第6講情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣Ⅰ.語法填空1.(2019·江蘇高考)Whatapity!Youmissedthesightseeing,orwewouldhavehad(have)agoodtimetogether.

2.(2018·江蘇高考)Thereisagoodsociallifeinthevillage,andIwishIhad(have)asecondchancetobecomemoreinvolved.Ⅱ.完成句子1.(2020·新高考全國Ⅰ卷)Iwishthatspeakerhadspokenlonger(那個演講者說得再長點(diǎn)).

2.(2019·天津高考)Mary’sdescriptionofthepartywassovividthatIfeltasifIhadbeenthere(好像我在那里一樣).

3.(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)Asakid,Ilovedtowatchcartoons,butnomatterhowmanytimesIaskedtowatchthem,myparentswouldnotletme(不讓我去).

語法填空二謹(jǐn)記1.若句中謂語動詞為原形,在其前設(shè)純空格題時,注意考慮情態(tài)動詞。然后根據(jù)句意或句式結(jié)構(gòu)填入恰當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞;2.一旦判斷所給動詞在句中作謂語,就要考慮其時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、主謂一致等。注意虛擬語氣中的時態(tài),除了if虛擬條件句,還應(yīng)注意虛擬語氣的標(biāo)志詞,如suggest,wouldrather,asif,wish,otherwise,or,butfor等。一、情態(tài)動詞含有情態(tài)動詞的時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)1.情態(tài)動詞+原形:除了表示現(xiàn)在的時間外,還可以表示將來,說明動作尚未發(fā)生。如:※Youcangonowbutyou’dbettercomeearliertomorrow.2.情態(tài)動詞+bedoing:表示動作正在發(fā)生。如:※Yourmothermaybewaitingforyoutoreturnhome.※Hemustbeplayingfootballontheplaygroundnow.3.情態(tài)動詞+havedone:(1)表示對過去情況的推測:※Hemusthavestartedwritinghisbookalongtimeago.(2)表示過去“該做而沒做”“能做而沒做”“可做而沒做”等含義,與過去事實不符或相反?！鵌shouldhavegonethismorningbutIwasfeelingabitill.4.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài):情態(tài)動詞+be+done※Pupilsshouldbehelpedtoadoptapositiveapproachtotheenvironment.?？记閼B(tài)動詞的用法1.can(1)表示能力,一般譯為“能、會”,尤其指生來具備的能力。※CanyouspeakEnglish?(2)表示許可,常在口語中。(3)表示推測,意為“可能”,常用于否定句和疑問句中,此時can’t譯為“不可能”?！鵆anthenewsbetrue?※Themooncan’talwaysbefull.2.could(1)can的過去式,意為“能、會”,表示過去的能力。※Ididn’tknowifIcouldraiseachildbymyself.(2)could在疑問句中,表示委婉請求的語氣,此時could沒有過去式的意思?！鵆ouldyougivemesomeadviceonthebestwaytodothis?3.may(1)表示請求、許可,比can正式。※MayIuseyourcomputer?(2)表示推測,談?wù)摽赡苄?意為“可能,或許”,一般用于肯定句中。※Ithinkhemaybereadyforasleepsoon.(3)may的過去式為might。might也可以表示可能性低于may(此時might沒有過去式的意思)?！鵋esaidhemightnotbebackuntiltonight.(4)表示希望、祈求、祝愿,?？勺g為“祝愿”。通常是用may+主+v.。※MayallofourwishescometruethisValentine’sDay.4.must(1)must表示主觀看法,意為“必須”。※Wemustbehonestandfaithfultothepeople.(2)對must引導(dǎo)的疑問句,肯定回答為must,否定回答為needn’t或don’thaveto。※—MustIgotheretoday?—Yes,youmust.—No,youneedn’t.(3)must也可以表示有把握的推測,意為“一定,肯定”,用于肯定句?！鵋emustbewaitingforus.(4)其否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止,不許”。※Wemustn’tletthewaterruntowaste.【點(diǎn)津】其反意疑問句的構(gòu)成形式:當(dāng)must表示肯定的判斷、推測時,其反意疑問句要用實際問句的助動詞來構(gòu)成。※Hemustbegoodatmaths,isn’the?※Youmusthavetoldheraboutit,haven’tyou?5.need(1)need表示需要,主要用于否定句和疑問句中,其否定形式為needn’t,意為“不必”。用need提問時,肯定回答為must,否定回答為needn’t或don’thaveto?！狽eedIgowithyou?—Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.(2)need還可以作實義動詞,此時有人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化,如果是人作主語,后面多接動詞不定式。※Adultsneedtolivetheirownlivesandthat’sdifficultwithchildren.【點(diǎn)津】如果是物作主語,一般用needdoing與needtobedone,這種情況下應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn):①主動形式的動名詞doing具有被動的含義;②該動名詞可以改為其動詞不定式的被動形式而句子的意義不變。※Thecarneedswashing.=Thecarneedstobewashed.6.daredare意為“敢、敢于”,用法近似于need,有兩種詞性:(1)dare作為情態(tài)動詞,多用于否定句、疑問句或條件句中,無第三人稱單數(shù)形式,只有一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時?！鵋owdareyoupickupthephoneandlisteninonmyconversations!※Mostpeoplehatehim,buttheydon’tdaretosayso,becausehestillrulesthecountry.(2)dare作為實義動詞,此時有人稱、數(shù)及時態(tài)的變化。※Myboyfrienddoesn’tdaretoholdmyhandinpublic.【點(diǎn)津】口語中,dare的各種形式常與不帶to的不定式連用。※DoyoudaretellhimwhatIsaid?7.shall(1)shall表示征求對方意見(多用于第一、三人稱)(2)shall表示命令、允諾(多用于第二、三人稱)※IshalldoallIcantoputthematterright.※Youshallhaveacomputerifyouareadmittedtoakeyuniversity.8.should(1)should意為“應(yīng)該”,可表示勸告、建議、義務(wù)、責(zé)任等?！鵚eshoulddoeverythingwecantomaintainworldpeace.(2)shouldhavedone意為“本應(yīng)該做某事而沒做”,表示對過去動作的責(zé)備、批評?！鵌shouldhavegonethismorningbutIwasfeelingabitill.9.willwill表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多種人稱。※Ifyouwillundertaketheaffair,Ishallbeverygrateful.表示“推測”的情態(tài)動詞1.can表示對具體事物的推測時一般用于否定句或疑問句。※Theycan’tbelieveyoucanevenholdaconversation.【點(diǎn)津】can表推測用于肯定句時,不能指對具體事物的推測,而是表示事物的屬性特征。※Evenanexperiencedclimbercangetintotrouble.2.must表示肯定的推測,一般用于肯定句中?！鵗hecomputerdoesn’twork.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithit.3.might表示推測時不一定是may的過去式,只是表示其可能性比may小?！鵌fyoulookatthemoon,youmay/mighthavemanyquestionstoask.4.could表示推測時,語氣比can弱?！鵖hecouldbeinLondonorParisorTokyo—nobodyknows.5.should表示推測的可能性比較大,表示有依據(jù)或有前提的推測,僅比must的可能性小一點(diǎn)。意為“按說應(yīng)該……”。※Iwonderwhat’shappenedtoAnnie.Sheshouldbeherebynow.小題快練Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞填空(必要時用否定形式)①Lifeisunpredictable;eventhepoorestmay/canbecometherichest.

②YoumustbeJason.Youhaven’tchangedabitafteralltheseyears.③Asthedeadlineisdrawingnear,nooneshallleavewithhisownworkuncompleted.④—Ican’tthankyouenoughforwhatyouhavedoneforme.

—You’rewelcome.⑤Myroomisamess,butIneedn’tcleanitbeforeIgoouttonight.Icandoitinthemorning.⑥Mayyousucceed!Ⅱ.完成句子①Weneedn’tdosomuchhomework(不必做這么多的家庭作業(yè)).Therefore,wehavemoretimeforafter-schoolactivities.

②Inmyopinion,bydoingpart-timejobs,collegestudentscangainsomesocialexperience(能獲得一些社會經(jīng)驗)andbroadentheiroutlooks.

③Youshallfail(你會失敗)ifyoudon’tworkhard.

④WheneverImademistakesandfeltdiscouraged,myteacherandmyclassmateswouldhelpmefigureouthowIcouldhaveavoidedthem(本可以避免那些錯誤).

情態(tài)動詞+have+過去分詞1.can/could/may/mighthave+donesth.表示過去,推測過去時間里可能發(fā)生過的事情?！鵖houldyoulookatwhatyoucouldhavedonebetterandlearnfromitsoyoucanimprove?※Someonemighthaveguessedoursecretandpassediton.2.musthave+donesth.對過去時間里可能發(fā)生過的事情的推測,語氣較強(qiáng),意為“肯定/一定做過某事”?！鵆hinamusthavedonesomethingsupremelyrighttoproducetheeconomicmiracleweobserve.3.should/oughttohavedonesth.本應(yīng)該做某事,而事實上并沒有做。否定句表示“不該做某事而做了”。※Shereallyoughttohaveretiredlongago,butshe’sstillworking.※Wereallyshouldn’thavelethimgoswimmingbyhimself.4.needn’thavedonesth.本沒必要做某事卻做了。※Ineedn’thavewrittentohimbecausehephonedmeshortlyafterwards.5.wouldliketohavedonesth.過去本想做某事而沒做?！鵌wouldliketohavereadthearticle,butIwasverybusythen.小題快練用情態(tài)動詞+havedone填空①Harryisfeelinguncomfortable.Hemusthavedrunk(drink)toomuch.

②—Sorry,Mum!Ifailedthejobinterviewagain.—Oh,it’stoobad.Youshouldhavemade(make)fullpreparations.

③Wecouldhavefaced(face)thedifficultytogether,butwhydidn’tyoutellme?

④Georgecan’thavegone(notgo)sofar.Hiscoffeeisstillwarm.

二、虛擬語氣虛擬語氣在條件狀語從句中的用法條件句有真實條件句和虛擬條件句兩種。真實條件句所表示的假設(shè)是有可能發(fā)生的,此時主句不用虛擬語氣;而虛擬條件句則表示一種假想,與事實相反或不大可能會發(fā)生,此時用虛擬語氣。1.虛擬語氣在if條件句中的運(yùn)用類別從句謂語動詞主句謂語動詞與現(xiàn)在事實相反過去式(be用were)should/would/could/might+動詞原形與過去事實相反had+過去分詞should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞與將來事實相反過去式(be用were)should/would/could/might+動詞原形should+動詞原形wereto+動詞原形※Iftherewerenoair,wecouldn’tlive.※Iftherehadbeennoairinthetube,theresultoftheexperimentwouldhavebeenmoreaccurate.※Ifheweretocometomorrow,thingswouldbeeasier.2.虛擬條件句中的省略與倒裝如果虛擬條件句中含有were/had/should,可把if省略,把were/had/should提到主語之前形成倒裝;若為否定形式,not不可提前?！鵖houlditraintomorrow,whatwouldyoudo?※Weretherenofriction,wecouldnotwalk.※Hadweknownaboutthenewmethod,weshouldhaveapplieditearlier.3.錯綜時間條件句有時條件句的動作與主句動作發(fā)生的時間不一致,這時動詞的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它們各自表示的時間加以調(diào)整?！鵌fIhadmethimbefore,Icouldrecognizehim.4.含蓄條件句(1)有時假設(shè)的情況不用條件句表達(dá),而是用butfor,without等介詞(短語)或上下文來表示?！鵚ithoutair,therewouldn’tbelivingthingsintheworldnow.(2)用otherwise,or等暗示后文與前面的情況相反,從而引出后文的虛擬語氣。※Heremindedmeofthat,otherwise,Iwouldhaveforgottenit.(3)虛擬條件通過but暗示出來,結(jié)構(gòu)為“虛擬情況+but+真實情況”?！鵖hewouldhavecometoseeyou,butshewassobusythatday.使用虛擬語氣的常見結(jié)構(gòu)或從句1.wish與hope后接賓語從句的區(qū)別:hope表示一般可以實現(xiàn)的希望,賓語從句用陳述語氣。wish表示很難或不大可能實現(xiàn)的希望,賓語從句用虛擬語氣。如:※IwishIwereastallasyou.※Hewishedhehadn’tsaidthat.※Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.2.ifonly與Iwish一樣,也用于表示與事實相反的愿望,其后所接的虛擬語氣的時態(tài)與wish后所接時態(tài)的情況相同。如:※IfonlyIhadlistenedtomyparents!3.Iwouldrather后句子用虛擬語氣只分現(xiàn)在和過去,表示“寧愿做什么”。如:※I’dratheryouwenttomorrow(now).※I’dratheryouhadn’tsaidit.4.以asif(asthough)引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句或表語從句,有時用虛擬語氣,則與wish用法相同。如:※Theteachertreatsthepupilasifhewereherownchild.從句中用(should+)動詞原形的用法1.在forfearthat(以免),incase(以防)引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣?！鵚ehadameetingandtalkedthematteroverfacetofaceforfearthatthereshouldbeanymisunderstanding.2.在表示“堅持”“命令”“建議”“要求”等后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣。這類動詞可歸納為“一個堅持(insist)、兩個命令(order,command)、三個建議(advise,suggest,propose)、四個要求(demand,require,request,ask)”。如:※MyfamilyinsistedthatIshouldnotgivein,butstayandfight.※Hecommandedthatroads(should)bebuilttolinkcastlesacrosstheland.※IsuggestedtoMikethatwe(should)gooutforamealwithhiscolleagues.3.在order,suggestion,idea,plan,proposal,advice,demand等名詞后的表語從句或同位語從句中用虛擬語氣。如:※Theordercamethatthemedicalsupplies(should)besenttotheearthquake-strickenareasoon.It’s(about/high)timethat+主語+did/should...It’s(about/high)time后的從句用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞用過去式或should+動詞原形,此處should不能省略,意為“(早)該干某事了”。如:※It’stime(that)wewenttobed.※It’shightimethatweshouldtakeactiontoprotectthewaterresources.小題快練①Ifwehadtaken(take)anotherroad,wewouldn’thavebeenstuckinthetrafficjamforsolong.

②IwishIhadbeen(be)atmysister’sweddinglastTuesday,butIwasonabusinesstripinNewYorkthen.

③Itishightimethatyouconsidered/shouldconsider(consider)thatiftherewerenostressinyourlife,youwouldachievealittle.

④Itisluckywebookedaroom,orwewouldhave(have)nowheretostaynow.

⑤Theymetforthefirsttime,buttheytalkedhappilyasiftheyhadbeen(be)goodfriendsforalongtime.

⑥AsFatherandMotherthoughtitwasabigoccasionforme,theysuggestedI(should)hold(hold)abirthdaypartyathometocelebrateit.

Ⅰ.語法填空Accordingtoarecentstudy,plantsareabletomakeintelligentdecisions.Theyarealot1._________(smart)thanwethought.Scientistshavediscoveredthatthepeaplantcanmakedecisionsonhow2._________(survive)best,eventhoughitdoesnothaveabrain.Researchersgrewseveralpeaplantsthathadtheirroots3._________(separate)betweentwopots.Eachpotcontaineddifferentamountofnutrients.Onepotalwayshadthesameamount,4._________theotherpotvariedbetweenalotandalittle.Theplantsturnedouttobe5._________(amaze)consistent(一致的)atturningtheirrootstothepotwiththemostnutrients.

ResearcherAlexKacelniksaystheexperimentraisesaquestion,notaboutplants,6._________aboutanimalsandhumans.Hewonderswhetherthepeaplantismoreefficientinusingitslimitedresourcesabout7._________(make)decisionsthanhumans.Hesays,“Wehaveaverywonderfulbrain,butmaybemostofthetimewe’renotusing8._________.”ProfessorKacelnikdoesnotthinkthatpeaplantsareintelligentinthehumansense,butthattheyexhibitcomplex9._________(behave)toefficientlytakeadvantageofnaturalopportunities.Itwillbeinterestingtoseehowourliveswouldbedifferentifwe10.【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。本文主要講了最新研究表明植物能做出最有利于自己生存的決定,植物要遠(yuǎn)比我們想象的聰明。1.【解析】smarter。考查比較級。根據(jù)后面的thanwethought可確定,這里需要使用比較級,所以填smarter。2.【解析】tosurvive。考查常用結(jié)構(gòu)?！耙蓡栐~+不定式”作賓語,相當(dāng)于一個從句,所以填tosurvive。3.【解析】separated?？疾楣潭ńY(jié)構(gòu)?！八鼈兊母焙汀胺珠_”之間是被動關(guān)系,所以用havesth.done結(jié)構(gòu),填separated。4.【解析】while?？疾檫B詞。表示“然而”,所以填while。5.【解析】amazingly。考查副詞。修飾形容詞consistent,用副詞,所以填amazingly。6.【解析】but?？疾楣潭ň湫?。not...but...不是……而是……,是固定句型,所以填but。7.【解析】making?？疾榉侵^語動詞。介詞about之后用名詞性質(zhì)的詞作賓語,故此處用v.-ing形式,所以填making。8.【解析】it?？疾榇~。指代前面的averywonderfulbrain,故用it。9.【解析】behavior。考查名詞。作exhibit的賓語,用名詞形式,所以填behavior。10.【解析】adopted?？疾樘摂M語氣。表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的情況,其句型為“If+主語+動詞的過去式(be動詞用were),主語+would/could/might/should+動詞原形”,所以填adopted。Ⅱ.語段填空Highschoolisconsidered(被認(rèn)為)themostimportantstage.Asaseniorthreestudent,itwillnotbelongbeforeIgraduate.NowIhavemanythingstosharewithmyfellows(與同伴分享).Firstofall,I’dliketoexpressmythankstothosewholentmeahand(幫了我一把)whenIwasdisappointed.Itwastheirkindnessthathelpedmeregainmyself-confidenc