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06閱讀理解之說明文說明文的特征及相關(guān)試題應(yīng)對分析說明文是對事物或事理進(jìn)行客觀說明的一種文體,它以說明為主要表達(dá)方式,通過解說事物或闡明事理,達(dá)到教人以知識的目的,在結(jié)構(gòu)上往往采用總分、遞進(jìn)等方式按一定的順序(如時(shí)間、空間、從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì))進(jìn)行說明。說明文的特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡練、語言準(zhǔn)確、明了,文章很少表達(dá)作者的感情傾向。閱讀說明文的重點(diǎn)在于讀懂它說明的事物或事理,了解事物的性質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、成因、功能等,了解事理的含意、特點(diǎn)等。最近五年,說明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大,一直很穩(wěn)定,選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問題;高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果;人們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問題;人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采用漸進(jìn)式,即由簡到難的方式,因此說明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對比較難的,通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點(diǎn)之一是考查學(xué)生對詞匯和句式的掌握。說明文的詞匯和句式的運(yùn)用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運(yùn)用靈活,同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn),未列入考綱的生詞較多,通常達(dá)到了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點(diǎn)來幫助理解語篇,例如,下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(如破折號、冒號都有表示解釋和說明)等。一、說明文的行文特征寫說明文可以按時(shí)間、空間、結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯順序來寫,也可以采取舉例、比較、對比、分類、分析、說明、敘述等方法。1.比較對照比較對照有兩種,一是逐點(diǎn)比較,二是整塊比較,即AB交錯(cuò)或先A后B:(1)逐點(diǎn)比較多數(shù)人認(rèn)為這種AB交錯(cuò)的方式可以避免行文的單調(diào)沉悶,對比的效果更鮮明突出。如:Therearebasicdifferencesbetweenlargeandsmallenterprises.Inasmallenterprise,youoperatedmainlythroughpersonalcontacts.Inalargeenterprise,youhaveestablished“policies”,“channels”oforganization,andfairlystrictprocedure.Inthesmallenterpriseyouhaveimmediateeffectivenessinaverysmallarea.Youcanseetheeffectofyourworkandofyourdecisionsground.Inthelargeorganizationyouarenormallytaughtonethingthoroughly.InthesmallonethedangerisofbecomingaJack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none.Inthelargeitisofbecomingthemanwhoknowsmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.(2)整塊比較Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.2.分類分類是人類認(rèn)識客觀世界的重要手段之一,也是描寫事物、解釋觀點(diǎn)最有效的方式之一。通過將一事物分類,可使復(fù)雜事物變得清晰明了,便于作者闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)。分類段落的各類排列要條理,可采用從主要到次要,從次要到主要,從多到少或從少到多等方式排列,亦可平行排列。如:[1]Asfaraspoliticalviewsareconcerned,peoplefallintothreecategories.Firstaretheconservativepeople.Conservativesareopposedtosuddenorgreatchanges.Secondaretheliberalpeople.Thesepeopleareinfavorofprogressandreform.Buttheiropinionsoftenseemtoidealistic.Thethirdtypeisthemoderatepeople.Themoderateskeepeverythingwithinreasonablelimits.Theyaremorepracticalinthishardworld.Inmyopinion,mostpeopleseemtobelongtothisgroup.本段采用平行排列的方式,按人的政治觀點(diǎn)分為三類:保守、自由和溫和。[2]TheseareseveralreasonswhyIdecidedtomattendBingstonUniversity.Firstofall,thetuitionisreasonable.Secondly,theuniversityhasadeferredpaymentplan.,whichlessonstheloadofpeasantfamilieslikemine.AnotherreasonisthatBingstonhasthefinestteachersinitsgraduateprogram.Mychiefreason,however,isBingston’sprograminagriculture,mychosenfield,whichisrecognizedastheleaderinthisarea.該段采用主次排列的方式,分析了作者決定上Bingston大學(xué)的原因。[3]AccordingtoMr.Li,thefifteenstudentsofhiscLASSfallintothreegroups.Sevenofthemworkhardandstudywell.Theyalwaysgetgoodmarksinexaminationsandareoftenpraisedbytheteachers.Licallsthem“goodstudents”.Themonitor,thesecretaryoftheYouthLeague,andthecaptainofthecLASSvolleyballteam,arequickinfindingoutwhattheirfellowstudentsareinterestedinorwhattheyshoulddoasacollective.Theyalwaysorganizeproperactivitiesatthepropertime.SoLicallsthem“goodorganizers”.FourotherstudentsareverykindtotheircLASSmates,alwaysreadytolendthemahelpinghand.TheyhelptocleanthecLASSroomandthecorridorevenwhentheyarenotonduty.Lisaysthattheyare“goodcomrades”.“Whataboutyourself?”someoneaskshim.“I’magroupbymyself——agoodobserver”.該段不同于以上兩段,不是先分類再解釋,而是先說明其特點(diǎn),然后定義分類。雖分類并不科學(xué),卻達(dá)到了其幽默之目的。3.例證例證指具體說明人或事物特點(diǎn)、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例證型段落的寫作方式多為先提出主題再列舉事例。在事例之前一般有Forexample或Forinstance。例證后面,根據(jù)情況還可以加上結(jié)論句。如:Inordertopreventnon-smokersfrombeingaffected,measuresmustbetakentoreducethechancesofsmoking.Alotofworkcanbedoneconcerningthis.Forexample,insomepublicplaces,suchasinthetheatresandcinemas,smokingshouldbeforbidden.Evenonthetrainorplanepeopleshouldnotbeallowedtosmoke.Doctors,teachersandgovernmentleadersshouldtaketheleadnottosmoke.Aboveall,theharmfulnessanddangerscausedbysmokingshouldbemadeknowntoallthroughnewspapers,broadcast,orTVprograms.Alsothegrowingoftobaccoandtheproductionofcigarettesshouldnotbeencouraged.Ifthesemeasurescanbetaken,wecaneffectivelyreducethechancesofsmoking.4因果因果是兩個(gè)事物之間的關(guān)系。一些說明文,議論文通過分析因果關(guān)系說明一個(gè)中心思想。如不能把因果關(guān)系解釋清楚,文章將無法說明任何主題。因果型段落的擴(kuò)展模式有兩種,一是分類編法,另一個(gè)是連環(huán)編排法。如果只討論成因或只討論結(jié)果,細(xì)節(jié)比較簡單,只需按其重要性或其邏輯順序進(jìn)行編排。分類編排法指先討論原因,然后討論結(jié)果;或先討論結(jié)果,后討論原因。(1)分類編排法Musicismychiefhobby.WhenIlistentomusic,goodthingshappentome.IfIamlonelyorhomesick,Ilistentopopmusic.Thequickrhythm,thestrongbeatsofdrumsliftmyspirits.IfIamfamiliarwithasong,Iwillsingalonewithitandmydepressiondisappears.WhenIamboredorverytired,IlistentoMozart.Hismusicmakesmefeelalive.Musicalsoremindsmeofhome.BeforeIcametocollege,mysistersandIwouldlistentomusicandsingsongstogetherandcheerus.NowIenjoylisteningtomusicandsingingwithmyroommatesbecausetheirsmilesmakemerememberthehappytimeswithmyfamily.Forme,musicisanexcellentescape,andwithoutit,Iwouldn’tbesohappy。(2)連環(huán)編排法先討論一組因果,再一組因果,再一組因果,形成一個(gè)鎖鏈。當(dāng)因果緊密相連,前一果為后一果之因時(shí),經(jīng)常使用這種方式。Studentsshouldn’tstayupsolate.Becauseofthepressureofexaminations,manystudentsburnnightcandles.Thenextday,theyhavetogetenoughsleep.Asaresult,manyofthemgetsleepyinClASs.Theycouldn’tcatchwhattheteachersays.Nothavingstudiedtheirlessonswell,theyfinditdifficulttomakegoodperformanceinexaminations.So,itisnotworthwhiletostayuplateifyouwanttostudywell.5.人物描寫人物描寫包括外部特征、性格特征、思想狀態(tài)、行為語言等,用于表現(xiàn)人物精神面貌、披露人物內(nèi)心活動(dòng)、揭示人物性格變化,借以突出作品主題思想。如:Mysisterisaboyishgirl.Shehasshortandstraighthairlikeaboy’s.Shelikeswhite,blackandgreycolors,asmostboysdo.Shenevercaresforshirts,stockingsbutlovesjacketsandjeans.Sometimesshewearsamen’ssuitandleathershoresasifshewereagentleman.Basketballandfootballareherfavoritesports.Shealsoenjoyswatchingboxing.Shealwaysshoutsandcheersexcitedlywhensheiswatchingafootballmatch.Whensheiswithherfriends,shealwayssaysLadiesfirst”toothergirls.Themostinterestingthingisthatshehasbeenmistakenforaboymanytimes.Andsheispleasedwiththat.Shealwayssaysthatsheshouldbeaboy.第一句作者明確表示他眼中的妹妹是個(gè)男孩子氣十足的小姑娘。這樣讀者大都會(huì)在心中勾畫出一種從長相、穿著到言談舉止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通過穿著、外貌和性格等方面向讀者展現(xiàn)一個(gè)活生生的人物形象。6.地點(diǎn)描寫地點(diǎn)描寫指用生動(dòng)形象的語言對某一地點(diǎn)、某一環(huán)境進(jìn)行具體逼真的描繪,使讀者如臨其境、如睹其物。地點(diǎn)描寫的對象可大可小,在可以為城市、國家,小可是一間教室,一個(gè)房間。地點(diǎn)描寫自然按空間順序排列,作者應(yīng)立足于一個(gè)出發(fā)點(diǎn),由遠(yuǎn)及近,由近到遠(yuǎn),從里到外,從外到里,由左到右,或由右到左進(jìn)行描寫,順序不可混亂,否則讀者會(huì)迷失方向。如下面一段作者從大門開始,由外向里逐步介紹學(xué)校的布置,讀者如同跟著作者參觀了一所校園。NowIwillshowyouaroundourschool.Itisoneofthelargestmiddleschoolsinthecity.Whenyoustepintothegate,youwillseeabeautifulflowerbedbeforeyou.Inthemiddleoftheflowerbedthereisafountainwithmanycoloredflowersaroundit.Ifyouwalkalongtheschoolroad,youwillcometotheplayground,oneachsideofwhicharerowsoftrees.Weoftenreadbooksunderthetrees.OntherightoftheplaygroundaretwoClASsroombuildings.Ontheleftisthenewly-builtfour-storyedbuilding.I’mluckytostudyhere.Ilovemyschoolverymuch.7.物體描寫描寫物體時(shí)應(yīng)側(cè)重物的形狀、規(guī)格大小、顏色和功能。任何一段文字都應(yīng)有敘述的中心,對物的描寫也不例外。同樣,主題句也應(yīng)反映出作者對所要描寫物體的看法、態(tài)度。如:ThefirstthingInoticeinthebride’sroomisthebeautifulcurtain.Thiscurtainispatchworkindesign,andissewnoutofsquaresofmaterialsofdifferentcolorslikewhite,lightgreen,brownandorange.Itismadeofsilk,trimmedwithdelicatebraids.Itisaboutsixfeetlongandhangsfromawoodenrail.Thecurtainmatchesperfectlywiththedarkwoodenrailandfurnitureintheroom.通過主題句可以看出作者想向讀者描寫的是一幅漂亮的窗簾。二、說明方法1.羅列法(listing)在文章開始時(shí)提出需要說明的東西和觀點(diǎn),然后常用first,second,…andfinally加以羅列說明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類指導(dǎo)性的說明文之中。羅列法經(jīng)常用下列句式展開段落,我們可以注意模仿學(xué)習(xí):Thereareseveralgoodreasonswhyweshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.Firstofall,…Secondly,…Andfinally,…WeshouldtryourbesttoplantmoretreesforseveralgoodreasonsFirstofall,…Secondly,…Andfinally,必須指出的是,有時(shí)羅列法并不一定有明確的first,second…等詞,但文章還是以羅列論據(jù)展開的。2.舉例法(examples)舉例法是用具體的例子來說明我們要表達(dá)的意思,常用forexample,forinstance,stillanotherexampleis…等詞語引出,舉例法和羅列法有時(shí)可以結(jié)合使用:即用羅列法來列出例子,用例子充實(shí)羅列的說明。3.比較法(comparisonandcontrast)比較法是對兩個(gè)對象進(jìn)行比較,從而進(jìn)行說明的寫作手法。比較法又可細(xì)分為比較相同點(diǎn)(comparison)和比較不同點(diǎn)(contrast)兩種方法。在比較相同點(diǎn)的時(shí)候,常用到similarly,also,too,inthesamecase,inspiteofthedifference等這樣的詞語。however,ontheotherhand,incontrast,but,nevertheless等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語常用來引導(dǎo)對不同點(diǎn)的比較。4.定義法(definition)定義法也是英語說明文中常用的寫作手法,特別是在對具體事物概念進(jìn)行說明時(shí)經(jīng)常使用。定義法的基本要素是定義句。英語中常見定義句的模式是被定義對象is所屬類別+限制性定語。比如Abatisasmallmouse-likeanimalthatfliesatnightandfeedson(以…為食品)fruitandinsectsbutisnotabird.5.順序法(sequenceoftime,spaceandprocess)順序法是指按時(shí)間、空間或過程的順序進(jìn)行說明的一種寫作手法。比如按照時(shí)間順序介紹一個(gè)科學(xué)家的生平,用空間順序闡述逐漸開發(fā)西部的重要意義,用過程順序法解釋葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)過程等等。6.分類法(classification)分類法是將寫作對象進(jìn)行分類說明的一種寫作手法Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested,thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts,otherstoberead,butnotcuriously,andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks…三、科普說明文這種題材的文章大部分是介紹科技前沿、科學(xué)動(dòng)態(tài)、新的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造、科研方法,或是對某一個(gè)問題的來龍去脈和解決方法等加以介紹。作者的目的就是讓讀者獲得知識、信息,對說明對象有所了解,并獲得某些方面的啟示。其特點(diǎn)如下:

1.文章中會(huì)牽涉到實(shí)驗(yàn)、研究者、研究方法、在某項(xiàng)主題上的不同意見和爭鳴,有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)讀者還不熟悉的前沿性的科學(xué)題材,但作者一般持客觀的態(tài)度,不顯示自己的褒貶之意;

2.此類文章為了做到通俗易懂,在語言上盡量避免使用專業(yè)性詞匯,對于動(dòng)詞,做到這一點(diǎn)較輕易,但是有些專有名詞則無法避免,不過,作者通常會(huì)對較難的專有名詞進(jìn)行解釋,甚至舉例說明,這往往也是出題的地方;

3.在語法上,此類文章長句使用較多,主從復(fù)合句、同位語、插入語、非謂語動(dòng)詞形式和被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用率較高;

4.此類文章語篇模式一般比較固定、整潔,主題句通常位于段首,多使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

針對科普文章的這些特點(diǎn),首先我們平時(shí)要多關(guān)注科學(xué)題材的文章,了解一些基本的科普知識;其次,在閱讀時(shí)要注重實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的和結(jié)果,不能憑想象和猜測下結(jié)論;對于較難理解的句子要利用語法結(jié)構(gòu)去分析;最后,要利用文章特點(diǎn)找準(zhǔn)主題句,把握中心,從而一一破解題目。四、說明文的命題方式(以閱讀理解為例)考向一細(xì)節(jié)理解題 說明文中考查的細(xì)節(jié)理解題大致與記敘文相似。命題區(qū)域都有其共同點(diǎn):⑴在列舉處命題,如用first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not

only...but

also...、then、in

addition等表示順承關(guān)系的詞語列舉出事實(shí)。試題要求考生從列舉出的內(nèi)容中選出符合題干要求的答案項(xiàng)。⑵在例證處命題,句中常用由as、such

as、for

example、for

instance等引導(dǎo)的短語或句子作為例證,這些例句或比喻就成為命題者設(shè)問的焦點(diǎn)。⑶在轉(zhuǎn)折對比處命題,一般通過however、but、yet、in

fact等詞語來引導(dǎo)。對比用unlike、until、not

so

much…as等詞語引導(dǎo),命題者常對用來對比的雙方屬性進(jìn)行考查。⑷在比較處命題,無端的比較、相反的比較、偷換對象的比較,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在干擾項(xiàng)中,考生要標(biāo)記并且關(guān)注到原文中的比較,才能順利地排除干擾。⑸在復(fù)雜句中命題,包括同位詞、插入語、定語、從句、不定式等,命題者主要考查考生對句子之間的指代關(guān)系和語法關(guān)系。

細(xì)節(jié)類問題一般都能在原文中找到出處,只要仔細(xì)就可以在文中找到答案。但正確的選擇項(xiàng)不可能與閱讀材料的原文完全相同,而是用不同的語句成句型表達(dá)相同的意思。

考向二語意猜測題

說明文為了把自然規(guī)律,事物的性質(zhì)等介紹清楚或把事理闡述明白,因此學(xué)術(shù)性強(qiáng)的生詞較多,所以常進(jìn)行生詞詞義判斷題的考查。命題方式多以the

underlinedpart

in

paragraph…refers

to…或what

does

the

underlined

word

mean?或what

is

the

meaning

of

the

underlined

word?為設(shè)問方式。解題時(shí)考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀原文,分析其對某些科學(xué)原理是如何定義、如何解釋的,并以此為突破口抽象概括出生詞詞義。也可以通過上下文來猜測某個(gè)陌生詞語的語意。或者找出某個(gè)詞語在文章中的同義詞。要注意破折號、同位語從句、定語從句、插入語等具有解釋、說明作用的語言成分。說明文在闡述說明對象時(shí)易發(fā)生動(dòng)作變換、人稱轉(zhuǎn)變的現(xiàn)象,這類題目常以it,they,them

等代詞為命題點(diǎn),因此考生要根據(jù)上下文語境,認(rèn)真閱讀原文,分析動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換背景,弄清動(dòng)作不同執(zhí)行者,以便準(zhǔn)確判斷代詞的其實(shí)際指代對象。

考向三主旨大意題

說明文常用文章大意判斷題考查考生對通篇文意的理解。即對文章的主題或中心意思的概括和歸納。主要考查考生對文章的整體理解能力。命題形式常以This

passage

mainly

talks

about

____.What

is

the

main

idea

of

the

passage?為設(shè)問方式。 答題時(shí)首先閱讀題干,掌握問題的類型,了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息,然后有針對性地對文章進(jìn)行掃讀,對有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位,再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對比,有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng),選出正確答案。

考向四判斷推理題

這種試題常以(1)thepassageisintendedto...(2)theauthorsuggeststhat...(3)thestoryimpliesthat…(4)whichpointofviewmaytheauthoragreeto?(5)fromthepassagewecanconcludethat...(6)thepurposeofthepassageisto...為設(shè)問方式。這種題型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的,它要求考生進(jìn)行合理的推斷。如因果關(guān)系,文中的某些用詞、語氣也往往具有隱含意義,考生要將這種含義讀出來。說明文常出現(xiàn)圖示判斷題,這種試題可以事物之間正確的依賴關(guān)系為命題點(diǎn),要求考生判斷其正確的流程順序相互關(guān)系等??忌欢ㄒJ(rèn)真閱讀原文,并對照原文介紹的情況,弄清圖示的差異,根據(jù)題干需要最終做出正確判斷。如:動(dòng)物介紹性說明文常出現(xiàn)動(dòng)物能力判斷題,考查考生對特定動(dòng)物所具有能力的判斷。解題時(shí)考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀原文對動(dòng)物形態(tài)活動(dòng)能力的判斷,了解動(dòng)物的生存環(huán)境和是否會(huì)使用工具,是否善于爬行、飛翔和游泳等。觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題也是判斷推理題考查的內(nèi)容之一。說明文的對象為客觀事實(shí),但設(shè)題以議論的表達(dá)方式抒發(fā)對該說明對象的想法。如對某種新發(fā)明的贊賞,或?qū)δ硞€(gè)事物的批判。這類題目常見的題干表達(dá)方式有what

was

the

author’s

attitude

towards

...?

等。五、說明文的解題技巧(以閱讀理解為例)高考閱讀理解中,說明文為主要體裁之一。高考閱讀理解題的設(shè)問主要圍繞以下四方面:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、猜測詞義題。其中,說明文主要以細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)、主旨大意和猜測詞義三方面問題為主。一、詞義猜測類題型閱讀理解題中常要求學(xué)生猜測某些單詞或短語的意思。歷年英語高考題中均有此類題目,有的文章盡管沒有專門設(shè)題,但由于文章中常常出現(xiàn)生詞,因此,詞義的猜測還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。解這類題目一般是通過上下文去理解或根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去猜測。判斷一個(gè)單詞的意思不但離不開句子,而且還需要把句子放在上下文中,根據(jù)上下文提供的線索加以猜測。運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法,語境等推測關(guān)鍵詞義,可以根據(jù)以下幾種方法猜測:(一)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指運(yùn)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞通過同義詞猜詞,一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組,如happyandgay,即使我們不認(rèn)識gay這個(gè)詞,也可以知道它是愉快的意思。這是高三冊第八單元閱讀第五段的句子:Theword"secure"inparagraph5lineisclosestinmeaningto_________.freefromanxiety B.anxious C.nervous D.happy根據(jù)上下文和同義詞,可以選出答案A。二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞,如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus,Mars,andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus(金星),Mars(火星),Jupiter(木星)均為生詞,但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于"行星"這一義域.通過反義詞猜詞,一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞,如but,while,however等;二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語,如:Heissohomely,notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據(jù)notatall...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思,即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義通過因果關(guān)系猜詞,首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系,然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞(如because,as,since,for,so,thus,asaresult,ofcourse,therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如:Youshouldn’thaveblamedhimforthat,foritwasn’thisfault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的錯(cuò)),可猜出blame的詞義是"責(zé)備"。通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測詞義例如:Butsometimes,norainfallsforalong,longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod,ordrought.從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期,即drought,由此可見drought意思為"久旱","旱災(zāi)"。而adryperiod和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is,or,thatis,inotherwords,becalled或破折號等來表示。通過句法功能來推測詞義例如:Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞,我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples,coconuts和bananas,oranges是同類關(guān)系,同屬fruit類,因此它們是兩樣水果,準(zhǔn)確地說,是菠蘿和椰子。通過描述猜詞描述即作者為幫助讀者更感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫。例如ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly,itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類.后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習(xí)性。(二)外部相關(guān)因素外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知識,有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時(shí),就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識確定詞義。例如:Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識,我們可以推斷出slither詞義為"爬行"。(三)構(gòu)詞法在閱讀文章時(shí),我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯,有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來推斷其詞意,而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用,此時(shí),如掌握了一些常用的詞根,前綴,后綴,合成等構(gòu)詞法知識,這些問題便不難解決了。根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義例如:Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semi-conscious,forafewminutes.根據(jù)詞根conscious(清醒的,有意識的),結(jié)合前綴semi(半,部分的,不完全的),我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義"半清醒的,半昏迷的。"I’milliterateaboutsuchthings.詞根lit-erate意為"有文化修養(yǎng)的,通曉的",前綴il表示否定,因此illiterate指"一竅不通,不知道的"。根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義例如:Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.后綴cide表示"殺者,殺滅劑",結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect(昆蟲),不難猜出insecticide意為"殺蟲劑"。Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.后綴let表示"小的",詞根drop指"滴,滴狀物"。將兩個(gè)意思結(jié)合起來,便可推斷出droplet詞義"小滴,微滴"。根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義例如:Growingeconomicproblemswerehigh-lightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或許是一個(gè)生詞,但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后,就能推測出其含義。它是由high(高的,強(qiáng)的)和light(光線)兩部分組成,合在一起便是"以強(qiáng)光照射,使突出"的意思。BullfightisverypopularinSpain.Bull(公牛)和fight(打,搏斗)結(jié)合在一起,指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)—斗牛。二、主旨大意類題型主旨大意類題型主要測試學(xué)生對文章全面理解和概括的能力,提問的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意,也可能是某段的段落大意,一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢?通常有以下幾種方法:(一)閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼,通過閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。(二)尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu),找出文章主題。在許多情況下,尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時(shí),根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主題句來歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成,除仔細(xì)閱讀第一段的首句外,還須仔細(xì)閱讀每一段的第一句,即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句,有時(shí)也在文章的末句,其他句子都是用來說明和闡述主題句。因此,在確定文章的中心思想時(shí),要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章,中心思想常常貫穿在全文中,因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文,對段落的內(nèi)容要融會(huì)貫通,對文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點(diǎn)是:1.相對于其他句子,它表達(dá)的意思比較概括;2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡單;3.段落中其他句子必定是用來解釋,支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的。總之,為提高閱讀理解能力,在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)抓中心思想,作者意圖及關(guān)鍵詞語,運(yùn)用聯(lián)想、比較、歸納、推測等方法,得出最佳結(jié)論,選擇最佳答案,不能主觀臆測,把自己的觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加進(jìn)去,與文章的觀點(diǎn)混為一談。經(jīng)過長時(shí)間有計(jì)劃,有目的的系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練,使學(xué)生加快閱讀速度,提高閱讀的正確性,使兩者有機(jī)地統(tǒng)一起來,以提高學(xué)生閱讀英語和運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力,為繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語切實(shí)打好基礎(chǔ).閱讀是一種綜合性很強(qiáng)的語言實(shí)際活動(dòng)。我們只有進(jìn)行大量的課內(nèi)外閱讀,掌握一定的閱讀技巧,正確運(yùn)用閱讀方法,才能有效地提高閱讀理解能力。名校資源學(xué)練1(2023·廣東惠州·高三統(tǒng)考期末)TheRomanColosseumwasbuiltalmosttwothousandyearsago.Despiteitsageanda14thcenturyearthquakethatknockeddownthesouthside,mostofthe150-somefootbuildingisstillstanding.Scientistsandengineershavelongsuspectedakeytothebuilding’sdurability(使用年限)istheuseofaspecificRomanconcrete.Butexactlyhowthissolidconcretehascontributedtothearchitecture’sstrengthhasbeenamysterytoresearchersacrosstheglobe.AteamofresearchersrecentlydiscoveredapotentialanswertowhytheseancientRomanbuildingshavebeenabletoweatherthetestoftimewhilemanymodernconcretestructuresseemtofallapartafterafewdecades.Theanswerisself-healingconcrete.Thematerialhasthreecomponents:limestone(石灰石),volcanicmaterialandwater.Whattheresearchersfoundwasthattheself-healingfeaturemightbesimplycausedbychemistryaccidentally.Thelimestoneintheconcreteislikelythesecret.WhentheancientRomansmademortar(灰漿),theyheatedupthelimetoturnitintoasubstancecalled“quicklime”.And,becausetheyintroducedwatertothequicklimeduringmixing,theheatitproducedsetupachemicalfoundationthatcouldstrengthentheconcretelater.Whentinycracksstarttoformlater,thequicklimestopsthemfrombecomingbigger.Whenitrains,thelimereactswiththewatertorecombineasvariousformsofcalciumcarbonate(碳酸鈣),quicklyfillingthecrackorreactingwiththevolcanicashto“heal”thematerial.FormaterialsscientistAinissaRamirez,thisnewunderstandingofancientRomanconcreteisawelcomediscovery.“Thisisonewaythatthematerialcanbemoreenvironmentallyfriendly,”saysRamirez.“It’ssortoflikeamessageinabottle.TheRomansmadethematerial.Wehadtokindoffigureouthowtheydiditsothatwecanmakebettermaterials—andthen,youknow,inturn,bebetterprotectorsofourenvironment.”1.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?A.ThesecretofRomanconcretehasbeenrevealed.B.TheRomanColosseumwasbuiltinthe14thcentury.C.ThewholeRomanColosseumsurvivedtheearthquake.D.Romanconcreteisessentialtothearchitecture’sstrength.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“weather”inParagraph2mean?A.Take. B.Stand. C.Avoid. D.Fail.3.Whatdoweknowabouttheself-healingprocess?A.Thelimeitselfcouldfillthecracklater.B.Thequicklimeshouldbemadeonrainydays.C.Thechemicalfoundationcouldweakentheconcrete.D.Combiningwaterandquicklimewouldproduceheat.4.WhatcanbeinferredfromRamirez’swords?A.Peoplecanbeinspiredtomakegreenermaterials.B.ThesecretofRomanconcreteishiddeninabottle.C.Romanconcretehasgreatlyimprovedtheenvironment.D.Romanconcreteispopularinmakingmodernarchitecture.2(2023·重慶渝北·高三重慶市渝北中學(xué)校校考階段練習(xí))Insummertheextremeheatoftenmakespeoplesweatyandrestless.Whilepeopleareannoyedbyit,expertssuggestsummeristhebestseasontoreleaseyourbody’stoxins(毒素)andrecoveryourenergy.Onepopularoptionishot-stonemassage(按摩).Therapistsusesmoothandheatedstones,usuallyriverrocks,tomassagecertainpartsofthebody,orplacethemonkeypointsofthebody.Thewarmthofthehotstoneswillimprovebloodcirculationandalsohelprelaxmuscles,whilesweatingisalsobelievedtobegoodforreleasingthebody’stoxins.Anotherpopularoptionishot-stonebaths.Thehot-stonebathwillhelpthebodyreleasetoxinsandhumiditythataccumulatedduringthelastwinter.Summeristhebestseasontobuildagoodbody.Ratherthanusewaterorsteamtoheatandwashthebody,peoplesimplywearacoatorsomethingcomfortable,andthenlieonheatedstonetablets,whicharewarmedtoaround45℃.Thebodywillgraduallywarmupandbloodcirculationwillalsobeimproved.Moresweatwillcomeoutquickly.Thesweatissmoothandfresh,notsmellylikethatreleasedaftersportsactivities.Suchbathsbringanumberofhealthbenefits,suchasanti-aging,improvedbloodcirculationandstressrelief.Theslimmingeffectofdietingcanevenbepromoted.Usinghotstonesforhealingdatesbacktoancienttimes,butthemodernrenewalofhot-stonemassageisgenerallythankstoMaryNelson,anativeofTucson,Arizona,America,whosetrademarkis“LaStoneTherapy”.Thetherapy(療法)isgainingwidepopularitywithmanypeople,especiallythosewhohavejobsincoolair-conditionedrooms.Thehot-stonetherapycanhelpcuremanydiseases,includingbackpain.5.Whatdopeopleusetoreleasetoxinsinourbodyaccordingtothetext?A.Relaxingmuscles. B.Releasinglotsofsweat.C.Lyingonthewarmbeds. D.Washingthebodywithcoldwater.6.Whatcanweknowfromthetext?A.Therearenotoxinsandhumidityinthebodyinsummer.B.Sportshavegreatereffectsonthehealththanhot-stonemassage.C.Peopleshouldtakeadvantageofsummertoimprovetheirhealth.D.Usingwaterofabout45℃towashthebodyisgoodforthehealth.7.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthehot-stonetherapy?A.Itsuccessfullycuredmanypeopleofcancer.B.ItwasinventedbyMaryNelson,anAmerican.C.Itcanhelppeopleavoidsweatingtoomuchinsummer.D.Itisquitepopularwithpeoplewithitsexcellenteffects.8.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.HowtolivecomfortablyinhotsummerB.Massage:AhealthyandcomfortablelifestyleC.Theamazingfunctionsofthehot-stonetherapyD.Theoriginanddevelopmentofthehot-stonetherapy3(2023·廣東珠?!じ呷楹J械谝恢袑W(xué)??茧A段練習(xí))Everwonderhowthisseason’scelebrationsaffecttheenvironment?GuestbloggerKristaFairlestakesanamusinglookatthisverytopic.Theholidaysareawonderful,cheerfultimewhenmostpeoplewaitforSantatobringthempresents.ButI’mnotlikemostpeople.IspendmytimewonderingjustwhattheenvironmentalimpactsofSantaClausandhisreindeerare,andmoreimportantly,howIcancalculatethoseimpacts.LatelyI’vebeenparticularlycuriousastowhetherSanta’soldsledisacleangreenflyingmachine,orifheshouldbereplacinghis8reindeerwithanenvironmentally-friendlycar.Ishouldmentionthat,surprisingly,IwasunabletofindstatisticsspecifictoSanta’smagicalflyingreindeer,sothesecalculationsusenumbersfromvarioussourcesandmaynotrepresentactualpollutioncausedbySantaandhisanimals.Inotherwords,don’tcomplaintothegovenmentaboutthedamageSantaiscausingtheenvironmentbasedonthisarticle.Santa’syearlytriparoundtheglobeis44,000kmlong,twicetheaverageofaNorthAmericandriver.Ifweassumethatthemagicprovidesthealtitudeforthistrip,thenreindeerpoweronlyneedstopushSanta’ssledforward.Tocompletethetripin12hours,Iestimatetheymusttravelataspeedofabout3100km/h.Totravelatthisspeed,forthislengthoftime,thereindeerneedtoeatanincredible980millioncalorieseach!Sothenextquestionis:howmuchfoodisin980millioncalories?Well,ifthey’reeatingcorn,they’dneedtoeat16,500lbseach-or1.6acresoffood.Growing12.8acresofcornhasitsownimplicationsfortheenvironmentthatwe’llleaveforanothercalculation.Wenowneedtoconsiderthatduringtheglobaltripthereindeerare“l(fā)ettingout”someofthatcornintheformofmethane.Arestingcowproduces110kgofmethaneperyear,soflyingreindeerwouldeachletoutabout4.8tons.Withmethanecausing20timestheglobalwarmingdamageofCO2,andthealtitudeincreasingthatdamageby1000%thatanother20times,wecanputSanta’sround-tripemissionsat15,488tons.Thisismuchmorethanthe100tonsanenvironmentally-friendlycarwouldreleaseonthesametrip!BadSanta.9.AccordingtoParagraph6,howmanyacresofcornwouldSantaneedtofeed10reindeer?A.1.6. B.16. C.12.8. D.128.10.Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldthewritermostprobablyagreewith?A.Christmascelebrationsarereallyawasteofmoney.B.Vegetariansaremorelikelytosurvivethanmeat-eaters.C.Raisinganimalshasanegativeinfluenceonenvironment.D.Thecarindustrydoeslessharmtoenvironmentthanfarming.11.Whichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribesthelanguagestyleofthepassage?A.Seriousandboring. B.Cheerfulandfriendly.C.Academicandformal. D.Humorousandconcerned.12.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.IsSantadrivingcleanandgreen?B.Santa,watchwhereyou’regoing!C.SantaClausiscomingtotown!D.Let’sreducewasteonChristmascelebrations!4(2023·青海西寧·統(tǒng)考二模)PickledsidesareChinesepeople’ssolutiontotastelessfood.Justaspoonfulofsauceorpickledvegetablesoverricecanmakeamealtasteamilliontimesbetter.Duringbusyworkschedules,manyyoungpeopleinChinadon’thavetheluxuryofenjoyinginsightfulconversationswithfriendsandfamilyatthedinnertable.Instead,theyfindthemselveseatingalone.Chineseyoutharekeptcompanyduringthese20-to-30-minutewindowsbyTVshowsorshortvideos,whichtheystreamontheirphone,tablet,ortelevision.OntheInternet,suchcontenthasbeencalled“digitalpickledvegetables”.SomepopularpicksincludeclassicChinesedramasandsituationcomedies(sitcoms)likeEmpressesinthePalaceandMyOwnSwordsman.AmericansitcomssuchasFriendsandHowIMetYourMotherarealsofavoredfortheiramusingjokesandsimplestorylines.Youdon’tneedtoknowanythingabouteithertogetagoodlaughfromarandomepisode.Somehavequestionedthevalueofsuchvideos,pointingoutthatsomeexplainersruingoodfilmsandbooksandthatno-brainermini-seriesaren’tinformational.Ontheotherhand,weseenothingwrongwithsomeharmlessfuntoaccompanyalonelymealafteralongdayofwork.InsteadofbeingaccompaniedbyfriendsandfamilyduringmealmyyoungpeopleinChinaarekeptcompanybyTVshowsorshortvideos.Canthishabitaffectyourdiet?Accordingtoaresearchpaperpublishedin2019,youmayeatmoreunconsciously.Aninternationalresearchteamasked62volunteerstofollowdifferenteatingpatternsonfourdifferentdays.Thepatternsincludedeatingwhilelookingatthemobilephone,readingmagazinesandwithoutdistraction(分心).Afteranalyzingtheirdiets,theteamdiscoveredthateatingwithadistractionincreasedintakeofcaloriesbyabout15percent.Toexplorethereason,theteamalsoinvitedtwogroupsofpeople:onegroupatewhilelisteningtoarecordingaboutanotherpersoneatingandtheotherlistenedtoaclipthathelpedthemimaginethemselveseating.Theresultsshowedthatthesecondgroupatelesssincetheyweremorefocusedontheirmeals.Wheneatingwiththe“digitalpickles”,ourattentioncanbedistracted,whichleadstoeatingmorethanexpected.13.WhydomanyChineseyoungpeopleeatalone?A.Theyhatetosharefoodwithworkmates. B.Theyfailtohavetheluxuryofdiningspace.C.Theytendtohavebusyworktimetables. D.Theyprefernottotalkwithstrangers.14.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“digital

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