemostofHenanissouthoftheYellowRiver，whichrunsforover700kmthroughtheprovince，itwasgiventhenameHenan(SouthoftheRiver)．NeighboringHebei，Shaanxi，Hubei，AnhuiandShandongprovinces，Henancoversanareaof167,000squarekilometers．Locatedbetweenthenorthernsub-tropicalzoneandwarmtemperatezone，Henanhasfourdistinctiveseasonswithcomplicatedweatherconditionscharacterizedbyhotandrainysummers．SouthemHenanisinthenorthernsub-tropicalzone．Theprovince’saverageyearlytemperatureis13℃-15℃，theaverageannualrainfallis570-1,120milimeters,andhasonaverage275to308frost-freedaysayear.HenanProvinceisinthetransitionalareabetweenthesecondandthirdstepsofChina’sfour-stepterrainrisingfromeasttowest，withrollingmountainsover1,000metersabovesealevelinitswesternpartandplainareathatisnomorethan100metersabovesealevelinitseast．The2,413.8-meter-highLaoyachaPeak，whichislocatednearLingbaoCity，isHenan’shighestmountain．Theprovince’slowestpoint,23.2meters，islocatedattheplacewheretheHuaiheRiver1eavestheprovince．Highinthewestandlowintheeast，eveninthenorthandconcaveinthesouth，Henanissurroundedbyfourmountainranges，theTaihang,Funiu，TongbaiandDabie,whichstandinitsnorth,westandsouth，leavingsubsidencebasinshereandthere.InitsmiddleandeasternpartsthereisavastfluvialplaincreatedbytheYellow,HuaiheandHaiherivers．Mountainousregionscomprise44.3%ofitstotalarea，andtheplains，55.7％．FourriversrunacrossHenan，theYellowRiver,HuaiheRiver,WeiheRiverandHanshuiRiver,withtheHuaiheRivervalleycoveringup53％oftheprovince．TourismResourcesAsoneofthemajorbirthplacesoftheChinesecivilization,severalepoch-makingarcheologicaldiscoverieshavebeenmadeinHenan，includingthePeiligangCultureSitedatingback7,000years，the6,000-year-oldYangshaoCultureSite，andthe5,000-year-oldDaheCultureSite．Morethan20ancientChinesedynastieshaveestablishedtheircapitalsinHenan．ThreeofChina’ssevengreatancientcapitalsarelocatedinHenan：Anyang,theShangDynasty’scapital，Luoyang，thecapitalofninedynasties，andKaifeng，thecapitalofsevendynasties．ThreeofancientChina’sfourgreatinventions，thecompass，paper-makingandgunpowder，weremadeinHenan．MoreundergroundculturalrelicsarelocatedinHenanthaninanyotherplacesinChinaandtheprovincerankssecondhighestwithrespecttothenumberofculturalrelicsontheground．TheYellowRiver，withnumerousancientrelicsandscenicattractions,providesHenananotherrichtouristresource．LocalSnacksNotablelocalsnacksanddishesincludeLiyuBeimian(carpcoveredwithbakednoodlesinsweetandsoursauce)，LuoyangShuixi(feasthighlightedbyLuoyangstylesoup),SonggongMiangao(pastryoriginatingfromtheSongDynastyImperialPalace)．LocalCultureYuju(HenanOpera)isthemostimportantoperagenre；otheroperasincludeQuju,YueDiao,andtheHenanbangzi.SpecialLocalProductsThetraditionalspecialtiesareBianjingroastduck,KaifengHenanembroidery,XinyangMaojianTea,andRuyangDukangWine.TherearealsomanyfamousspecialtiesproducedinHenanProvince,suchasYuanyangrice,XinzhengChinesedate,Kaifengwater-melon,QixianandZhongmougarlic,Xinyangpalecolouredtipsandchestnut,XixiaChinesegooseberry,Lingbaoapple,JiaozuoyamandLuoyangpeonyflowers.Amongthesespecialties,theLuoyangpeonyflowersarefamousnotonlyinChina,butacrosstheworldaswell．TourismCityZhengzhouisthecapitalofHenanprovince．ItisofgreatstrategicimportanceinChinaasthe“Hinterlandofninedivisionsandthoroughfareoftenprovinces〞．WiththeYellowRivertothenorthandtheSongshanMountaintothewest,ZhengzhousitsastridetheHuanghuaiPlain.Luoyangisrenownedforitshistoryandservedasthecapitalof13dynasties．ItisrecognizedastheCapitalofPoemsforitsnumerousliteratiandtheCapitalofFlowersforitspeonyflowers．DuringtheSongDynasty(960-1279A.D.),KaifengwasnotonlyChina’spolitical,economicandculturalcenter,butalsooneofthemostprosperousinternationalcapitals．Asyouwalkaboutitsancientstreetstoday,youcanstillseemanytracesofthisearlierprosperity.AttractionRecommendationDuetoitscentralpositioninChinesehistory,Henanhasanabundanceoftouristsitesandattractions．TheplacesofinterestincludeSongshanandJigongMountains,theEasternZhouDynasty(770-256B.C.)ImperialMausoleum,WhiteHorseTempleinLuoyang,LongmenGrottoes,ChancellorTempleinKaifeng,ShaolinTempleinDengfeng,ZhongyueTemple,SongyangandYingtianAcademiesofClassicalLearning,andDufuandXuanZangformerresidences．河南省位于中國的中東部,處于黃河與淮河之間的平原上。黃河貫穿河南達700千米,因為大局部地區(qū)位于黃河之南,所以稱為河南。河南占地167000平方千米,近鄰河北、陜西、湖北、安徽以及山東。河南省屬北亞熱帶與暖溫帶過渡區(qū)氣候,具有四季清楚、雨熱同期、復雜多樣的特點。南部屬北亞熱帶,全省年平均氣溫為13℃~15℃,年平均降水量570~1120毫米。全年無霜期275～308天。河南地處我國地勢第二階梯向第三階梯的過渡帶,西部山地綿延起伏,海拔高千米以上,東部為平原,海拔在百米之下。靈寶市的老鴉岔為全省最頂峰,海拔高度為2413.8米,海拔最低處為淮河出省處,僅23.2米。河南省地勢西高東低、北坦南凹,北、西、南三面有太行山、伏牛山、桐柏山、大別山四大山脈環(huán)繞,間有陷落盆地,中部和東部為遼闊的黃淮海沖積大平原。山區(qū)丘陵面積占44．3％,平原面積占55．7％。境內有黃河、淮河、衛(wèi)河、漢水四大水系,其中淮河流域面積53％。旅游資源河南是華夏文明的主要發(fā)祥地之一。在河南已經發(fā)現(xiàn)的7000年前的裴李崗文化遺址、6000年前的仰韶文化遺址和5000年前的大河文化遺址,在中華民族的開展史上均有劃時代的意義。在中華民族數(shù)千年的文明史中,先后有20多個朝代在此建都或遷都。中國已確定的七大古都河南有其三,即殷商古都安陽、九朝古都洛陽和七朝古都開封。中國古代四大創(chuàng)造中的指南針、造紙、火藥三大技術均創(chuàng)造于河南。河南地下文物居全國第一位,地上文物居全國第二位。眾多的文物古跡和著名的黃河等自然風光構成了河南豐富的旅游資源。風味食品糖醋熘鯉魚焙面,洛陽“水席",宋宮面,小籠灌湯包子,“套四寶〞。地方文藝豫劇是河南最大劇種。此外還有曲劇、越調、河南梆子。地方特產河南特產名食有汴京烤鴨,名酒有汝陽杜康酒,其他農特產有碧綠清香、中國十大名茶之一的信陽毛尖等。此外,河南有很多名優(yōu)特產品,如原陽大米、新鄭大棗、開封西瓜、杞縣及中牟大蒜和板栗、西峽獼猴桃、靈寶蘋果、焦作四大懷藥等。洛陽牡丹著名中外。主要旅游城市鄭州為河南省會,地處中華腹地,九州之中,十省通衢,北臨黃河,西依嵩山,東、南接黃淮平原。河南洛陽是一座歷史悠久的文化名城,從夏朝以來，有13個王朝在此建都。洛陽因文人云集而得名“詩都〞，又因牡丹花香氣四溢而被名為“花都〞。開封曾為宋都，直到今天，走在舊時的宋都御街上，仍能想象當時店鋪林立，車水馬龍的熱鬧景象。主要推薦景點河南省具有豐富的旅游資源，包括上古文化遺址、太昊陵、東周王陵、北宋皇陵，還有蘇秦故里、玄奘故里、杜甫故里、白馬寺、少林寺、相國寺、龍門石窟等古跡值得一游，洛陽太學、嵩陽書院、應天府書院等古代學府墨香猶存。LongmenGrottoes(龍門石窟)Ladiesandgentlemen，WelcometoLongmenGrottoes．TheyarelocatedinthesouthofLuoyangCity．TheyarebetweenMountXiangandMountLongmenandfaceYiRiver．LongmenGrottoes，YungangCavesandMogaoCavesareregardedasthethreemostfamoustreasurehousesofstoneinscriptionsinChina．Thegrottoeswerestartedaroundtheyear494whenEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynasty(386-534A.D.)movedthecapitaltoLuoyang．Workonthemcontinuedforanother400yearsuntiltheNorthernSongDynasty(960-1127A.D.)．ThefirstcavesofLongmenwereexcavatedin494，the12thyearoftheNorthernWeiDynastyXiaowenEmperor'sreign．Thegrottoesextendforsome1,000meters(about1,094yards)fromnorthtosouth．Theycontainover2,300holesandniches，2,800steles，40stupas，1,300cavesand97,000sculpturedfiguresthathavesurvivedthetestoftime．MostoftheseworksdatefromtheNorthernWeiDynastyandtheflourishingageoftheTangDynasty(618-907A.D.)．Lotsofhistoricalmaterialsconcerningart,music,religion,calligraphy,medicine,costumeandarchitecturearestoredintheLongmenGrottoes．FengxianTempleFengxianTemplewasbuiltintheTangDynastyanditisthelargestgrottoinLongmenGrottoeswithawidthof36meters(about118feet)andalengthof41meters(about136feet)．ThereareninemajorfiguresofvariousfacialappearancesandtemperamentsinthetemplethatwerebuiltinaccordancewithBuddhistritesbytheartists．ThemostimpressivefigureisthestatueofVairocanaBuddhasittingcross-leggedontheeight-squarelotusthrone．Itis17.14metres(about56feet)high；theheadaloneisfourmeters(about13feet)high，andtheearsarenearly2meters(about6feet)long．Vairocanameansilluminatingallthingsinthesutra．TheBuddhahasawell-filledfigure，asacredandkindlyexpressionandanelegantsmile．Accordingtotherecordontheepigraph，theEmpressWuZetiantogetherwithhersubjectstookpartintheceremonyofIntroducingtheLight(aBuddhistblessingthattheBuddhaopensthespirituallightofhimselfandsharesitwithothers)．AtthesidesofVairocanatherearetwostatuesofVairocanaBuddha’sdisciples，KasyapaandAnanda，wearingprudentanddevoutexpressions.ThefiguresofBodhisattvasandDevascanalsobefoundinthetemple．Somehavedignifiedandgenialexpressions，whileothersaremajesticandfiery.ThevariousappearancesanddelicatedesignsaretherepresentationsoftheTangEmpire’spowerfulmaterialandspiritualstrengthandthewisdomofitspeople.WanfocaveTheWanfoCavewhichwascompletedin680，isatypicalcaveoftheTangDynastyoftworoomsandsquareflatroofs．Itsnameisduetothe15,000smallstatuesofBuddhachiseledinthesouthernandnorthernwallsofthecave．ThemainBuddhaAmidasitsonthelotusthrone，havingacomposedandsolemnface．ThewallbehindAmidaiscarvedwith54lotuses，uponwhichthereare54Bodhisattvasindifferentshapesandwithvariousexpressions．Inaddition，veryprettyandcharminglifelikesingersanddancersarealsochiseledonthewall．Thesingersareaccompaniedbyvariouskindsofinstrumentsandthedancersdancelightlyandgracefullytothemusic，givingthecavealivelyandcheerfulatmosphere．A85centimeterhighstatueofKwan-yinholdingapurebottleinhislefthandandadeer’stail—asymbolofbrushingoffthedustinSpirit—inrighthandisoncave’ssouthernoutsiderwall．ThisfigureiswelldesignedandisregardedastheLongmenGrottoes’bestexampleofaTangDynastyBodhisattvastatue.GuyangCaveGuyangCaveistheoldestcaveinLongmenGrottoes．Therearethreetiersofnichesonthenorthernandsouthernwallofthecave，inwhicharehundredsofstatues，andmostofthestatuesareengravedwiththenamesoftheartists，thedatesandthereasonsforcarvingthem．ThesculpturesareofdiverseshapesandpatternsthatarerepresentationsoftheGandharaArtstyleafterthegrottoarttransmittedtoLuoyang.AstatureofSakyamuniissituatedinthemiddleandisnearly8meters(about26feet)high.NineteenofthemostfamousTwentyCalligraphiesarefoundinGuyangCave.TheTwentyCalligraphiesrepresenttheWeistylesteles,whicharetheLongmenGrottoes’basicstelecalligraphies.BinyangCaveAfterconstructingtheGuyangCave,theroyaltyoftheNorthernWeiDynastycarvedoutaseriesoflargerscalecaves,whicharethenorthern,southern,andmiddleBinyangCaves.Themiddlecavetookthelongesttimetocomplete(from500to523)andistheonlyoneofthethreefinishedduringNorthernWeiperiod.Thereare11bigstatuesinthecave.Sakyamuniisofdignifiedandsereneappearance,whilethisdiscipleandBodhisattvaareofslenderfigureandelegantlook,whicharethetypicalstyleofthelateNorthernWeiDynasty.Thefloorisengravedwithlotuspatternsandontherooftopisaflourishinglotusflowerrelief.LotusCave(LianhuaCave)ChiseledgrottoesonthebaseofthenaturallimestonecavesarealsoseeninLongmen,andtheLotusCaveisoneofthem.Unlikethesittingstatues,Sakyamuniisofstandingfigure,showingthathehastrudgedalongdistancetodevelopBuddhismfromIndiatoChina.Ahugereliefofawellsculptedlotusflowerisengravedonthedome,withaseedbudinthecenterandpetalsofhoneysucklepatterscirclingaround.Aroundthelotusaresixflyingmusicianswithvividgestures,asiftheyaredancingalongwiththemelodiesofthemusic.XiangshanTempleXiangshanTemple，whichisrankedthefirstamongLongmenGrottoes’tentemples，issituatedinthemid