LectureonFundamentalsofEnglishGrammar目錄CONTENTSIntroductionMorphologySyntaxTensesandVoicesNonfineverbsSubjunctivemoodSpecialpresencepatterns01IntroductionThislectureaimstoprovideacomprehensiveoverviewofthefundamentalrulesandprinciplesofEnglishgrammarPurposeEnglishgrammarhasdevelopedovercenters,influencedbyvarioushistoricalandculturalfactorsUnderstandingitsintricaciesiscriticalforeffectivecommunicationinEnglishBackgroundPurposeandbackgroundCommunicationPropgrammarenablesclearandaccuratecommunication,avoidingfusionormisinterpretationCriticalThinkingTheanalysisandunderstandingofgrammarfoundationslogicalreasoningandbettercomprehensionofcomplextextsEducationandTestingGrammarisakeycomponentofeducationsystemsworldwideandisassessedinvariousexams,includingtheSAT,ACT,andGREWritingSkillsGrammaticalknowledgeisessentialforeffectivewriting,fromessaystobusinesscorrespondenceTheImportanceofEnglishGrammar02MorphologyNounasapartofspeech:Nounsareusedtonamepeople,places,things,andideasTheycanbeproper(specific,e.g.,"John")orcommon(general,e.g.,"cat")Typesofnouns:Nounscanbegroupedintovarioustypes,suchasregularnouns(specificnames,e.g.,"NewYork"),commonnouns(generalcategories,e.g.,"city"),collectivenouns(groupingofindividuals,e.g.,"team"),andabstractnouns(integerconcepts,e.g.,"happiness")Pluralforms:Somenounshaveirregularpluralforms,suchas"child"becoming"children"or"ox"becoming"oxen."NounVerbasapartofspeechVerbsareusedtodescribeactionsorstatesofbeingTheytellwhathappensorwhatistrueaboutthesubjectofthepresenceTensesVerbshavedifferenttensions,suchaspresent(e.g.,"run"),past(e.g.,"ran"),future(e.g.,"willrun"),andperfecttensions(combinationsofauxiliaryverbshaveorhavewithpastparticle,e.g.,"hasrun")MoodsVerbscanalsohavedifferentmoods,suchasindicative(declarative,e.g.,"Irun"),interactive(command,e.g.,"Run!"),conditional(theoretical,e.g.,"Iwouldrun"),andsubjunction(emphasisorcontrasttofact,e.g.,"Iwereyou")VerbAdjectives01AdjectivesareusedtodescribeormodifynounsorpronounsTheycanbedescriptive(e.g.,"big,""red"),limiting(e.g.,"my,""his"),orpassive(e.g.,"they,""its")Advisors02Advisorsareusedtomodifyverbs,objections,orotheradvertisementsTheycanindicatetime("yesterday"),place("here"),degree("very"),orManner("carefully")Comparativeandsuperiorforms03Someobjectivesandadvisorshavecomparativeandsuperiorformsthatshowdegreesofdifference,suchas"bigger"and"bigger"or"faster"and"fastest."SubjectsandadvertisementsPositionasapartofspeechPositionsareusedtoshowrelationshipsbetweenotherwordsinthepresence,suchastime(in,on,after),place(in,on,behind),orManner(with,without)PreliminaryphrasesProposalsoftencombinewithnounsandobjectionstoformpreliminaryphrasesthatprovidemorespecificinformationaboutthesubjectorobjectofthepresence,allas"inthemorning"or"withouthelp."CommonpositionsSomecommonpositionsinclude"in,""on,""at,""for,""with,""and"without."PreparationConnectionasapartofspeech:ConnectionsareusedtolinkwordsorgroupsofwordsinthesenseTheyshowrelationshipssuchasaddition("and"),contrast("but"),cause("because"),ortime("when")Coordinatingconnections:Coordinatingconnectionsareusedtolinksimilargraphicalstructures,suchasparallelnouns,verbs,orclauses,e.g.,"dogsrunandcatsjump.""Whenthesunsets,itgetsdark."Connection03SyntaxThepersonorthingperformingtheaction,orbeingtalkedaboutaboutSubjectThepartofthepresencethatexpressestheaction,relationship,orstateofthesubjectPredictSubjectandPredictThepersonorthingdirectlyaffectedbytheactionThepersonorthingindirectlyaffectedbytheactionObjectIndirectObjectDirectObject

AdverbialSuperiorofTimeExpressionswhenanactiontakesplaceSuperiorofPlaceExpressionswhereanactiontakesplaceSuperiorofMannerExpressionshowanactiontakesplaceSubjectComplexAwordorphrasethatcompletesthesubjecttoexpressaspecificqualityorconditionObjectComplexAwordorphrasethatcompletestheobjecttoexpressaspecificqualityorconditionComplexRelativeClauseAclausethatmodifiesanounorpronounbyprovidingadditionalinformationaboutitAdverbialClauseAclausethatfunctionsasanadvocateinasense,modifyingtheverb,objective,orotherpartofthesenseSubordinateClause04TensesandVoicesPresentcontinuoustenseItisusedtoexpressanactionthatiscurrentlyhappeningorinprogressPresentperfecttenseItisusedtoexpressanactionthathasbeencompletedinthepastanditsresultisrelevanttothepresentmomentSimplepresenttenseItisusedtoexpressanactionthatisongingorharmfulPresenttense03PastperfecttenseItisusedtoexpressanactioninthepastthathappenedbeforeanotherpastaction01SimplepasttenseItisusedtoexpressanactionthathappenedinthepastandiscompleted02LastcontinuoustenseItisusedtoexpressanactionthatwashappeninginthepastataspecifictimePasttense123ItisusedtoexpressanactionthatwillhappeninthefutureSimplefuturetenseItisusedtoexpressanactionthatwillbehappeninginthefutureataspecifictimeFuturecontinuoustenseItisusedtoexpressanactioninthefuturethatwillhappenbeforeanotherfutureactionFutureperfecttenseFuturetenseVoice:activeandpassiveActivevoiceItexpressesanactionthatisdonebythesubjectofthesentencePassivevoiceItexpressesanactionthatisdonetothesubjectofthesentence05NonfineverbsUsageAstheobjectofotherverbsorauxiliaryverbs,itindicatesanactionorstate.Forexample:IwanttorunDefinitionInfinitiveisthebasicformofaverb,withoutchangesintense,voice,ornumber.NegativeformAdd"not"or"n't"beforetheverb.Forexample:Idon'twanttorunInfinitiveGerundisthepresentparticipleformofaverb,usedasanoun.DefinitionAsthesubject,object,orpredicateofasentence.Forexample:RunningismyfavoriteexerciseUsageEndingwith"-ing",possessingdualpropertiesofverbandnoun.FeatureGerund010203DefinitionParticleisthenonfiniteformofaverb,whichcanindicatecompletionorpassivemeaning.UsageUsedasanadjectivetomodifyanoun,indicatingthecompletionorpassivestateofanaction.Forexample:ThevisitedcountryisinterestingFormincludingpastparticiplesandpresentparticiples,representingpassiveandactivemeanings,respectively.Forexample:visited(pastparticiple,passive)andvisiting(presentparticiple,active).Particle06SubjunctivemoodConditionalsubcriticalmoodisusedinconditionalsenseswheretheconditioniscontemporarytofactorunlikelytooccurItisformedbyusing"were"insteadof"was"inthefirstpersonsingularand"were"insteadof"was"or"were"inthethirdpersonsingularorpluralExample:IfIwereyou,IwouldnotdothatConditionalSubjunctiveMoodThesubordinatemoodofdesireisusedtoexpresswishes,hopes,ordesiresItisformedbyusingtheinfinitiveformoftheverbwithout"to"infrontofitExample:IwishshewerehereSubjunctionMoodofDesire01Thesuggestedsubconjunctivemoodisusedtoexpressasuggestionorrecommendation02Itisformedbyusingtheinfinitiveformoftheverbwithout"to"infrontofit,orbyusing"let's"followedbytheinfinitiveformoftheverb03Example:Let'sgoforawalkSuggestedSubjunctiveMood07Special