HardwareKnowledge2.1CPU2.2Memory2.3Input/OutputDevices2.4專業(yè)英語應(yīng)用模塊12.1CPUAprocessorisafunctionalunitthatinterpretsandcarriesoutinstructions.EveryprocessorcomeswithauniquesetofoperationssuchasADD,STORE,orLOADthatrepresenttheprocessor’sinstructionset.Aninstructionismadeupofoperationsthatspecifythefunctiontobeperformedandoperandsthatrepresentthedatatobeoperatedon.TheCPUmeanstheCentralProcessingUnit.Itistheheartofacomputersystem.TheCPUinamicrocomputerisactuallyonerelativelysmallintegratedcircuitorchip.2TheCPUcoordinatesalltheactivitiesofthevariouscomponentsofthecomputer.Itdetermineswhichoperationsshouldbecarriedoutandinwhatorder.TheCPUcanalsoretrieveinformationfrommemoryandcanstoretheresultsofmanipulationsbackintothememoryunitforlaterreference.3Aprocessoriscomposedoftwofunctionalunits:acontrolunitandanarithmetic/logicunit,andasetofspecialworkspacescalledregisters.Thecontrolunitisthefunctionalunitthatisresponsibleforsupervisingtheoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.Thecontrolunitusesaninstructionpointertokeeptrackofthesequenceofinstructionsthatissupposedtobeprocessed.4Usingthepointerasaguide,thecontrolunitretrieveseachinstructioninsequencefromRAMandplacesitinaspecialinstructionregister.Thecontrolunitinterpretstheinstructiontofindoutwhatneedstobedone.Accordingtoitsinterpretation,thecontrolunitsendssignalstothedatabustofetchdatafromRAM,andtotheALUtoperformaprocess.5TheArithmetic/LogicUnit(ALU)isthefunctionalunitthatprovidesthecomputerwithlogicalandcomputationalcapabilities.DataarebroughtintotheALUbythecontrolunit,andtheALUperformswhateverarithmeticorlogicoperationsarerequiredtohelpcarryouttheinstructions.TheALUperformsarithmeticcomputationsandlogicaloperations.6Aregisterisastoragelocationinsidetheprocessor.Registersinthecontrolunitareusedtokeeptrackoftheoverallstatusoftheprogramthatisrunning.Controlunitregistersstoreinformationsuchasthecurrentinstruction,thelocationofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted,andtheoperandsoftheinstruction.7Atthebeginningofeachinstructioncycle,theCPUfetchesaninstructionfrommemory.ThefetchedinstructionisloadedintoaregisterintheCPUknownastheinstructionregister(IR).TheinstructionisintheformofabinarycodethatspecifieswhatactiontheCPUistotake.TheCPUinterpretstheinstructionandperformstherequiredaction.Ingeneral,theseactionsfallintofourcategories.8PerformanceFactorsofCPU（1）ClockrateAcomputercontainsasystemclockthatemitspulsestoestablishthetimingforsystemoperations.Thesystemisnotthesameasa“real-timeclock”thatkeeptrackofthetimeofday.Instead,thesystemclocksetsthespeedof“frequency”fordatatransportandinstructionexecution.9（2）WordsizeReferstothenumberofbitsthatthecentralprocessingunitcanmanipulateatonetime.Acomputerwithalargewordsizecanprocessmoredataineachinstructioncyclethanacomputerwithasmallwordsize.（3）CacheCacheisanotherfactoraffectingCPUperformance,itisspecialhighspeedmemorythatgivestheCPUmorerapidaccesstodata.10available 可利用的，有效的analogous 類似的，相似的comparison 比較，對照confuse 使混亂coordinate

（使）協(xié)調(diào)establish 建立exponentiation 冪運算identical 同一的，完全一樣的megahertz 兆赫茲occupy 占領(lǐng)，從事11operand 操作數(shù)perform 執(zhí)行，實現(xiàn)reference 參考，索引register 寄存器remarkable 顯著的，不平常的represent 表示，描述retrieve 檢索，恢復(fù)specification 規(guī)格，說明supervise 監(jiān)督，指導(dǎo)12[1]AlthoughmostCPUchipsaresmallerthanalensofapairofglasses,theelectroniccomponentstheycontainwouldhavefilledaroomafewdecadesago.譯文：雖然大多數(shù)CPU芯片比一塊眼鏡片還小，但所包含的電子元件在幾十年前卻要裝滿一個房間。本句由“Although”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。13[2]Theprogram,whichtellsthecomputerswhattodoandthedata,whichprovidetheinformationneededtosolvetheproblem,arekeptinsidethecomputerinaplacecalledmemory.譯文：程序的作用是指示計算機如何工作，而數(shù)據(jù)則是為解決問題而提供所需要的信息，兩者都存儲在存儲器里。本句的主語是“theprogramandthedata”，由which引導(dǎo)的兩個定語從句分別修飾theprogram和thedata.14[3]

Afterall,ifwecouldn’tfeedinformationinandgetresultsback,thesemachineswouldnotbeofmuchuse.譯文：如果我們不能輸入信息和獲取結(jié)果，這種計算機就不會有多大用處。本句的“ifwecouldn’tfeedinformationinandgetresultsback”作條件狀語。15[4]

Atthebeginningofeachinstructioncycle,theCPUfetchesaninstructionfrommemory.譯文：在每個指令周期的開始，CPU都從內(nèi)存中取一條指令。本句的主句是“theCPUfetchesaninstruction”，“Atthebeginningofeachinstructioncycle”是時間狀語。16[5]

Aninstructionmayspecifythatthesequenceofexecutionbealtered.譯文：一條指令可以指定更改執(zhí)行的順序。本句的主語是“Aninstruction”，“that”引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，“executionbealtered”是定語，修飾“sequence”。17ComputerHardwareBasicsKeyelementsincomputersystemincludeCPU,theMemory,InputDevicesandOutputDevices.181．CentralProcessingUnitTheprocessoristhe“brains”ofthecomputerthathastheabilitytocarryoutourinstructionsorprogramsgiventothecomputer.Theprocessoristhepartthatknowshowtoaddandsubtractandtocarryoutsimplelogicaloperations.192．TheMemoryThememoryisthecomputer’sworkarea.Therearetwotypesofmemorychips:ReadOnlyMemory(ROM)andRandomAccessMemory(RAM).ROMchipsaredesignedforapplicationsinwhichdataisonlyread.203．InputDevicesMostoftheinputdevicesworkinsimilarways.ThemessagesorsignalsreceivedareencodedintopatternswhichCPUcanprocessbyinputdevices,then,conveyedtoCPU.4．OutputDevicesOutputdevicescantelltheprocessingresultsandwarnuserswheretheirprogramsoroperationsarewrong.Themostcommonoutputdevicesaremonitor,matrixprinter,inkjetprinter,laserprinter,plotterfordrawing,speaker,etc.21Themaincomponentsofthecomputerareconnectedtothesystembuses.Dataistransferredviathedatabus.Thecontrolbusisdifferentfromtheothertwobuses.Theaddressbusconsistsofnlines,whichcombinetotransmitonen-bitaddressvalue.Similarly,thelinesofthedatabusworktogethertotransmitasinglemulti-bitvalue.Incontrast,thecontrolbusisacollectionofindividualcontrolsignals.222.2MemoryThememoryunitisanessentialcomponentinanydigitalcomputersinceitisneededforstoringtheprogramsthatareexecutedbytheCPU.RAMandROMplayimportantrolesinstoragedevices.RAMbarsareusedformainmemorybars.ThebasicoperatinginstructionsarestoredinROMandarenoterasedwhenthecomputeristurnedoff.23TheinstructionsthatthecomputergetsandtheinformationthecomputerprocessesremaininRAMduringyourworksessions.RAMisnotapermanentstorageplaceforinformation.Whenyouturnyourcomputeroff,theinformationyouenteredduringtheworksessiondoesnotremaininmemory.Computermemoryismeasuredinkilobytesormegabytesofinformation.

24Memoriesconsistofanumberofcells,eachofwhichcanstoreapieceofinformation.Eachcellhasanumber,calleditsaddress,bywhichprogramscanrefertoit.Ifamemoryhasncells,theywillhaveaddresses0ton

1.Allcellsinamemorycontainthesamenumberofbits.Ifacellconsistsofkbits,itcanholdanyoneof2kdifferentbitcombinations.25Thesignificanceofthecellisthatitisthesmallestaddressableunit.Inrecentyears,mostcomputermanufactureshavestandardizedonan8-bitcell,whichiscalledabyte.Bytesaregroupedintowords.26TheinternalorganizationsofROMandRAMchipsaresimilar.Toillustratethesimplestorganization,alinearorganization,considera64×4ROMchip.Thischiphassixaddressinputsandfourdataoutputs,and256bitsofinternalstoragearrangedassixty-four4-bitlocations.Thesixaddressbitsaredecodedtoselectoneofthesixty-fourlocations,butonlyifthechipenableisactive.IfCE=0,thedecoderisdisabledandnolocationisselected.Thetri-statebuffersforthatlocation’scellsareenabled,allowingdatatopasstotheoutputbuffers.27Twoormorechipscanbecombinedtocreatememorywithmorebitsperlocation.Thisisdonebyconnectingthecorrespondingaddressandcontrolsignalsofthechips,andconnectingtheirdatapinstodifferentbitsofthedatabus.28acronym 首字母縮略詞activate 激活，使活躍adjacent 鄰近的，接近的configuration 結(jié)構(gòu)consecutive 連續(xù)的，連貫的erase 抹去，擦除gateway 門，通道kilobyte 千字節(jié)megabyte 兆字節(jié)29notation 記號，標記prohibitively 禁止地proportional 成比例的remedy 修補，改善session 期間significance 重要性，意義simplicity 簡單，單純temporary 臨時turnoff 關(guān)閉30[1]ThememoryunitisanessentialcomponentinanydigitalcomputersinceitisneededforstoringtheprogramsthatareexecutedbytheCPU.譯文：任何一臺數(shù)字計算機都需要存儲CPU所執(zhí)行的程序，因此，存儲器是計算機重要的部件之一。本句由“since”引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，“thatareexecutedbytheCPU”是定語，修飾“programs”。31[2]

Thenumberofbitsintheaddressisrelatedtothemaximumnumberofdirectlyaddressablecellsinthememoryandisindependentofthenumberofbitspercell.譯文：地址的位數(shù)與存儲器可直接尋址的最大單元數(shù)量有關(guān)，而與每個單元的位數(shù)無關(guān)。本句中，ofdirectlyaddressablecellsinthememory修飾themaximumnumber.32[3]Thusa32-bitmachinewillhave32-bitregistersandinstructionsformoving,adding,subtracting,andotherwisemanipulating32-bitwords.譯文：因而32位機器有32位的寄存器和指令，以實現(xiàn)傳送、加法、減法和其他32位字的操作。本句的“formoving,adding,subtracting,andotherwisemanipulating32-bitwords”是賓語補足語，進一步解釋說明賓語。33[4]Whenaprogramallocatesexpandedmemorypages,theEMMreturnsahandletotherequestingprogram.譯文：當一個程序裝入擴展存儲器頁中時，EMM就將一個標志回復(fù)給這個請求程序。本句中，由“when”引導(dǎo)了一個時間狀語從句。34[5]Itisveryeasytosetupamemorysystemthatconsistsofasinglechip.譯文：構(gòu)造包含一個簡單芯片的存儲器系統(tǒng)是非常容易的。本句中由“It”作形式主語，真正主語是不定式短語，“thatconsistsofasinglechip”是定語。35AccessingMemoryFirstthemicroprocessorfetches,orreads,theinstructionfrommemory.Thenitdecodestheinstruction,determiningwhichinstructionithasfetched.Finally,itperformstheoperationsnecessarytoexecutetheinstruction.Eachofthesefunctions—fetch,decode,andexecute—consistsofasequenceofoneormoreoperations.36Withthemicroprocessorfetchingtheinstructionfrommemory.Firstly,themicroprocessorplacestheaddressoftheinstructionontotheaddressbus.Thememorysubsysteminputsthisaddressanddecodesittoaccessthesiredmemorylocation.Afterthemicroprocessorallowssufficienttimeformemorytodecodetheaddressandaccesstherequestedmemorylocation,themicroprocessorassertsaREADcontrolsignal.37WhentheREADsignalisasserted,thememorysubsystemplacestheinstructioncodetobefetchedontothecomputersystem’sdatabus,themicroprocessortheninputsthisdatafromthebusandstoresitinoneofitsinternalregisters.Atthispoint,themicroprocessorhasfetchedtheinstruction.Next,themicroprocessordecodestheinstruction.38Toreaddatafrommemory,themicroprocessorperformsthesamesequenceofoperationsitusestofetchaninstructionfrommemory.Thesymbol,CLK,isthecomputersystemclock.Themicroprocessorusesthesystemclocktosynchronizeitsoperations.Oneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofamemorychipisthespeedatwhichdatacanbeaccessedfromit.392.3Input/OutputDevicesBytheaidofinputandoutputdevices,acomputerandpeoplecan“know”eachother.Usinginputdevices,people“tell”thecomputerwhatitshoulddoandthecomputerfeedbackstheresultthroughoutputdevices.Inputandoutputdevicesaretheinterfacesofmanandmachine.Theyusuallyincludekeyboard,mouse,monitor,printer,disk(harddiskorfloppydisk),inputpen,scanner,andmicrophone,etc.40Thekeyboardisusedtotypeinformationintothecomputerorinputinformation.TherearemanydifferentkeyboardlayoutsandsizeswiththemostcommonforLatinbasedlanguagesbeingtheQWERTYlayout(namedforthefirstsixkeys).41Thestandardkeyboardhas101keys.Notebookshaveembeddedkeysaccessiblebyspecialkeysorbypressingkeycombinations.Thenumerickeypadislocatedontherightsideofthekeyboardandlookslikeanaddingmachine.Thefunctionkeys(F1,F2andsoforth)areusuallylocatedatthetopofthekeyboard.Thearrowkeysallowyoutomovethepositionofthecursoronthescreen.42Amouseisasmalldevicethatacomputeruserpushesacrossadesksurfaceinordertopointtoaplaceonadisplayscreenandtoselectoneormoreactionstotakefromthatposition.Themostconventionalkindofmousehastwobuttonsonthetop.Theleftoneisusedmostfrequently.Thesecondbutton,ontheright,usuallyprovidessomeless-frequentlyneededcapability.43Themonitorshowsinformationonthescreenwhenyoutype.Thisiscalledoutputtinginformation.Whenthecomputerneedsmoreinformation,itwilldisplayamessageonthescreen,usuallythroughadialogbox.Resolutionreferstothenumberofindividualdotsofcolor,knownaspixels,containedonadisplay.Thedotpitchisthemeasureofhowmuchspacethereisbetweenadisplay’spixels.InmonitorsbasedonCRTtechnology,therefreshrateisthenumberoftimesthattheimageonthedisplayisdrawneachsecond.44Thelaserprinteruseslaserbeamsthatstrikelaser-sensitivepaper.Thispaperthenpicksupapowderoratoner,andthepowderortonerisbondedtothepaperbyheat,pressure,orboth.Withalaserprinter,itispossibletoprintanentirepageatonetime.Anewercoldlaserprinterhasbeendevelopedtoavoidthisproblem.Theydon’trequireheatinbondingthecharacterstothepaper.Asaresult,theproblemsofstaticelectricityandhavingthepaperclingtogethercanbeeliminatedorsubstantiallyreduced.45Modemscanbeclassifiedexternalonesandinternalones.Typically,externalmodemsfeatureanarrayoflightssetinadisplaypanelthatoffersimportantinformationwhenyouaretryingtotroubleshootyoursetup.Youalsoneedacorrectlywiredcabletoconnectyourmodemtoanavailableserialportonyourcomputer.Internalmodemsareprintedcircuitboardsthattakeuponeoftheavailableexpansionslotsinsideofyourcomputer.46accessible 易接近的，可進入的bitmap 位圖calculator 計算器combination 組合，聯(lián)合deflector 導(dǎo)向裝置，致偏器demodulation 解調(diào)embedded 嵌入的，植入的feedback 反饋47flicker 閃爍，閃動horizontalaxis 水平軸ink-jetprinter 噴墨打印機microphone 麥克風(fēng)modifiable 可修正的modulation 調(diào)制monochrome 單色，黑白needle 針nozzle 噴嘴48overlap 重疊，重復(fù)pixel 像素powder 粉，粉粒resolution 分辨率spray 噴射stick 粘，堅持tendency 趨勢，傾向troubleshoot 修理故障verticalaxis 垂直軸49[1]Thearrowkeysallowyoutomovethepositionofthecursoronthescreen.譯文：方向鍵允許你移動光標在屏幕上的位置。本句中的“tomovethepositionofthecursoronthescreen”是賓語補足語。50[2]Amouseconsistsofametalorplastichousingorcasing,aballthatsticksoutofthebottomofthecasingandrollsonaflatsurface,oneormorebuttonsonthetopofthecasing,andacablethatconnectsthemousetothecomputer.譯文：鼠標由以下幾部分組成：一個金屬或塑料的盒體，一個凸出于盒體底部并可以在平面上滾動的球體，位于盒體上部的一個或多個按鍵，以及一條連接到計算機的電纜線。這是一個長句，“consistsof”的賓語由若干部分組成，每部分賓語都有自己的定語修飾。51[3]So,inordertouseananalogmedium,aconverterbetweenthetwosystemsisneeded.譯文：因此，為了利用傳輸模擬信號的媒介，在兩種系統(tǒng)之間需要一個轉(zhuǎn)換器。本句中的“So,inordertouseananalogmedium”是目的狀語從句，“betweenthetwosystems”是定語，修飾“converter”。52[4]Amodemisadevicethatconvertsdatafromdigitalcomputersignalstoanalogsignalsthatcanbesentoveraphoneline.譯文：調(diào)制解調(diào)器可以將數(shù)據(jù)從數(shù)字信號轉(zhuǎn)換成可以通過電話線傳輸?shù)哪M信號。本句中的“thatconvertsdata…”是定語從句，修飾“device”，“thatcanbesentoveraphoneline”也是定語，修飾“signals”。53[5]Ifsoftwarehasmusicwithit,youneedasoundboxwhichisattachedtoyourcomputertoplaythemusic.譯文：如果軟件帶有音樂，你就需要一個音箱連接到計算機上來播放。本句由“If

”引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。54BuildingaComputerFirstly,youwillwanttomakesurethatyourCPUhaseitherthesuppliedheatsinkorfanattached.Next,simplyplugyourCPUtotheCPUconnector.YoushouldbeabletofindyourRAMslotslocatedinyourmainboard.Mostoftoday’smainboardscontain2DIMM(DualinLineMemoryModule)connectors.ByusingDIMMmodulesitdoesnotmatterwhatsizetheyare,orwhere/whatorderyoupositionthemin.55MakesureanyjumpersaresetproperlyandthatyourCPUandRAMhavealreadybeeninstalled.Mostoftoday’smainboardscansupportuptofourIDE(IntegratedDeviceElectronics)devices.ThefirstthingyouwillneedtodoissetyourIDEdevices’jumpersettings.56YousimplyslidethecardintotheAGPport(usuallythebrownishconnectorclosesttotheCPU),makesureitisinfirmly,andscrewtheedgeconnectorintothecave.Nowyoushouldtrybootingthecomputer.Afteryourcompute