現(xiàn)代?學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀第?版（第三冊(cè)）學(xué)習(xí)筆記（原?及全?翻SilentSpringRachelCorsonTherewasonceatownintheheartofAmericawherealllifeseemedtoliveinharmonywithitssurroundings.Thetownlayinthemidstofprosperousfarms,where,inspring,whitecloudsofbloomdriftedabovethegreenfields.Inautumn,oakandmapleandbirchsetupablazeofcolorthatflamedandflickeredacrossabackgroundofpines.Thenfoxesbarkedinthehillsanddeersilentlycrossedthefields.Alongtheroads,laurel,greatfernsandwildflowersdelightedthetraveler'seyethroughmuchoftheyear.Eveninwintertheroadsideswereplacesofbeauty,wherecountlessbirdscametofeedontheberriesandontheseedheadsofthedriedweedsrisingabovethesnow.Thecountrysidewas,infact,famousfortheabundanceandvarietyofitsbirdlife,andwhenthefloodofmigrantswaspouringthroughinspringandfallpeopletraveledfromgreatdistancestoobservethem.Otherscametofishthestreams,whichflowedclearandcoldoutofthehillsandcontainedshadypoolswheretroutlay.Soithadbeenfromthedaysmanyyearsagowhenthefirstsettlersraisedtheirhouses,sanktheirwells,andbuilttheirbarns.Thensomeevilspellsettledonthecommunity:mysteriousdiseasesswepttheflocksofchickens;thecattleandsheepsickenedanddied.Inthetownthedoctorsbecamemoreandmorepuzzledbynewkindsofsicknessappearingamongtheirpatients.Therehadbeenseveralsuddenandunexplaineddeaths,notonlyamongadultsbutevenamongchildren.Therewasastrangestillness.Thebirds,forexample—wherehadtheygone?Thefeedingstationsinthebackyardsweredeserted.Thefewbirdsseenanywheretrembledviolentlyandcouldnotfly.Itwasaspringwithoutvoices.Onthemorningsthathadoncethrobbedwiththedawnchorusofscoresofbirdvoicestherewasnownosound;onlysilencelayoverthefieldsandwoodsandmarsh.Theroadsides,oncesoattractive,werenowlinedwithbrownedandwitheredvegetationasthoughsweptbyfire.These,too,weresilent,desertedbyalllivingthings.Eventhestreamswerenowlifeless.Anglersnolongervisitedthem,forallthefishSomeweeksbeforeawhitepowderhadfallenlikesnowupontheroofsandthelawns,thefieldsandstreams.Nowitchcraft,noenemyactionhadsilencedtherebirthofnewlifeinthisstrickenworld.Thepeoplehaddoneitthemselves.Thistowndoesnotactuallyexist.IknowofnocommunitythathasexperiencedallthemisfortunesIdescribe.Yeteveryoneofthesedisastershasactuallyhappenedsomewhere,andmanyrealcommunitieshavealreadysufferedasubstantialnumberofthem,andthisimaginedtragedymayeasilybecomeaharshrealityweallshallknow.WhathasalreadysilencedthevoicesofspringincountlesstownsinAmerica?Thisbookisanattempttoexplain.Thehistoryoflifeonearthhasbeenahistoryofinteractionbetweenlivingthingsandtheirsurroundings.Toalargeextent,thephysicalformandthehabitsoftheearth'svegetationanditsanimallifehavebeenmoldedbytheenvironment.Consideringthewholespanofearthlytime,theoppositeeffect,inwhichlifeactuallymodifiesitssurroundings,hasbeenrelativelyslight.Onlyinthepresentcenturyhasonespecies—man—acquiredsignificantpowertoalterthenatureofhisworld.Duringthepastquartercenturythispowerhasnotonlybecomeincreasinglygreatbutithaschangedincharacter.Themostalarmingofallman'sassaultsupontheenvironmentisthecontaminationofair,earth,rivers,andseawithdangerousandevenlethalmaterials.Thispollutionisforthemostpartirrecoverable.Inthisnowuniversalcontaminationoftheenvironment,chemicalsarethesinisterpartnersofradiationinchangingtheverynatureoftheworld—theverynatureofitslife.Chemicalssprayedoncroplandsorforestsorgardenslielonginsoil,enteringintolivingorganisms,passingfromonetoanotherinachainofpoisoninganddeath.Ortheypassmysteriouslybyundergroundstreamsuntiltheyemergeandcombineintonewformsthatkillvegetation,sickencattle,andworkunknownharmonthosewhodrinkfromoncepurewells."Mancanhardlyevenrecognizethedevilsofhisowncreation."asascientisthassaid.Ittookhundredsofmillionsofyearstoproducethelifethatnowinhabitstheearth.Giventime—timenotinyearsbutinmillennia—lifeadjusts,andabalancehasbeenreached.Butinthemodernworldthereisnotime.Therapidityofchangefollowstheimpetuouspaceofmanratherthanthedeliberatepaceofnature.Radiationisnowtheunnaturalcreationofman'stamperingwiththeatom.Thechemicalsarethesyntheticcreationsofman'sinventivemind,havingnocounterpartsinnature.Toadjusttothesechemicalswouldrequirenotmerelytheyearsofaman'slifebutthelifeofgenerations.Andeventhis,wereitbysomemiraclepossible,wouldbefutile,forthenewchemicalscomefromourlaboratoriesinanendlessstream;almostfivehundredannuallyfindtheirwayintoactualuseintheUnitedStatesalone.Amongthemaremanythatareusedinman'swaragainstnature.Sincethemid-1940sover200basicchemicalshavebeencreatedforuseinkillinginsects,weeds,andotherorganismsdescribedas"pests";andtheyaresoldunderseveralthousanddifferentbrandnames.Thesechemicalsarenowappliedalmostuniversallytofarms,gardens,forests,andhomes,killingeveryinsect,the"good"andthe"bad,"tostillthesongofbirdsandtheleapingoffish,tocoattheleaveswithadeadlyfilm,andtolingeroninsoil—allthisthoughtheintendedtargetmaybeonlyafewweedsorinsects.Cananyonebelieveitispossibletolaydownsuchalargenumberofpoisonsonthesurfaceoftheearthwithoutmakingitunfitforalllife?Theyshouldnotbecalled"insecticides,"but"biocides."Thewholeprocessofsprayingseemscaughtupinanendlessspiral.Thishashappenedbecauseinsects,inDarwin'sprincipleofthesurvivalofthefittest,haveevolvedsuperracesimmunetotheparticularinsecticideused,henceadeadlieronehasalwaystobedevelopedandthenadeadlieronethanthat.Ithashappenedalsobecausedestructiveinsectsoftenundergoa"flare-back,"orresurgence,afterspraying,innumbersgreaterthanbefore.Thusthechemicalwarisneverwon,andalllifeiscaughtinitsviolentcrossfire.Howcouldintelligentbeingsseektocontrolafewunwantedspeciesbyamethodthatcontaminatedtheentireenvironmentandbroughtthethreatofdiseaseanddeatheventotheirownkind?Yetthisispreciselywhatwehavedone.Allthisisnottosaythereisnoinsectproblemandnoneedofcontrol.Iamsaying,rather,thatcontrolmustbegearedtorealities,andthatthemethodsemployedmustbesuchthattheydonotdestroyusalongwiththeinsects.Underprimitiveagriculturalconditionsthefarmerhadfewinsectproblems.Naturehasintroducedgreatvarietyintothelandscapeandholdsthespecieswithinboundsbythebuilt-inchecksandbalances.寂靜的春天寂靜的春天雷切爾·卡森從前，在美國(guó)中部有?個(gè)?城鎮(zhèn)，那?的?切?命看起來(lái)都與周圍的環(huán)境和諧相融。那個(gè)?城的周圍是?機(jī)勃勃的農(nóng)場(chǎng)。春天，那?的繁花如?云般點(diǎn)綴在綠?的原野上。秋天，在屏風(fēng)般的松林之間，橡樹、楓樹和?樺樹閃爍著?焰般的光輝？狐貍在??上鳴叫著，??靜悄悄沿途的?桂樹、巨?的蕨類植物還有野花在?年中?部分時(shí)間?都可以讓旅?覺得賞?悅?。即使在冬天，路邊也很美，?數(shù)的鳥飛來(lái)啄?漿果和露出雪?的?草籽。事實(shí)上，那?正是以其鳥類的數(shù)量繁多、種類各異?聞名。當(dāng)遷徙的候鳥在春秋兩季蜂擁??時(shí)，觀鳥者會(huì)經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)途跋涉來(lái)這?觀看。還有?會(huì)到?溪邊釣魚，這些清澈?冰冷的?溪從?中流出，匯成了綠蔭掩映的池塘，那??活著鱒魚。那個(gè)?鎮(zhèn)?后來(lái)，某種不祥的魔咒就降臨到了村落?：神秘的疾病襲擊了雞群；??也或死或病。鎮(zhèn)?的醫(yī)?越來(lái)越對(duì)病?中出現(xiàn)的新的病癥疑惑不解。不僅僅在成年?中，甚?在?童中也出現(xiàn)了很多突發(fā)的?法解釋的死亡現(xiàn)象。?種詭異的寂靜籠罩了這個(gè)地?。?如，?鳥們都到哪?去了？后院的喂鳥臺(tái)已經(jīng)荒廢破敗。偶爾還能看到的?只鳥?也顫抖得厲害，飛不?星期前，?些??的粉末像雪花般落到了屋頂、草坪、?野和溪流中。不是魔法，也不是敵?的破壞阻?了這個(gè)受災(zāi)地?新?命的繁衍?息，?是?類??造成了這?切。這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)實(shí)際上并不存在。我并不知道哪?個(gè)地?經(jīng)受過(guò)我所描述的所有不幸。但其中我所描述的每?種災(zāi)難實(shí)際上都在某個(gè)地?發(fā)?過(guò)，并且確實(shí)有許多地?已經(jīng)遭受了巨?的災(zāi)難，這個(gè)想象中的悲劇很可能變成?個(gè)我們將?對(duì)的殘酷現(xiàn)實(shí)。是什么使美國(guó)?數(shù)城鎮(zhèn)的春天變得如此寂靜？這本書試圖為你解釋這個(gè)問題。地球?命的歷史?直是?物體和它周圍環(huán)境相互作?的歷史。在很?程度上，地球上植物和動(dòng)物的?然形態(tài)和習(xí)性都是由環(huán)境塑造的。就地球的整個(gè)歷史??，?命改造環(huán)境的反作?實(shí)際上是相對(duì)微?的。但在本世紀(jì)，?個(gè)物種——?類——獲得了改造?然界的?凡能?。在過(guò)去的25年?，這種能?不僅在不斷地增長(zhǎng)，?且性質(zhì)也發(fā)?了變化。在所有?類對(duì)環(huán)境的褻瀆?為中，最令?擔(dān)憂的當(dāng)屬空?、?地、河流以及?海受到的危險(xiǎn)的、甚?是致命物質(zhì)的污染。這種污染在很?程度上是不可質(zhì)變成了輻射的邪惡幫兇，它們改變著世界的本質(zhì)——?命的本質(zhì)。被灑在農(nóng)?、森林或?物體內(nèi)部，并在中毒和死亡的連鎖反應(yīng)中不斷傳遞遷移。它們或者隨著地下?流神秘地轉(zhuǎn)移，直到它們顯現(xiàn)并結(jié)合成新的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，毒害植物和家畜，并且使那些曾經(jīng)飲?純凈井?的?們不知不覺遭受傷害。正如?個(gè)科學(xué)家所說(shuō)，“?類甚?辨認(rèn)不出??制造的惡魔了”。今天，寄居在地球上的?命是經(jīng)過(guò)上億年進(jìn)化?來(lái)的。?物適應(yīng)所需的時(shí)間不是以年計(jì)算的，?是以千年來(lái)計(jì)算的。?命體不斷適應(yīng)，才能達(dá)到?種平衡狀態(tài)。但是現(xiàn)代世界的變化太快已經(jīng)來(lái)不及適應(yīng)了。這種快速的變化追隨著?類輕率的步伐????然的從容步態(tài)。輻射是?們?預(yù)原?時(shí)違背?然的創(chuàng)造?；瘜W(xué)物質(zhì)是?們依靠聰明的頭腦所創(chuàng)造的??合成物，?這些東西在?然界是找不到對(duì)等物質(zhì)的。調(diào)整以適應(yīng)這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)不僅需要?代?很多年的努?，甚?需要?代?的努?。即便如此，如果沒有奇跡發(fā)?，這些努?也是徒勞的，因?yàn)槲覀兊膶?shí)驗(yàn)室會(huì)源源不斷地?產(chǎn)出新的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，僅在美國(guó)，每年就有將近500種化學(xué)合成物投?使?。這些化學(xué)品中，很多是被?類?于對(duì)抗?然的。?20世紀(jì)40年代中期以來(lái)，?類制造出了超過(guò)200種基本化學(xué)物質(zhì)，?來(lái)殺?、滅草和其他?些被稱之為“害?”的有機(jī)?命體；這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)是以?千種不同的商品形式被出售的。唱，魚?不再跳躍，樹葉上蒙上?層致命的薄膜，化學(xué)物質(zhì)將長(zhǎng)期留存在?壌?——盡管使?它的最初?的是除掉少量的野草和昆?。誰(shuí)能相信在地表投放如此?量的毒藥不會(huì)危害別的?命呢？它們不應(yīng)該叫“殺?劑'?應(yīng)該叫作“殺?劑”。噴灑化學(xué)物質(zhì)的過(guò)程似乎陷?了?個(gè)沒有盡頭的螺旋中。之所以會(huì)這樣是因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)達(dá)們對(duì)已使?的各種殺?劑具有免疫?。因此，?們必須發(fā)明更加致命的化學(xué)藥品，然后是?這些還要致命的。這也是因?yàn)閲姙⒒瘜W(xué)品后，具有破壞性的昆?經(jīng)常進(jìn)?“反擊”或者復(fù)活，數(shù)量變得?以前更多。因此，化學(xué)物質(zhì)之戰(zhàn)從未取勝，所有的?命都會(huì)在激烈的交?中遭殃。聰明的?類怎么可以僅僅為了控制少數(shù)不為?類所需的物種，就去污染整個(gè)環(huán)境，甚?給??造成疾病和死亡的威脅呢？然?，這恰恰就是這?切并不是說(shuō)沒有害?問題，沒有控制的必要。我的意思是，對(duì)昆?的控制必須符合現(xiàn)實(shí)，使?的?法必須保證不會(huì)將我們和昆??起毀在原始農(nóng)業(yè)的條件下，農(nóng)民很少遇到?害問題。?然賦予?地多樣性，通過(guò)內(nèi)部的控制和平衡把物種控制在有限的范圍內(nèi)。KeyWords:mysterious[mis'ti3ri3s]adj.神秘的，不可思議的adj.未經(jīng)解釋的；未經(jīng)說(shuō)明的；不清楚的settled['setld]adj.固定的；穩(wěn)定的v.解決；定居（settlecattle['k?tl]variety[v3'rai3ti]adj.困惑的；搞糊涂的；茫然的vi.燃燒，發(fā)光abundance[3'bΛnd3ns]observe[3b'z3:v]v.觀察，遵守，注意到v.評(píng)論，慶oak[3uk]experienced[iks'pi3ri3nst]adj.有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的describe[dis'kraib]vt.描述，畫(尤指?何圖形)，說(shuō)成violently['vai3l3ntli]adv.猛烈地，激烈地，極端地n.粉，粉末，細(xì)雪，?藥vt.灑粉于，使attractive[3'tr關(guān)ktiv]adj.有吸引?的，引起注意的silence['sail3ns]n.沉默，寂靜vt.使安靜，使沉默adj.粗糙的，使