CHAPTERTHREEHighSeasandInternationalSeabedArea公海與國際海底區(qū)域1.HighSeasandInternationalSeabedArea

HighSeasAInternationalSeabedB2.SectionA:HighSeasDefinitionITheLegalStatusIIFreedomofthehighseas

IIIJurisdictionIV3.HighSeas

I.Definition：Traditionally,thehighseasweredefinedas“allpartsoftheseanotincludedintheterritorialseaorintheinternalwatersofastate’.WiththeadventoftheEEZandoftheconceptofarchipelagicwaters,thisdefinitionhasnowtobemodified.Article86oftheLawoftheSeaConventionstatesthatthehigh-seasrulesintheConventionapplyto:allpartsoftheseathatisnotincludedintheexclusiveeconomiczone,intheterritorialseaorintheinternalwatersofastate,orinthearchipelagicwatersofanarchipelagicState.4.HighSeasInternationalWaters5.HighSeasII. ThelegalstatusofthehighseasThehighseasareopentoallStates,whethercoastalorland-locked.andnoStatemayvalidlypurporttosubjectanypartofthemtoitssovereignty.Thisruleofcustomarylawisacorner-stoneofinternationallaw.FreedomofthehighseasisexercisedundertheconditionslaiddownbythisConventionandbyotherrulesofinternationallaw.Itcomprises,interalia,bothforcoastalandland-lockedStates6.HighSeasFromtherulethatnoStatecansubjectareasofthehighseastotheirsovereignty,orindeedtotheirjurisdiction,itfollowsthatnoStatehastherighttopreventshipsofotherStatesfromusingthehighseasforany‘lawfulpurpose’.Asecondcorollaryofthestatusofthehighseasisthatapartfromafewspecialcases,mostlycreatedbytreaty,noStatehasjurisdictionoverforeignshipsonthehighseas.7.HighSeasIII. FreedomofthehighseasPreciselybecauseStatescannotinprinciplecontrolforeignshippingonthehighseas,sothatusersoftheseasremainatlibertytodoasthepleaseapartfromafewrestrictiverules,andbecausenewoceantechnologyisconstantlydeveloping,thefreedomsofthehighseascannotbeexhaustivelylisted.freedomsofnavigation;freedomofoverflight;freedomtolaysubmarinecablesandpipelines;freedomtoconstructartificialislandsandotherinstallationspermittedunderinternationallaw;freedomoffishing;freedomofscientificresearch.8.HighSeasThesefreedomsshallbeexercisedbyallStateswithdueregardfortheinterestsofotherStatesintheirexerciseofthefreedomofthehighseas,andalsowithdueregardfortherightsunderthisConventionwithrespecttoactivitiesintheArea.9.HighseasIV.Jurisdiction1.Ingeneral,theflagState,thatis,theStatewhichhasgrantedtoashiptherighttosailunderitsflag,hastheexclusiverighttoexerciselegislativeandenforcementjurisdictionoveritsshipsonthehighseas.ThuscompliancewithinternationaldutiesconcerningsafetyatseaandtherenderingofassistancetoshipsindistressissoughtbyimposingonflagStatesthedutytoadoptandenforcelegislationdealingwithsuchmatters.Again,Statesmustprovidecompensationfordamagetopipelinesandcablesunderthehighseasbyshipsundertheirjurisdiction,althoughascomplementtothisdutytheymustalsoensurethatcompensationisavailablefrompipelineandcableownersforshipswhichareobligedtosacrificeanchorsorfishinggearinordertoavoiddamagingacableorpipeline.10.HighseasCollisionsmayinvolvetwoStates,eachofwhichconsidersthatthecollisionandthoseresponsibleforitarewithinitsjurisdiction.However,theLawoftheSeaConventionreservespenalanddisciplinaryproceedingsincasesofcollisionorothernavigationalincidentstotheauthoritiesoftheStateinwhoseshipthedefendantservedortheStateofwhichheisanational.ButtheexpectationisthatinthiscaseofconcurrentjurisdictionitistheflagStatewhosejurisdictionhasprimacy.11.Highseas2.TheexclusivenessoftheflagState’sjurisdictionisnotabsolute.Itadmitsofseveralexceptions,inwhichthirdStatessharelegislativeorenforcementjurisdiction,orboth,withtheflagState.12.Highseas(1)Piracy‘Piracy’includesanyillegalactofviolence,detentionordepredationcommittedforprivateendsbythecreworpassengersofaprivateship(oraircraft)againstanothership(oraircraft),orpersonsorpropertyonboardit,onthehighseas.Therequirementthattwovessels－pirateandvictim－beinvolveddistinguishespiracyfromhi-jacking.Article110oftheLOSCallowsthevisitingandboardingofanyship,ofwhateverflag,reasonablysuspectedofbeingengagedinpiracy.Ifthesuspicionsprovetobeunfounded,andprovidedthattheshipboardedhasnotcommittedanyactjustifyingthem,itshallbecompensatedforanylossordamagethatmayhavebeensustained.Pirateshipsonthehighseasmaybeseized,thoughonlybywarshipsorotherauthorizedvesselsingovernmentservice.Similarly,thoseonboardapiratevesselmaybearrested.PiratesmaybetriedbyanyStatebeforewhosecourtstheyarebrought,andthatStatemaydeterminebyitslawsthepenaltiestobeimposed.13.Highseas(2)Unauthorizedbroadcasting"Unauthorizedbroadcasting"meansthetransmissionofsoundradioortelevisionbroadcastsfromashiporinstallationonthehighseasintendedforreceptionbythegeneralpubliccontrarytointernationalregulations,butexcludingthetransmissionofdistresscalls.14.HighseasAllStatesshallcooperateinthesuppressionofunauthorizedbroadcastingfromthehighseas.Andanypersonengagedinunauthorizedbroadcastingmaybeprosecutedbeforethecourtof:(a)theflagStateoftheship;(b)theStateofregistryoftheinstallation;(c)theStateofwhichthepersonisanational;(d)anyStatewherethetransmissionscanbereceived;or(e)anyStatewhereauthorizedradiocommunicationissufferinginterference.Inaddition,onthehighseas,aStatehavingjurisdictioninaccordancewithparagraph3mayarrestanypersonorshipengagedinunauthorizedbroadcastingandseizethebroadcastingapparatus.15.Highseas3.SlaveanddrugtraffickingWhereashipisreasonablysuspectedofbeingengagedintheslavetrade,itmaybevisitedandboarded.However,slavetradingisnotininternationallawanalogoustopiracy,andonlytheflagStatemayactuallyproceedtoseizetheshiporarrestthoseonboardifthesuspicioniswellfounded.OtherStatesmayonlyreporttheirfindingstotheflagState.16.HighseasAsofdrugtrafficking,fewpowersexistinthecaseofshipssuspectedofillicitlytraffickinginnarcoticandpsychotropicdrugs.AllthatisallowedisthatStateswithreasonablegroundsforsuspectingthattheirownshipsareengagedinthetrademayrequesttheco-operationofotherStatesinsuppressingthetraffic,althoughpresumablythereisanimplicationthatotherStatesshouldnormallyaccedetosucharequest.17.Highseas4.ShipsofuncertainnationalityStatesmayvisitandenforcetheirlawsagainsttheirownshipsonthehighseas.Consequentlywhereaship,thoughflyingaforeignflag,isreasonablysuspectedofbeingofthesamenationalityasawarshipwhichencountersitonthehighseas,thewarshipmayvisitandboardit,checkingitsdocumentsandproceedingtoafurtherexaminationonboardifnecessary,inordertoverifyitsrighttoflyitsflag.Ifthesuspicionsprovetobeunfounded,andprovidedthattheshipboardedhasnotcommittedanyactjustifyingthem,itshallbecompensatedforanylossordamagethatmayhavebeensustained.18.HighseasNorighttovisitandboardsuchshipswasgivenundertheHighSeasConvention,whilesucharightisgivenbyarticle110oftheLawoftheSeaConvention.Shipswhichsailundertwoormoreflags,usingthemaccordingtoconvenience,areassimilatedtoshipswithoutnationality.19.Highseas5.Hotpursuitandconstructivepresence(1)ThehotpursuitofaforeignshipmaybeundertakenwhenthecompetentauthoritiesofthecoastalStatehavegoodreasontobelievethattheshiphasviolatedthelawsandregulationsofthatState.Suchpursuitmustbecommencedwhentheforeignshiporoneofitsboatsiswithintheinternalwaters,thearchipelagicwaters,theterritorialseaorthecontiguouszoneofthepursuingState,andmayonlybecontinuedoutsidetheterritorialseaorthecontiguouszoneifthepursuithasnotbeeninterrupted.20.HighseasItisnotnecessarythat,atthetimewhentheforeignshipwithintheterritorialseaorthecontiguouszonereceivestheordertostop,theshipgivingtheordershouldlikewisebewithintheterritorialseaorthecontiguouszone.Iftheforeignshipiswithinacontiguouszone,asdefinedinarticle33,thepursuitmayonlybeundertakeniftherehasbeenaviolationoftherightsfortheprotectionofwhichthezonewasestablished.21.Highseas(2)Therightofhotpursuitshallapplymutatismutandistoviolationsintheexclusiveeconomiczoneoronthecontinentalshelf,includingsafetyzonesaroundcontinentalshelfinstallations,ofthelawsandregulationsofthecoastalStateapplicableinaccordancewiththisConventiontotheexclusiveeconomiczoneorthecontinentalshelf,includingsuchsafetyzones.22.Highseas(3)Therightofhotpursuitceasesassoonastheshippursuedenterstheterritorialseaofitsown

StateorofathirdState.23.Highseas(4)Hotpursuitisnotdeemedtohavebegununlessthepursuingshiphassatisfieditselfbysuchpracticablemeansasmaybeavailablethattheshippursuedoroneofitsboatsorothercraftworkingasateamandusingtheshippursuedasamothershipiswithinthelimitsoftheterritorialsea,or,asthecasemaybe,withinthecontiguouszoneortheexclusiveeconomiczoneorabovethecontinentalshelf.Thepursuitmayonlybecommencedafteravisualorauditorysignaltostophasbeengivenatadistancewhichenablesittobeseenorheardbytheforeignship.24.Highseas(5)Therightofhotpursuitmaybeexercisedonlybywarshipsormilitaryaircraft,orothershipsoraircraftclearlymarkedandidentifiableasbeingongovernmentserviceandauthorizedtothateffect.25.SectionB.TheInternationalSeaBedAreatheapplicationoftheprincipleofthefreedomofthehighseas;titletothedeepseabedareacouldbegainedbyoccupationthroughuse.acontinuationoftheregimeofthecontinentalshelfbydefiningthecontinentalshelfintermsoftheabilitytoexploititsresources;Oncedeepseaminingbecameapossibility,thefewminingStatessoughtlegaljustificationfortheiractions.Exploitationcouldbejustifiedonthefollowingthreearguments:

26.TheInternationalSeaBedAreaI. ResolutionsOneandTwo:preparatoryinvestmentprotectionOneofthemajorobstaclestotheacceptanceofLOSCprovisionsbytheUnitedStateswasthelackofprotectionsaidtoexistforinvestmentwhichhadalreadytakenplaceinsea-bedmining.Accordingly,inafinalefforttofindacompromiseacceptabletoall,thespring1982sessionofUNCLOSIIIpreparedspecialrulesfor‘pioneerinvestors’,whichamounttoanalmostcompleterewritingoftheConvention’srulesonsea-bedminingintheirfavour.27.TheserulesarecontainedintworesolutionsappendedtotheConvention.ResolutionIprovidesfortheestablishmentofaPreparatoryCommission.ResolutionIIcontainstherulesdesignedtoaccommodatethedemandsofthesixconsortiawhichhad,by1982,investedheavilyindeepsea-bedmining.TheInternationalSeaBedArea28.TheInternationalSeaBedAreaII. TheReciprocatingStatesRegime

IncontemplationofthecomingintoforceoftheLOSC,anumberofWesternStateshaveestablishedtheirowninterimregimes,knownastheReciprocatingStatesRegime,topermitandregulatedeepseamining.ThissystemprovidesthatStatesshouldadoptsimilarnationallawswhichwillinterrelate.In1981,theUKpassedtheDeepSeaBedActandsimilarlegislationhasbeenintroducedintheUSA,France,Germany,Netherlands,Belgium,ItalyandJapan.Theschemeprovidesforlicensingofdeepseamining,withlicenseespayingalevyof3.75%ofthevalueofthenodulesrecovered(halfofwhatisenvisagedundertheLOSC)29.TheInternationalSeaBedAreaIII. TheLOSCregimeandthe1994agreementTheareaofthedeepseabedcomprisesapproximately60%ofthetotalseabedareaandtheLOSCdeclaresthedeepseabedandtheresourceswithinittobepartofthecommonheritageofmankind.Assuch,theareaanditsresourcesarenotsusceptibletounilateralnationalappropriation.RightsintheareacanonlybeobtainedwiththeauthorityoftheInternationalSeabedAuthority,whichisestablishedbytheLOSCwithanassembly,council,secretariatandadeepseaminingarm.Allactivitiesinthedeepseabedareaaretobecarriedoutforthebenefitofmankindasawhole.30.TheInternationalSeaBedAreaTheLOSCprovidesthattheAuthoritywillcarryoutitsownexplorationandexploitationandwillalsoissuelicensesauthorizingcommercialactivity.ThereistobeasharingoftechnologyandtheAuthoritychargesalicensefeeandtakesashareofanyprofitsofcommercialmining.31.TheInternationalSeaBedAreaOn28July,1994,theAgreementrelatingtotheImplementationofPartXIoftheUNCLOSwasadopted.Itconsistsof10articlesandprovidesthattheAgreementandPartXIoftheLOSCshouldbeinterpretedandappliedasasingleinstrument.Intheeventofanyinconsistencybetweenthetwo,theprovisionsoftheAgreementshallprevail.ThemoresignificantaspectsoftheAgreementarecontainedinanannex,whichdealswithsuchmattersastheworkoftheInternationalSeabedAuthorityandtheEnterprise.ThetermsoftheAgreementareverymuchmorefavorabletothedevelopedStatesthantheoriginalprovisionsofLOSC.32.TheInt