現(xiàn)代語言學年月真題

0083020234

1、【單選題】"FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeaset(finiteor

infinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafiniteset

ofelements."Thisdefinitionoflanguagewasproposedby______.

Saussure

Sapir

A:

Hall

B:

Chomsky

C:

答D:案：D

解析：“從現(xiàn)在開始，我將認為語言是一個句子的集合（有限的或無限的），每個句子的

長度都是有限的，并由一個有限的元素集構(gòu)成。”提出了這個語言的定義的是喬姆斯基。

2、【單選題】OfthefollowingtranscriptionsofEnglishwords，______is

representedinnarrowtranscription.

[li:f]

[bild]

A:

[pbit]

B:

[helθ]

C:

答D:案：C

解析：嚴式標音（narrowtranscription），又叫做嚴式轉(zhuǎn)寫、音素標音，它是一種詳盡

記錄發(fā)音特征和差別的標音，用于語音學家對語音的研究。四個選項中只有C符合。

3、【單選題】______isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructure

ofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Morphology

Phonology

A:

Semantics

B:

Syntax

C:

答D:案：A

解析：形態(tài)學是語法的一個分支，它研究單詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞形成的規(guī)則。

4、【單選題】Theincorporated,orsubordinatecauseisnormallycalleda(n)

______clause,andtheotherclauseiscalleda(n)______clause.

matrix...embedded

independent...dependent

A:

dependent...independent

B:

embedded...matrix

C:

答D:案：D

解析：復合句包含兩個或更多子句，其中一個子句被并入另一個子句中。也就是說，復合

句中的兩個子句在地位上是不同的，其中一個子句從屬于另一個子句。被合并的子句或者

說居于從屬地位的子句通常叫做從屬子句，而包納從屬子句的這個子句被稱作主句。

5、【單選題】The______viewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweena

linguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaning

theyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.

behaviorist

conceptualist

A:

constructivist

B:

contextualist

C:

答D:案：B

解析：概念主義觀點認為，語言形式和它所指的東西之間(即語言和現(xiàn)實世界之間)沒有直

接聯(lián)系;相反，在對意義的解釋中，它們是通過心靈中概念的中介聯(lián)系在一起的。奧格登

和理查茲提出的經(jīng)典意義語義三角最能說明這一點。

6、【單選題】"Berelevant"isaninterpretationof______undertheCooperative

Principle.

themaximofquantity

themaximofquality

A:

themaximofrelation

B:

themaximofmanner

C:

答D:案：C

解析：交際者在交際中要遵循4項準則，數(shù)量準則，質(zhì)量準則，關(guān)聯(lián)準則和方式準則。

“相關(guān)”是合作原則下關(guān)聯(lián)準則的解釋。

7、【單選題】Intermsoflanguagefamily,Latinbelongstothe______.

Indo-EuropeanFamily

A:

Sino-TibetanFamily

AustronesianFamily

B:

AfroasiaticFamily

C:

答D:案：A

解析：在語系中，拉丁語屬于印歐語系。

8、【單選題】A______communityisagroupofpeoplewhoformcommunity,and

sharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyoflanguage.

regional

speech

A:

social

B:

dialect

C:

答D:案：B

解析：言語共同體是指組成共同體的一群人，他們共享相同的語言或特定種類的語言。

9、【單選題】Manyofthecognitiveabilitiesthatdistinguishhumansfromother

mammals,suchassophisticatedreasoning,linguisticskills,andmusicalability,

arebelievedtoresideinthe______.

cortex

forehead

A:

angulargyrus

B:

Broca'sarea

C:

答D:案：A

解析：大腦中最重要的一部分是位于大腦外面表層的被稱為大腦皮層的東西。大腦皮層是

決定作出的器官，它負責從所有的感官接收信息并引發(fā)所有的隨意活動。許多人類所特有

的、區(qū)別于其他哺乳動物的認識能力和復雜的推理能力、語言技能及音樂才能等據(jù)信都是

在大腦皮層進行的。

10、【單選題】Whenachildstartsstringingmorethantwowordstogether,the

utterancesmaybetwo,three,four,orfivewordsorlonger,hencethe______stage.

babbling

multiword

A:

one-word

B:

two-word

C:

D:

答案：B

解析：兒童在兩三歲的時候，開始說更長的具有更復雜語法結(jié)構(gòu)的話。當兒童的話語超過

兩個詞后，就出現(xiàn)了兩詞、三詞、四詞、五詞或更長的話語，此階段被稱為多語句階段。

11、【判斷題】Modernlinguisticsconsidersthewrittenformasmorebasicthan

thespokenform.

正確

錯誤

A:

答B(yǎng):案：B

解析：F。改正：Modernlinguisticsgivesprioritytothespokenformof

language,whichisconsideredasmorebasicthanthewrittenformforanumber

ofreasons.

12、【判斷題】ThebasicprincipleoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)is

usingadifferentletterforeachdistinguishablespeechsound.

正確

錯誤

A:

答B(yǎng):案：A

解析：T。

13、【判斷題】“Geo-"isanaffixinthewordof"geology".

正確

錯誤

A:

答B(yǎng):案：A

解析：T。

14、【判斷題】Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongtominorlexical

categories.

正確

錯誤

A:

答B(yǎng):案：B

解析：F。改正：Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongtoMajorlexical

categories

15、【判斷題】Thesentence"Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor"is

acontradiction.

正確

錯誤

A:

答B(yǎng):案：A

解析：T。

16、【判斷題】"Hi!"and"Goodmorning!"aretwosentences.

正確

錯誤

A:

答B(yǎng):案：A

解析：T。

17、【判斷題】ThepronunciationofOldEnglishisverydifferentfromitsmodern

form.

正確

錯誤

A:

答B(yǎng):案：A

解析：T。

18、【判斷題】Alldialectsofalanguageareequallyeffectiveinexpressing

ideas.

正確

錯誤

A:

答B(yǎng):案：A

解析：T。

19、【判斷題】Thethreeareasofthebrain:Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaand

theangulargyrus,whicharevitaltolanguagearealllocalizedintheright

hemisphere.

正確

A:

錯誤

答B(yǎng):案：B

解析：F。改正：Brocasarea,Wernicke’sareaandangulargyrusarealllocated

inthelefthemisphereofthebrain.

20、【判斷題】Languageacquisitionisageneticallydeterminedcapacitythatall

humansarebornwith.

正確

錯誤

A:

答B(yǎng):案：B

解析：F。改正：Languageac-quisitionisageneraltermusedtorefertothe

developmentofaperson’sfirst,second,orforeignlanguage.

21、【問答題】WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?

答案：Englishcompoundspossessthemainfeaturesbelow,despitetheir

variousformations.(1)Orthographically,anEnglishcompoundcanbewrittenas

onewordwithorwithoutahypheninbetween,orastwoseparatewords,e.g.

toothpick,kick-off,readingroom.HowanEnglishcompoundiswrittenisa

matterofconvention.(2)Syntactically,thepartofspeechofthecompoundis

generallydeterminedbythepartofspeechofthesecondelement,butthereare

manyexceptions,especiallywiththosecompoundsendingwithaverboran

adverboraprep?osition.(3)Semantically,themeaningofanEnglishcompound

isoftenidiomatic,notalwaysbeingthesumtotalofthemeaningofits

components.Forexample,agreen?housedoesnotmeanahousewhichisgreen.

(4)Phonetically,thestressofanEnglishcompoundalwaysfallsonthe

firstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.For

example,runningdogcanbepronouncedrunningdogorrunningdogwhichmean

quitedifferently.Theformermeansmetaphoricallyapersonwhofollows

anotherpersonobedientlyinhiswrongdoing,whilethelattermeansadogwhich

isrunning.

22、【問答題】Thewordsinthesentence“Thestudentslikethenewteacher”

canbedividedintodifferentstrings.Whichdivisionofthefollowingtwois

acceptabletonativespeakersofEnglish?(1)The/studentslike/thenew/teacher.

(2)Thestudents/like/thenewteacher.Giveoutthereason(s)foryourchoiceand

illustrateitsconstituentstructurewithatreediagram.

答案：

Ichosethesecondone.Allsentencesinalllanguagescanberepresentedby

constituentstruc?turetrees,andallhavesyntacticrulesthatdeterminethe

linearorderofwordsandtheirhierarchicalstructure.Thefirstoneisnot

suitable.SuchdivisionssoundmostunnaturaltoEnglishnativespeakers

accordingtotheirlinguisticknowledge.Intuitively,Englishspeakersdivide

thesesentencesinthewaythatobviouslyfollowsaparticularhierarchical

order,asisshowninthesecondone.Thistypeofsegmentationtruthfully

revealsthehierarchicalnatureofsentencestructure:sentencesareorganized

withwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory,suchasnounphrase(NP)orverb

phrase(VP),groupedtogether.

23、【填空題】Chomskydefinesc______astheidealuser'sknowledgeofrulesof

hislanguage.

答案：Competence

24、【填空題】Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentence

ratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi______.

答案：intonation

25、【填空題】Intermsofwordendings,Englishissimplerthansomeother

languagessuchasRussian,French,andGerman,asinitshistoricaldevelopmentit

hasdroppedquiteafewofitsi______affixes.

答案：inflectional

26、【填空題】Theh______orderofasentencecanbebestillustratedwitha

treediagramofconstituentstructure.

答案：hierarchical

27、【填空題】Whenpairwordssuchasrain/reign,night/knight,piece/peaceare

identicalinsound,theyareh______.

答案：homophones

28、【填空題】Thenotionofc______isessentialtothepragmaticstudyof

language.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythe

speakerandthehearer.

答案：context

29、【填空題】Englishhasundergonedramaticchangesthroughoutthethreemajor

periodsofOldEnglish,M______EnglishandModernEnglish.

答案：Middle

30、【填空題】S______isacasualuseoflanguagethatconsistsofexpressive

butnonstandardvocabulary,typicallyofarbitrary,flashyandoften

ephemeralcoinagesandfiguresofspeechcharacterizedbyspontaneityand

sometimesbyraciness.

答案：Slang

31、【填空題】P______isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemind.

答案：Psycholinguistics

32、【填空題】TheC______Analysisapproachwasfoundedonthebeliefthatit

waspossible,byestablishingthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenthenativeand

targetlanguagesystems,topredictwhatproblemslearnersofaparticular

secondlanguagewouldfaceandthetypesoferrorstheywouldmake.

答案：componentional

33、【名詞解釋】performance

答案：performancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgein

linguisticcommunication.

34、【名詞解釋】assimilationrule

答案：Assimilationrule—ruleassimilatingonesoundsimilartothefollowing

onebycopyingoneofitsphoneticfeatures，e.g.bean［bi:n］.

35、【名詞解釋】boundmorphemes

答案：Boundmorphemesthatcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombined

withothermor?phemestoformwordsthatcanbeusedindependently.

36、【名詞解釋】universalgrammar

答案：UniversalGrammarisasystemoflinguisticknowledgewhichconsistsof

somegeneralprinciplesandparametersaboutnaturallanguage.

37、【名詞解釋】antonyms

答案：Apairofcomplementaryantonymsischaracterizedbythefeaturethat

thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother.In

otherwords,itisnotamatterofdegreebetweentwoextremes,butamatter

ofeitheroneortheother.Forexample,aliveanddead,maleandfemale.

38、【名詞解釋】conversationalimplicatures

答案：Theuseofconversationalmaximstoimplymeaningduringconversation.

39、【名詞解釋】compounding

答案：Compoundingisaprocessofcombiningtwoormorewordsintoonelexical

unit.Forex?ample,sailboat,big-mouth.

40、【名詞解釋】rightearadvantage

答案：Indiachroniclisteningtests,thewordpresented