專題02定語從句+口語2+完形填空·模塊一定語從句考點歸納·模塊二口語：情景提問·模塊三完形填空·模塊四高考?？荚~組2·模塊五2024屆上海高三名校真題速遞模塊模塊一定語從句考點歸納關(guān)系詞關(guān)系代詞who,whom,whose,which,that,as關(guān)系副詞when,where,why考點一：區(qū)分用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞。先判斷定語從句句子成分，若從句缺主語、賓語、表語、定語、賓補，則用關(guān)系代詞，指人用who或that，賓格用whom或that，指人或物的定語用whose，指物用which或that，as則用于固定搭配thesame/such/soas中；注意：關(guān)系代詞作賓語時可以省略，此時容易做錯題目。若缺狀語則用關(guān)系副詞，先行詞是時間用when，地點用where，原因用why。Thisisthemanwho/thathelpedmewhenIwasintrouble.Thedoctor(whom/that)youarelookingforisintheroom.Thecowswhich/thatmayhavebeenexposedtoBSEwillbedestroyed.That’sthestudentswhoseapplicationwehavejustread.I’mwearingthesamedressasyouworeyesterday.(同一類)Thisisthesamedressthatyouworeyesterday.(同一個)TheytalkedinsuchsimpleEnglishaschildrencouldunderstand.(定語從句)TheytalkedinsuchsimpleEnglishthatchildrencouldunderstandit.(結(jié)果狀語從句)DoyouknowtheyearwhenTheDeclarationofIndependencewaspublished?Thehotelwherewestayedwasveryclean.Canyoutellmethereasonwhyyouaresounhappy?Iknowthereason(which/that)heexplainedatthemeeting.考點二：先行詞為抽象時間和地點名詞。?？汲橄髸r間：occasion；?？汲橄蟮攸c：case,point,situation,circumstance,stage,state,position等。Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.IgottothestagewhereIwasn’tcopinganymore.Igottothestage(which/that)Iwasn’tcopingwithanymore.考點三：關(guān)系代詞只用that,which或who的情況。用that的情況：1、先行詞為all,much,few,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等不定代詞時。2、先行詞有thevery,theonly,thesame,all,any,each,every,few,little,no,oneof等詞修飾時。3、先行詞有形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。4、先行詞是數(shù)詞或被數(shù)詞修飾。5、先行詞既有人又有物時。6、在以which，who，what引起的問句中。7、關(guān)系代詞在限定性從句中作表語。Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.Hetalkedabouttheschoolsandteachersthathehadvisited.Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.用which的情況：1、非限制性定語從句中。2、關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時。Myhouse,whichIboughttwoyearsago,hasgotalovelygarden.IwasputinapositioninwhichIhadtoacceptIwaslessimportant.用who的情況：1、先行詞是one,ones,anyone,those時。2、當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時。3、在therebe開頭的句子中。4、一個句子帶有兩個定語從句時，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that,另一個宜用who。Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.Thereisayoungmanwhowantstoseeyourfather.ImetagirlinthestreetyesterdaywhogrewupinwesternYunnanprovince.考點四：非限制性定語從句及其關(guān)系代詞as,which的用法區(qū)別。非限制性定語從句對先行詞起補充說明或描述的作用，用逗號與主句隔開。關(guān)系詞只有who,whom,whose,which,as,when,where。其中as與which都可指主句整個句子。其區(qū)別為：1、位置不同which引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限定的句子后；as引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.2、先行詞不同as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時，其先行詞多為一個句子；which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時，其先行詞可以是一個詞，一個短語或一個句子。Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.3、as有“正如”、“就像”之意，對主句內(nèi)容進(jìn)行評述，which則沒有此含義。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有asweknow;asoftenhappens;asisoftenthecase;asweallcansee;asisannounced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported等。4、which在非限定性定語從句做主語時可用各類動詞做謂語；而as做主語時，謂語常用系動詞，如be,seem,bee等，一般不用其他行為動詞。Hesawthegirl,whichdelightedhim.Hedidn’tsayanythingatthemeeting,as/whichseemedverystrange.考點五：介詞+關(guān)系代詞（which，whom，whose）的情況。1、介詞+關(guān)系代詞2、名詞/代詞/數(shù)詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞3、形容詞最高級+介詞+關(guān)系代詞4、介詞+關(guān)系代詞+名詞MandelawastheblacklawyertowhomIwentforadvice.MandelawastheblacklawyerforwhoseadviceIasked.Hewroteabook,thenameofwhichI’vepletelyforgotten.Chinahasthousandsofislands,thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.Icalledhimbythewrongname,forwhichmistakeIapologized.考點六：theway后、分隔式和有插入語的定語從句Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuttheway(that/inwhich)hesaidit.Thecountryhasariverflowingthroughthecitythatplaysanimportantpartinthelivesofitspeople.Thisisthewomanwhothemusiciansaidwasregardedasthebestpianistinthecountry.模塊模塊二口語：情景提問測量目標(biāo)：能運用所學(xué)的語言功能意念知識/根據(jù)情景要求進(jìn)行詢問以獲得所需的信息。答題時，首先應(yīng)該正確理解所給情景，其次要針對情景中需要解決的問題提問，也就是要問在點子上。尤其是當(dāng)有些題目對提問的范圍已做出明顯的限制時，更要注意提問的有效性。另外根據(jù)指示語的要求，對每個情景所提的兩個問題中，一定要有一個特殊疑問句，不能是兩個一般疑問句。但兩個問題都是特殊疑問句的話是可以接受的。情景提問部分評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：1分 能對所給的情景進(jìn)行提問，內(nèi)容恰當(dāng)，問句結(jié)構(gòu)正確。0.5分 提問基本符合情景要求，但語言結(jié)構(gòu)有錯誤。0分 不能提問或提問不符合情景要求。(注：1.對同一情景問兩個一般疑問句，第二個問題得0.5分；2.兩個問題針對同一信息，第二個問題得0.5分；3.問兩個特殊疑問句不扣分。）Directions:Asktwoquestionsabouteachsituationgivenbelow.Atleastonespecialquestionshouldbeaskedabouteachsituation.Questions12:YourAmericanteacherisgoingtogiveyoudramalessonsthissemester.Youasktheteacheraboutthelessons.Question1:Question2:Questions34:YouaregoingtovisitaroyalpalaceinThailand.Youaskyourtourguideabouttheroyalpalace.Question3:Question4:Questions1~2: 1.IsthereanythingthatIcanprepareinadvance?2.Howmanylessonswillwehaveperweek?Questions343.Whereistheroyalpalacelocated?4.Howmanyyearsofhistorydoestheroyalpalacehave?模塊模塊三完形填空1、解題步驟1）要快速通讀全文，了解文章大意，正確分析、歸納文章主旨。2）在理解文章大意基礎(chǔ)上，對每道題所給的詞語進(jìn)行剖析，考慮語境，上下呼應(yīng)，運用邏輯思維進(jìn)行推理，再根據(jù)自己最有把握的、最熟悉的短語、習(xí)慣用語、動詞形式和句子結(jié)構(gòu)等，先完成簡單的，把難的留在后面。3）再次細(xì)讀全文，集中精力解決難點，填補空缺。4）答題完畢，遵循由整體到局部、由局部到整體的規(guī)律，再耐心通讀全文，認(rèn)真復(fù)查所選答案是否得當(dāng)，語法是否正確，邏輯推理是否合理。2、解題技巧1）精讀首句，把握主題。Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthemostfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively51workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.51.A.desire B.seek C.lose D.dislike【答案】D2）注意句子邏輯關(guān)系?！⒘?、遞進(jìn)、對立（轉(zhuǎn)折/對比/讓步）、因果、例證等。并列：Expensiveworksofartareoftenstoredinprotectiveboxespletewithdetectorstomonitorhumidityandtemperaturelevels,andtoprotectthemfromsundamageorother__45__suchasaspilledcupofcoffee.45.A.accidentsB.appliances C.measures D.drinks【答案】A因果：Eatingfastfoodmakespeopleimpatientevenwhentheyarenotshortoftime,anewstudyclaims.StudentsinthestudybecameanxiousevenwhenshownthelogoofburgerchainMcDonald’ssoquicklyonscreenthattheycouldnot__42__it.42.A.recognizeB.investigate C.diagnoseD.recall【答案】A對立：Participantsalsopreferredtimesavingproductslikethreeinoneskincaretreatmentsratherthan__49__versionsafterseeingthelogos.49.A.separateB.specialC.expensive D.original【答案】A總分：Theoutesmaywellvaryaccordingtoindividualresponsestothedrugs.__47__,someresearchhasfoundthatwhilestimulantscanimprovetestperformanceforthosewhoarelessintelligent,forthesmartestfolks,thedrugscanhavetheoppositeeffect.47.A.ForexampleB.OnthecontraryC.Asaresult D.Ontheotherhand【答案】A遞進(jìn)：Listeningwellalsorequirestotalconcentrationuponsomeoneelse.Anessentialpartoflisteningwellistheruleknownas‘bracketing’.Bracketingincludesthetemporarygivinguporsettingasideofyourownprejudicesanddesires,toexperienceasfaraspossiblesomeoneelse’sworldfromtheinside,steppingintohisorhershoes.___55___,sincelisteningwellinvolvesbracketing,italsoinvolvesatemporaryacceptanceoftheotherperson.55.A.ThereforeB.Moreover C.However D.Forinstance【答案】B3）根據(jù)上下文，理解語篇?！湟饫斫狻⒃~匯復(fù)現(xiàn)、釋義詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)：Wearefloodedbyemails,texts,orthenewsfeedsonourFacebookpages.MyfriendRonreferstothistechnologyas“weaponsofmassdistraction.”Buthowisthismassdistractionaffectingourdegreeofpresenceandabilitytoattendtotheeverydaydemandsoflife?The__45__isjustpartofthelargerpicture.Dealingwithacrowdofdailytextmessagesandemailsmakesitdifficultforustobebyourselveswhenallthatactivitystops.45.A.attention B.association C.demand D.distraction【答案】D釋義：Shecanalsodeterminetherighttreatmentwhenyourconditionfallsoutsideofwhatisinthe___43___,wherenewbiesgetmostoftheirideas.Formanymedicaltreatments,there’sadirectconnectionbetweenphysicianexperienceandyourtreatingoute.43.A.mediaB.traditionC.realityD.textbook【答案】D句意理解：Clichéscanbe__42__accordingtowhethertheywereoriginallyidioms,similesandproverbs,expressionsfromtradesor__43__phrases.42. A.confirmed B.quoted C.inferred D.classified43. A.invented B.customized C.recognized D.underlined【答案】DA模塊模塊四高考?？荚~組2(A)需要熟記的詞組 bansb.fromdoing/abanon 禁止…做 abarriertoprogress 進(jìn)步的障礙blockone'sprogress 阻礙某人進(jìn)步beinbalance 在平衡狀態(tài)adeadbattery 電池沒電了bearsth.inmind 記住bebehindmeinEnglish. 英語比我差fallbehind/outofdate 落后/過時了forthetimebeing 暫時bebeneficialto …對…有好處beyondone'simagination 超出想象believein 相信belongto 屬于blamesb.forsth. 指責(zé)…有錯botherabout 為擔(dān)心boastof 對…自豪、吹噓goonboardtheplane 登上飛機breakthebadhabit 改掉壞習(xí)慣bringsb.up 養(yǎng)育某人browsethroughabook 隨便翻看書burstintolaughter 忍不住大笑buildupenergy 積蓄能量takesth.bymistake 拿錯bymeansof 以…為手段rise/increase/decreaseby10% 增長10%abarriertoprogress 進(jìn)步的障石bebornin 出生于beblindinbotheyes 雙目失明breakout （火、戰(zhàn)爭）爆發(fā)bringabout 造成結(jié)果(B)單詞中容易混淆的詞base/basisbeat/winblock/barrier(C)?？季湫虸twasn’tlongbeforesb.didsth.當(dāng)時沒過多久就…Itwon’tbelongbeforesb.do/doessth.不久后就將Itwasn’tlongbeforeherealizethemistake.當(dāng)時不久他就發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯誤Itwon’tbelongbeforewegetreunitedagain.不久我們就將重聚模塊模塊五2024屆上海高三名校真題速遞一、定語從句1．Thisisthereasonhedidn’tetothemeeting.A．when B．why C．that D．who【答案】B【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：這就是他沒有來開會的原因?？崭裉幰龑?dǎo)的是定語從句，從句中不缺主語或賓語，先行詞reason指“原因”，因此用why引導(dǎo)定語從句，故選B。2．ThereisagirlsellsChinaDailyaroundthecorner.A．who B．where C．inwhich D．which【答案】A【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：街角有個賣《中國日報》的女孩?？崭裉幰龑?dǎo)的是定語從句，從句中缺少主語，先行詞girl是人，因此空格處用關(guān)系代詞who，故選A。3．DoyouknowtheyeartheChinesemunistPartywasfounded?A．which B．that C．when D．whose【答案】C【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：你知道中國共產(chǎn)黨是哪一年成立的嗎？分析句子可知，空處引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞theyear，先行詞在從句中表示事件發(fā)生的時間，作時間狀語，因此應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when作引導(dǎo)詞。故選C。4．—DoyouliketheweeklyprogramReadersonCCTV?—Sure.It’sagreatTVprogram_________candevelopthehabitofreading.A．who B．that C．what D．whose【答案】B【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：——你喜歡中央電視臺的周播節(jié)目《朗讀者》嗎？——當(dāng)然，它是一檔不錯的電視節(jié)目，可以培養(yǎng)閱讀習(xí)慣。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞是TVprogram，指物，且關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語，用that或者which引導(dǎo)。故選B。5．iswellknowntous,Tianjinhasahistoryofmorethan600years.A．As B．What C．Where D．It【答案】A【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：眾所周知，天津有600多年的歷史。表示“眾所周知”應(yīng)用asiswellknowntous，as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。故選A。6．Mostwomenidentifiedatleastonetrustedfriends________theycouldturnforhelp.A．towhich B．onwhich C．towhom D．onwhom【答案】C【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：大多數(shù)女性至少有一個可以求助的可信賴的朋友。分析句子可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞為friends，turntosb.為固定搭配，意為“求助某人”，故先行詞從句中作介詞to的賓語，指人，用關(guān)系代詞whom。故選C。7．________isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A．Which B．That C．As D．What【答案】C【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：眾所周知，月亮每月圍繞地球一圈。此處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞為“themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth”這件事，且意思為“正如”，故應(yīng)用as引導(dǎo)，故選C。8．Mary,________drawingswereshownattheexhibitionlastmonth,isamodelstudent.A．who B．which C．whom D．whose【答案】D【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：Mary是一個模范學(xué)生，她的畫上個月在展會上展出。此處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞為Mary，指人，且從句中的drawings與Mary之間為從屬關(guān)系，應(yīng)用whose引導(dǎo)。故選D。9．WrittenChinesehasalsobeeanimportantmeansChina’spresentisconnectedwithitspast.A．forwhich B．onwhich C．bywhich D．onthat【答案】C【詳解】考查定語從句和介詞的用法。句意：書面漢語也成為中國現(xiàn)在與過去聯(lián)系的重要手段。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞means，means指物，通常和介詞by搭配，表示“通過……方式”，因此應(yīng)用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”，即bywhich引導(dǎo)定語從句。故選C。10．Lastsummerholiday,Iwentbacktomyhometown,__________theneighborsandthehouse__________Iusedtobefamiliarwithweregone.A．onlyfinding;which B．onlytofind;that C．tofind;where D．found;that【答案】B【詳解】考查不定式和定語從句。句意：去年暑假，我回到家鄉(xiāng)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)我熟悉的鄰居和房子都已經(jīng)不見了。根據(jù)句子分析可知，空1：此處為結(jié)果狀語，且表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，應(yīng)用不定式(only)todo引導(dǎo)，故填onlytofind；空2：此處引導(dǎo)定語從句，先行詞為theneighborsandthehouse，定語從句中缺少with的賓語，故應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo)。故選B?！军c睛】11．Thatboywasrudetotheconductor,______ofcourse,madethingsevenworse.A．who B．whom C．what D．which【答案】D【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：那個男孩對列車長很粗魯，當(dāng)然，這使情況變得更糟。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，指代前面整個句子，在從句中作主語，所以用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句。故選D。12．John,aprofessorattheKing’sCollegeLondon,isoneofthesmallbutgrowingminority______arecuttingbackontheirairtravelbecauseofclimatechange.A．what B．which C．where D．who【答案】D【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：約翰是倫敦國王學(xué)院(King’sCollegeLondon)的一名教授，他是因為氣候變化而減少航空旅行的少數(shù)群體之一，這個群體雖然人數(shù)不多，但正在不斷壯大。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，此處考查限制性定語從句，先行詞是thesmallbutgrowingminority，在從句中作主語，指人，所以用關(guān)系代詞who。故選D。13．ADisneythemedairplane,________bodyhugeMickeyMousefigureswerepainted,appearedinShanghai.A．ofwhich B．a(chǎn)crosswhose C．a(chǎn)crosswhich D．ofwhose【答案】B【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：上海出現(xiàn)了一架迪斯尼主題飛機，飛機的機身上畫著巨大的米老鼠形象。此處是非限制性定語從句，whose代替先行詞theairplane，在從句中作定語，修飾body；介詞across意為“在……上；在各處，遍及”，介詞of意為“……的；……的一部分”,分析句意，across合適，表示在飛機的機身上。故選B。14．Theabsolutemostimportantskill________youlearnwhenyouplaychessishowtomakegooddecisions.A．that B．what C．whether D．how【答案】A【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：你在下棋時學(xué)到的最重要的技巧是如何做出不錯的決定。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，________youlearn是一個定語從句，指代先行詞skill，指物，且其前有形容詞最高級mostimportant修飾，所以只能用that引導(dǎo)。故選A。15．________isknowntousallthattheoldscientist,for________lifewashardinthepast,stillworkshardinhiseighties.A．As;whose B．It;whom C．It;whose D．As;whom【答案】B【詳解】考查定語從句關(guān)系詞。句意：眾所周知，那個過去生活很苦的老科學(xué)家，八十多歲仍然努力工作。分析句子可知，第一個空處應(yīng)為形式主語，代替主語從句“thattheoldscientist,for________lifewashardinthepast,stillworkshardinhiseighties.”，故應(yīng)用It；第二個空處引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞“theoldscientist”，在從句中作介詞“for”的賓語，故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whom。故選B。16．Sheishalfwaythroughthepreparationyears,________mostforeignstudentspletesbeforeapplyingforadegreecourse.A．inwhich B．which C．ofwhich D．when【答案】B【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：她已經(jīng)完成了大部分外國學(xué)生在申請學(xué)位課程之前完成的準(zhǔn)備工作的一半。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，修飾先行詞thepreparationyears，先行詞指物，在定語從句中作賓語，所以用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。故選B。17．Mymotherisgratefultothesurgeon,without________firstaidshewouldneverrosetoherfeetagain.A．whom B．his. C．which D．whose【答案】D【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：我母親很感激那位外科醫(yī)生，沒有他的急救，她就再也站不起來了。在非限制性定語從句中不缺少主語、賓語或表語，且firstaid和先行詞surgeon構(gòu)成所屬關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whose表示“……的”。故選D。18．StephenHawkingbelievesthattheearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanet______lifehasdevelopedgradually.A．what B．that C．where D．which【答案】C【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：史蒂芬·霍金認(rèn)為，地球不可能是唯一一個生命逐漸發(fā)展的星球。句中先行詞為planet，關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作地點狀語，所以空處需用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句。故選C。19．CelesteNg’slatestbook,plotisquitenewandoriginal,hasreceivedalotofattention.A．which B．where C．whose D．that【答案】C【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：伍綺詩的新書情節(jié)新穎、具有原創(chuàng)性，受到了廣泛關(guān)注。分析句子可知，空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，對先行詞book作補充說明，先行詞在從句中作定語，和plot之間是所屬關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whose作引導(dǎo)詞。故選C。20．—Doyouknowthegirlwith________wetalkedjustnow?—Ofcourse.Sheismybestfriend.A．whose B．which C．who D．whom【答案】D【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：——你認(rèn)識剛才和我們談話的那個女孩嗎？——當(dāng)然。她是我最好的朋友。在定語從句中缺少賓語，先行詞為girl，且空格前有介詞with，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whom。故選D。二、完形填空（2023上·上海松江·高三統(tǒng)考期末）Parishaslongbeenattheheartofthehistoryofflight.ItiswheretheMontgolfierbrotherswentupinthefirsthotairballoonin1783,andwhereCharlesLindberghpletedthefirstonepersontransatlanticareophanejourneyin1927.Nextyear,ifallgoestoplan,Pariswillwitnessthebirthofanotherindustry21,whenVolocopter,aGermanmakerofelectricaircraft,launchesaflyingtaxiserviceduringtheOlympicGames.AttheParisAirshowinJune,Volocopterandsomeofitspetitorsdisplayedanewgenerationof22flyingmachinesdesignedforurbantransport.Theelectrificationofaviation(航空)hasoftenbeendismissedasapipedream,withbatteriesassumedtooheavya23fortraditionalfuelinanairbornevehicle.Forlongerjourneys,thatmaywellbetrue.YetupstartslikeVolocopterarebettingthatelectrificationcan24aboomindemandforcleanandquickairjourneysovershorterdistances.Themainformofaflyingtaxiunder25,calledanelectricvertical(垂直的)takeoffandlanding(eVTOL)aircraft,isexpectedtocarryuptofourpassengersplusapilot.Poweredbybatteries,itispredictedtobebothquietenoughtoreduceplaintsincrowdedcities,andfast:capableofupto300kph,enoughtofortably26acar,especiallytheonestuckintraffic.AndoptimistsbelievetheabsenceoftrafficintheskywillalsomakeeVTOLswellsuitedto27operation.Theycouldprovehandyfortransportinggoods,too.Thatvisionhasinspired28predictions.Forexample,MorganStanley,aninvestmentbank,estimatesglobalspendingoneVTOLscouldhit$1,000billionby2040!Regardlessoftheabove29expectations,challengesremain.Oneproblemistechnicalcertification,whichisturningouttobea(n)30processasaviationregulatorsworkonanentirelynewformofaircraft.Latelastyear,duetoregulatorydelaysandsomeotherfactors,Joby,aSiliconValleystartup,wasforcedto31itslaunchbyonemoreyearuntil2025.Manyhaveevenlongertogo.Thebiggerquestionis—isthebusinessofflyingtaxis32practicable?EVTOLscurrentlyrangeinpricefrom$1millionto$4million.Somebelievethattheircostmayedownastheindustrydevelops.BrianYutkoofWisk,amakerbackedbyBoeing,saysthatflyingtaxirideswillbeaccessibleto33inthenearfuture.AndJobypromisesthatitsfareswillbeparabletocatchingamontaxi.34,thereisanoppositebeliefthateVTOLsarelikelytoremainexpensive.Somestudiessuggestthecostcouldendupashighas$7perkilometer,manytimesaregulartaxifare.Thatmeans,evenwithoutapilot,flyingtaxismayremainaconvenience35onlytoaluckyfew.Let’sexpectplentymoreexperimentswithelectricaircraftintheyearsahead.21．A．cooperator B．petitor C．observer D．pioneer22．A．winddriven B．batterydriven C．gasdriven D．solardriven23．A．substitute B．shelter C．treatment D．desire24．A．regulate B．maintain C．unlock D．reverse25．A．pressure B．a(chǎn)ttack C．development D．repair26．A．underestimate B．update C．outpace D．overdo27．A．rigid B．a(chǎn)utonomous C．a(chǎn)ttentive D．illegal28．A．daring B．discouraging C．unclear D．ordinary29．A．technological B．unrealistic C．rewarding D．enthusiastic30．A．efficient B．simple C．lengthy D．intelligent31．A．putoff B．speedup C．objectto D．a(chǎn)pproveof32．A．historically B．technically C．theoretically D．economically33．A．thelearned B．thedisabled C．theseniors D．themasses34．A．Furthermore B．However C．Fortunately D．Consequently35．A．a(chǎn)ffordable B．valuable C．unbelievable D．unsuitable【答案】21．D22．B23．A24．C25．C26．C27．B28．A29．D30．C31．A32．D33．D34．B35．A【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇新聞報道，主要講的是明年，如果一切按計劃進(jìn)行，巴黎將見證另一個行業(yè)先驅(qū)的誕生，屆時德國電動飛機制造商Volocopter將在奧運會期間推出飛行出租車服務(wù)。21．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：明年，如果一切按計劃進(jìn)行，巴黎將見證另一個行業(yè)先驅(qū)的誕生，屆時德國電動飛機制造商Volocopter將在奧運會期間推出飛行出租車服務(wù)。A.cooperator合作者；B.petitor競爭者；C.observer觀察者；D.pioneer先鋒。根據(jù)下文“l(fā)aunchesaflyingtaxiserviceduringtheOlympicGames”可知，Volocopter將在奧運會期間推出飛行出租車服務(wù)，這在以前是沒有的，所以這是行業(yè)先驅(qū)，空格處用pioneer。故選D。22．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：在今年6月的巴黎航展上，Volocopter及其一些競爭對手展示了專為城市交通設(shè)計的新一代電池驅(qū)動飛行器。A.winddriven風(fēng)驅(qū)動的；B.batterydriven電池驅(qū)動的；C.gasdriven燃?xì)怛?qū)動的；D.solardriven太陽能驅(qū)動的。根據(jù)下文“Theelectrificationofaviation(航空)hasoftenbeendismissedasapipedream,withbatteriesassumedtooheavy”可知，飛行器是電池驅(qū)動的。故選B。23．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：航空電氣化常常被認(rèn)為是白日夢，因為人們認(rèn)為電池太重，無法替代傳統(tǒng)的空中交通工具燃料。A.substitute替代物；B.shelter庇護(hù)處；C.treatment治療；D.desire渴望。根據(jù)上文“batteriesassumedtooheavy”和下文“fortraditionalfuelinanairbornevehicle”可知，人們認(rèn)為電池太重，無法替代傳統(tǒng)的空中交通工具燃料。故選A。24．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，像Volocopter這樣的新貴正在打賭，電氣化可以在較短的距離內(nèi)釋放對清潔和快速空中旅行的需求。A.regulate調(diào)節(jié)；B.maintain保持；C.unlock開啟；D.reverse預(yù)定。根據(jù)下文“aboomindemandforcleanandquickairjourneysovershorterdistances”可知，此處表示“像Volocopter這樣的新貴正在打賭，電氣化可以在較短的距離內(nèi)釋放對清潔和快速空中旅行的需求”，空格處意為“開啟”。故選C。25．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：正在開發(fā)的飛行出租車的主要形式被稱為電動垂直起降(eVTOL)飛機，預(yù)計最多可搭載四名乘客和一名飛行員。A.pressure壓力；B.attack襲擊；C.development開發(fā)；D.repair修理。根據(jù)上文“Nextyear,ifallgoestoplan,Pariswillwitnessthebirthofanotherindustry____1____,whenVolocopter,aGermanmakerofelectricaircraft,launchesaflyingtaxiserviceduringtheOlympicGames”可知，這種飛行出租車明年才推出，所以現(xiàn)在是正在被開發(fā)。故選C。26．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：它由電池供電，預(yù)計既能安靜到減少擁擠城市中的抱怨，又能快速行駛:時速可達(dá)300公里，足以輕松超過汽車，尤其是堵車的汽車。A.underestimate低估；B.update更新；C.outpace趕過；D.overdo把……做得過分。根據(jù)上文“capableofupto300kph”可知，時速可達(dá)300公里，可以超過汽車。故選C。27．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：樂觀主義者認(rèn)為，空中交通的減少也將使eVTOLs非常適合自主操作。A.rigid嚴(yán)格死板的；B.autonomous自動的；C.attentive注意的，專心的；D.illegal非法的。根據(jù)上文“theabsenceoftrafficinthesky”可知，空中交通的減少就使得eVTOL很適合自主操作。故選B。28．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：這一愿景激發(fā)了大膽的預(yù)測。A.daring大膽的；B.discouraging令人沮喪的；C.unclear不清楚的；D.ordinary普通的。根據(jù)下文“Forexample,MorganStanley,aninvestmentbank,estimatesglobalspendingoneVTOLscouldhit$1,000billionby2040”可知，關(guān)于eVTOLs的愿景激發(fā)了人的大膽預(yù)測，所以有人愿意花錢在eVTOL上。故選A。29．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：盡管有上述熱情的期望，挑戰(zhàn)依然存在。A.technological技術(shù)的；B.unrealistic不現(xiàn)實的；C.rewarding值得的，有意義的；D.enthusiastic熱情的。根據(jù)上文“AndoptimistsbelievetheabsenceoftrafficintheskywillalsomakeeVTOLswellsuitedto____7____operation.Theycouldprovehandyfortransportinggoods,too.”可知，上文所說的是對eVTOL的熱情的期望。故選D。30．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：一個問題是技術(shù)認(rèn)證，這是一個漫長的過程，因為航空監(jiān)管機構(gòu)正在研究一種全新形式的飛機。A.efficient效率高的；B.simple簡單的；C.lengthy冗長的；D.intelligent聰明的。根據(jù)上文“technicalcertification”和下文“aviationregulatorsworkonanentirelynewformofaircraft”可知，技術(shù)認(rèn)證是很漫長的過程，因為航空監(jiān)管機構(gòu)正在研究一種全新形式的飛機。故選C。31．考查動詞短語辨析。句意：去年年底，由于監(jiān)管延誤和其他一些因素，硅谷初創(chuàng)公司Joby被迫將推出時間再推遲一年，直到2025年。A.putoff推遲；B.speedup加速；C.objectto反對；D.approveof同意。根據(jù)上文“duetoregulatorydelays”可知，監(jiān)管延誤導(dǎo)致硅谷初創(chuàng)公司Joby被迫將推出時間再推遲一年。故選A。32．考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：更大的問題是——飛行出租車在經(jīng)濟(jì)上可行嗎？A.historically歷史上地；B.technically技術(shù)上；C.theoretically理論上；D.economically在經(jīng)濟(jì)上。根據(jù)“EVTOLscurrentlyrangeinpricefrom$1millionto$4million.”可知，EVTOL很貴，所以此處問的問題是它在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是否可行。故選D。33．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：波音支持的制造商Wisk的BrianYutko說，在不久的將來，群眾將可以乘坐飛行出租車。A.thelearned學(xué)識淵博的人；B.thedisabled殘疾人；C.theseniors老年人；D.themasses群眾。根據(jù)下文“itsfareswillbeparabletocatchingamontaxi”可知，它的票價與普通出租車相當(dāng)，那么將來普通的群眾也可以乘坐這種飛行出租車。故選D。34．考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，有一種相反的觀點認(rèn)為evtol可能仍然很昂貴。A.Furthermore另外；B.However然而；C.Fortunately幸運的是；D.Consequently結(jié)果。根據(jù)上文“Jobypromisesthatitsfareswillbeparabletocatchingamontaxi”和下文“thereisanoppositebeliefthateVTOLsarelikelytoremainexpensive”可知，前后兩句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因此空格處是However。故選B。35．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：這意味著，即使沒有飛行員，飛行出租車可能仍然是一種只有少數(shù)幸運兒才能負(fù)擔(dān)得起的便利。A.affordable負(fù)擔(dān)得起的；B.valuable有價值的；C.unbelievable難以置信的；D.unsuitable不合適的。根據(jù)上文“Somestudiessuggestthecostcouldendupashighas$7perkilometer,manytimesaregulartaxifare”可知，飛行出租車票價仍然很貴，所以只有少數(shù)人才能負(fù)擔(dān)得起。故選A。（2023上·上?！じ呷虾Ｊ薪ㄆ街袑W(xué)?？计谥校㊣nMumbai,there’stheceaselessclamorofcarhomesasdriversedgethroughtraffic.There’spoundingandbuzzingfromtheconstructionofofficetowersandapartmentblocks.Drumbeatsandtrumpetmelodiesspilloutfromweddingsandcountlessfestivals.Andit’salltoppedoffbybellowing(大聲吼叫的)streetvendorsandgarbagetrucksblastingBollywoodsongs.LivinginMumbairequiresahuge36fornoise.WhenSumairaAbdulalibegancampaigningagainstnoisepollutioninIndia’sfinancialcapitaltwodecadesago,friends,acquaintancesandevenherlawyersinsisteditwas37.“Peopletoldmeit’sfoolishtoeventry,becauseIndianslovenoise,”shesays.“We’reanoisycountry.”Butin2003,Abdulaliwonalawsuitseekingto38environmentalrulesthathadallowedloudmusiclateintothenightduringafestival.39,thevictoryledtoabanonloudspeakerswithin100metersofschools,hospitals,courtsandplacesofworship.AndshehassincewonmorethanadozenotheractionsbothonherownandviatheAwaazFoundation(awaazmeans“noise”inHindi),whichshelaunchedin2006.TheWorldHealthOrganizationwarnsthatnoiseisatopthreattohuman40,affectingnotonlyhearingbutalsosleep,braindevelopmentandcardiovascularhealth.AbdulaliclaimsMumbaiistheworld’s41city.AstudyledbyRiteshVijay,anexpertfromIndia’sNationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute,didfindthatnoiselevelsinMumbaiandsurroundingareasin2020dramaticallyexceedlegallimits.Inrecentyears,thebattleagainstnoisehasbeeincreasingly42,withAbdulalioftenfacingpowerfulinterestswhoconsideritaninevitablebyproductofgrowth.Withincreasing43,evermorepeopleareexposedtocontinuousnoise.InarapidlyexpandingcitysuchasMumbai,withapopulationtopping12million,demandforhousingputsnoiserules44developmentplans.Althoughsoundbarriersarerequiredforconstructionprojects,they’reexpensive,sodevelopers45installingthem.Trafficisatougherproblem.Noiseontheroadcanreach110decibels(分貝)—alevelthatcanleadtopermanenthearingdamageafterjust15minutesofexposure,accordingtotheUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention.Luckily,46canhelpinthefight,Vijaysays.Hesuggestsdevicesthatmeasurehornuse,whichwouldletofficialsoffer47driversrewardslikedeductions(扣除)oncarinsurance.Dynamicsignaling,wheresensorslinkedtostoplightsdetecttrafficdensity,wouldimprovevehicleflowand48

theurgetoresorttohorns,hesays.Localgovernmentalso49.Mumbaidecreed(頒布)India’sfirst“NoHonking”dayin2008,withpolicehandingoutbookletstoraiseawarenessabouttrafficnoiseandimposingfinesupto1,000rupees($12)onoffendingmotorists.Farmoreimportantisthelongertermimpactofthedaytodaynoise,sothat’swhereVijaybelievesactivistsshouldfocustheirenergy.“InIndiawecelebratefestivalswithlotsofnoise,”hesays.“Butour50noiseitselfisbeyondtheallowedlimit.”36．A．talent B．potential C．demand D．tolerance37．A．encouraging B．reasonable C．ridiculous D．depressing38．A．takeadvantageof B．putanendto C．layemphasison D．throwlighton39．A．Therefore B．Similarly C．Subsequently D．However40．A．wellbeing B．intelligence C．interaction D．behavior41．A．largest B．busiest C．loudest D．richest42．A．difficult B．successful C．diverse D．easy43．A．a(chǎn)vailability B．capitalization C．urbanization D．convenience44．A．inpacewith B．incontactwith C．inleaguewith D．inconflictwith45．A．remend B．justify C．resist D．a(chǎn)dvocate46．A．government B．technology C．finance D．psychology47．A．quiet B．brave C．safe D．a(chǎn)lert48．A．trigger B．satisfy C．reduce D．maintain49．A．stepsin B．takesover C．cutsin D．takesoff50．A．traffic B．construction C．ceremony D．background【答案】36．D37．C38．B39．C40．A41．C42．A43．C44．D45．C46．B47．A48．C49．A50．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了孟買的噪音非常大，人們開始采取措施減少噪音污染。36．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：住在孟買需要對噪音有極大的容忍度。A.talent天賦；B.potential潛力；C.demand需求；D.tolerance容忍。根據(jù)上文“InMumbai,there’stheceaselessclamorofcarhomesasdriversedgethroughtraffic.There’spoundingandbuzzingfromtheconstructionofofficetowersandapartmentblocks.Drumbeatsandtrumpetmelodiesspilloutfromweddingsandcountlessfestivals.Andit’salltoppedoffbybellowingstreetvendorsandgarbagetrucksblastingBollywoodsongs.”可知，孟買的噪音很多，所以住在孟買需要對噪音有極大的容忍度。故選D。37．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：20年前，當(dāng)SumairaAbdulali開始在印度金融首都開展反對噪音污染的運動時，朋友