Lesson3languagepoints

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1.Moststudentsare...statistics.

Meaning:Formoststudents,theybegintheirstudyofhistorywithathicktextbookinwhich

thereareagreatnumberofnames,datesandstatisticsforthemtoremember.

1)bywayof:

a.asameansof,inordertoserveas當(dāng)作，作為???之用

e.g.Bywayofanexcusehesaidhewastired.

Hehandedmehiscardbywayofintroduction

carryastickbywayofweapon

b.through,via;bytherouteof

e.g.IcamebywayofLondon.

bytheway:incidentally

e.g.Bytheway,haveyouseenmykeysanywhere?

2)Fat:thickorwide

Usualcollocations:afatvolume/book,afatcat,afatsalary/check,afatchance(unlikely,

notunlikely)

Noticethesubtledifferencesbetweenfat,plump,chubby,stoutandobese

3)beimmersedin:becomecompletelyinvolvedinsththatyouaredoing;tobecompletely

coveredorsubmergedinaliquide

e.g.He'sreallybecomingimmersedinhiswork.

immerseoneselfinsth:Heleftschoolat16andimmersedhimselfintheLabourparty,

immersion:n.

4)aseaofpeopleorthingsisaverylargenumberofthemtogether,

e.g.Hiseyesranovertheseaofbottlesandglassesonthetable,

beallatsea:beinastateofconfusionoruncertainty

e.g.Livinginaforeigncountrycanmeanyou'realwaysatseaaboutwhafsgoingon.

atsea:underoronthesea,farawayfromland

e.g.Hespentover30yearsatsea

2.Theprofessionalhistorianissimplyonewho...

Simply:a.only;nothingbut

e.g.Itissimplyamatteroftime.

Somestudentslosemarkssimplybecausetheydon'treadthequestionproperly.

Ifsnotsimplyaquestionofmoney

b.usedtoemphasizewhatyouaresaying

e.g.Thisworkissimplynotgoodenough.

Hesimplywon'tacceptthecommittee'sdecision.

c.ifyousayorexplainsomethingsimply,yousayitinawaythatiseasyforpeopleto

understand

e.g.Trytoexpressyourselfmoresimply.

Toputitsimply,thetaxcutsmeantheaveragepersonwillbeabout3%betteroff.

d.ifyoulivesimply,youliveinaplainandordinaryway,withoutspendingmuchmoney

e.g.Wehadtoliveverysimplyonmyfather^smallsalary.

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3.theircommon-sensereaction:theirresponsebasedoncommonsense

astateofaffairs:fmlasituation

unsatisfactory/sad/sorrystateetcofaffairs

e.g.Imustsaythisisaveryunsatisfactorystateofaffairs.

Thereisnotmuchwecandointhepresentstateofaffairs.

4.presumably:whenyousaythatsthis?thecase,youmeanthatyouthinkitisverylikelyto

bethecase,althoughyouarenotcertain.

e.g.Hehadgonetothereceptiondesk,presumablytocheckout.

Ifsraining,whichpresumablymeansthatyourfootballmatchwillbecancelled.

He'sdeadnow,presumably?

Inthecenterofthephotoisatall,well-dressedwoman-presumablythefirm'sboss.

Severalofthevillagersdisappeared,presumablykilledbyenemysoldiers.

Theaudiencehearsthewordsomanytimesduringtheplaythatpresumablytheylearn

whatitmeansiftheydidn'talreadyknow.

【辨析】Presume,assume,suppose

l)Presume:tobefairlysureofsth,esp.becauseyouhaveagoodreasontothinkso,although

youhavenoproof;thewordsuggeststhatwhateveristakenforgrantedisentitledtobelief

untilitisdisproved非?？隙?/p>

e.g.Thecommitteepresumedthatitsdecisionswouldbecarriedout./Ipresumeyou've

alreadyorderedlunch./Fromthewayhetalked,Ipresumedhimtobeyourboss.

Manyscientistspresumedthenewdamagetotheforeststobetheresultofhigherlevelsof

pollution.

bepresumedinnocent/dead/responsible:認(rèn)定,推定

e.g.Thedefendantispresumedinnocentuntilprovedguilty.

The20soldiersaboardaremissingandpresumeddead.

[Othersensesofpresume:

a.fmltobehavewithoutrespectorpolitenessbydoingsth.thatyouhavenorighttodo冒昧

地做，擅自做，放肆)：

e.g.Iwouldneverpresumetotellyouwhattodo./Theyareresentfulthatoutsiderspresume

tomeddleintheiraffairs./1wouldn'tpresumetoquestionyourjudgment.

b.[transitiveusuallyinpresenttense]fml.(ofanidea,theoryorplan)toacceptsth.asbeing

trueandbasesomethingelseonit二presuppose:

e.g.TheAncientHistorycoursepresumessomeknowledgeofGreek./Yourargument

presumesthateveryoneunderstandstheissue.

c.presumeon/uponsomebody'sfriendship/generosityetc:tounfairlyasksb.formore

thanyoushould,becausetheyareyourfriend,aregenerousetc濫用，過多指望

e.g.Itwouldbepresumingonhisgenerositytoaskhimformoney./Don'tpresumeupon

histolerance.]

2)Assume:tothinksth.istrue,althoughyouhavenoproof;thewordindicatesarbitraryor

deliberateacceptanceofsth.notprovenordemonstrated

e.g.Hehadassumedthatthefamilywouldwelcomehisreturn./Ididn'tseeyourcar,soI

assumedyou'dgoneout./1thinkwecansafelyassume(=itisalmostcertain)thatinterestrates

willgoupagainsoon./I'vealwaysassumedhertobeAmerican.

[review:assumeresponsibility/arole,assumeanairofindifference]

letus/lefsassume(that):usedwhenthinkingaboutapossibleeventorsituationandits

possibleresults)=suppose猜想某事及其結(jié)果

e.g.Letusassumeforamomentthatwecouldindeedfireher.Shouldwe?

WhenitgottomidnightandPaulwasstillnotback,Ibegantoassumetheworst(=think

thattheworstpossiblethinghadhappened).

3)Suppose:[transitiveverbnotinprogressive]tothinkthatsth.isprobablytrue,esp.because

ofsomeinformationyouhave-usethisinwrittenorformalcontexts=presume

e.g.Wehavenoreasontosupposethatthegirlisdead.

TherearemanyreasonstosupposethatShakespearewasfamiliarwiththestoriesof

medievalItaly.

Thereweremanymoredeathsthanwasfirstsupposed.

Whatmakesyousupposewe'regoingtosellthehouse?

suppose/supposing(that):spokenusedwhentalkingaboutapossibleconditionorsituation,

andthenimaginingtheresult假定…的話，結(jié)果會(huì)怎樣

e.g.Look,supposeyoulostyourjobtomorrow,whatwouldyoudo?

Supposingitreallyisafire!

besupposedtodo/besth.

a)usedtosaywhatsb.shouldorshouldnotdo,esp.becauseofrulesorwhatsb.inauthorityhas

said某人(不)應(yīng)該做某事

e.g.We'resupposedtocheckoutofthehotelby11o5clock.

I'mnotsupposedtotellanyone.

b)usedtosaywhatwasorisexpectedorintendedtohappen,esp.whenitdidnothappen預(yù)期

或打算某事發(fā)生

e.g.Noonewassupposedtoknowaboutit.

ThemeetingwassupposedtotakeplaceonTuesday,butwe'vehadtopostponeit.

c)usedtosaythatsth.isbelievedtobetruebymanypeople,althoughitmightnotbetrueor

youmightdisagree(很多人相信某事，但不一定是真的或說話人有異議)據(jù)說

e.g.Thecastleissupposedtobehaunted.據(jù)說

MrsCarverissupposedtohavealotofmoney.

5.contendinghistorians:historianswhoarefightingordebating

contend:

a.vi,tocompeteagainstsomeoneinordertogainsomething

e.g.Threearmedgroupsarecontendingforpower/firstplace/firstprize.

Inevitably,fightsbreakoutbetweenthemembersofcontendinggroups.

b.vt,toargueorstatethatsomethingistrue

e.g.Someastronomerscontendthattheuniversemaybeyoungerthanpreviouslythought.

Thepolicecontendedthatthemanwasintheareaatthetimeoftherobbery.

c.contendwithsomething:tohavetodealwithsomethingdifficultorunpleasant

e.g.Therescueteamalsohadbadweatherconditionstocontendwith.

Iknowthecharmsofmyrivalaretoopowerfulformetocontendwith.

Moreorless:almost,toanundetermineddegree;approximately

e.g.Thisproblemismoreorlesssettled./Theymoreorlessagreetoreopentheirdiscussion

abouttheborderdispute./They'vesettledheremoreorlesspermanently.

6.perspective:

a.[C]awayofthinkingaboutsth,esp.onewhichisinfluencedbythetypeofpersonyouareor

byyourexperiences

e.g.Hisfather^deathgavehimawholenewperspectiveonlife.

Thenoveliswrittenfromachild'sperspective/pointofview.

Thebookdealswithawoman'sperspectiveonrevolutionarychange.

Youcancallitbraveorfoolish,dependingonyourperspective.

fromafeminist/Christian/global/historical/financialperspective:

e.g.Wehavetolookateverythingfromaninternationalperspective.

Theproblemneedstobelookedatfromahistoricalperspective.

b.[U]asensiblewayofjudgingandcomparingsituationssothatyoudonotimaginethatsth.is

moreseriousthanitreallyis合理觀察

e.g.Ithinkshe'slostallsenseofperspectiveintherushtogetwhatshewants.

get/keepsomethinginperspective(=judgetheimportanceofsomethingcorrectly)

e.g.Wemustgettheprobleminperspective;it'snotreallythatserious.

Synonyms:angle,viewpoint,pointofview

e.g.Thearticlegivesthereaderafreshangleonpopculture.

We'reapproachingtheissuefrommanydifferentangles.

Fromanecologicalviewpoint,themotorwayhasbeenadisaster.

Tryandthinkofitfromthechild'sviewpoint.

Fromaneconomicpointofview,thenewdevelopmentwillbenefitthetowngreatly.

Frommypointofview,thereisnowaytheycanwin.

7.acut-and-driedmatter:aroutine;anordinarymatter

cutanddried:certaintohappeninaparticularwaybecauseithasalreadybeenplannedor

determined,andnothingcanbedonetochangeit;clearlydecidedorsettled事先安邦F好的；常

規(guī)的，例行的

e.g.Unfortunately,thingscannotbeascutanddriedasmanypeoplewouldlike.

Myfuturewascutanddried.Iwouldjoinmyfather'sfirm,andtakeitoverwhenheretired.

Wemadethearrangementsweeksago.It'sallcutanddried.

cutacross:goacrosssthinordertoarrivesomewheremorequickly;ifanissueorproblem

cutsacrossthedivisionbetweentwoormoregroupsofpeople,itaffectsormatterstopeople

inallthegroups.超越；不顧；抄近路

e.g.Schoolcrimeandviolencecutsacrossurban,ruralandsuburbanareas.

cutback:reducesomethingsuchasexpenditure;(cutbackonsth)削減，縮減

e.g.Thegovernmenthascutbackondefensespending.

cutdown:(cutdownonsth)consumeordolessofsth;cutthroughatree'strunktomakeit

falltotheground砍倒;削減，減少

e.g.Hecutdownoncoffeeandcigarettes,andateabalanceddiet.

Iamtryingtocutmydrinkingdown.

We911havetocutdownonourspending.

cutin:(cutinonsb)interruptthemwhentheyarespeaking插嘴，打斷；超車搶檔

cutoff：切掉，中斷通話；打斷某人；停止供應(yīng)；使隔絕

cutoffsb'shead/becutoffinthemiddleorourtelephoneconversation/cutoffthesupply

ofelectricity/Thevillagewascutofffromtherestoftheworld.

8.historicalvshistoric:

historical:of,orrelatedtohistory

e.g.Itisimportanttolookatthenovelinitshistoricalcontext./WasKingArthurareal

historicalfigure?

historic:havingconsiderableimportanceorinfluenceinhistory;veryold(ofplaceor

building)

ahistoricmeetingofworldleaders/'Itisahistoricmoment/hetoldjournalists.

therestorationofhistoricbuildings/ancienthistoricsites/ourhistoricmonuments

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9.Thispositionishardlysatisfying.

Meaning:Thisisnotahappysituation.Studentsexpecttobegivenclear-cutanswers,eitheryes

orno.Butnowtheyhavetoshoparoundfortheproperanswer.Theanswerbecomesaperson

choice.Thismakesthemfeelveryuncomfortable.

1)position:

a.situationorstate;status

e.g.tobeinanawkward/difficult/embarrassingposition:

You'reputtingmeinratheradifficultposition.

I'mnotsurewhatIwoulddoifIwereinyourposition.

Sheisintheenviablepositionofhavingthreejoboffers.

b.pointofview;opinion

totakeaposition(onsth):tohaveadefiniteattitudeoropinion

e.g.Youmusttakeapositiononthisissue./Whafstheparty'spositionontaxreform?

inapositiontodosth:beabletodoit

innopositiontodosth:tobeunabletodoit

2)satisfying:ifajob,activity,orexperienceissatisfying,itmakesyoufeelsatisfied,because

youenjoyitandtheresultsareoftenverygood;rewarding;fulfilling

e.g.There?ssomethingverysatisfyingaboutbakingyourownbread.

Workingwithchildrenwithspecialneedscanbeasatisfyingandrewardingexperience.

Satisfactory:ifsthissatisfactory,itreachestheexpectedstandardbutisnotbetterthanit;

acceptable,good

e.g.Youwon'tgetpaidunlessyourworkissatisfactory.

Hegotsatisfactorygradesandwasofferedaplaceatuniversity.

anarrangementsatisfactorytobothsides/Noneofthesolutionswasentirelysatisfactory./

Ouraimistoachieveasatisfactoryoutcomeforeveryone.

10.1)cannothelpbutfeel:cannothelpfeeling;cannotbutfeel;canonlyfeel

sb.can'thelp(doing)sth=sb.can'thelpbutdosth.:usedtosaythatsb.isunableto

changetheirbehaviourorfeelings,ortopreventthemselvesfromdoingsth.

e.gLeecouldnothelpbutagreewithher.

Ican'thelpfeelingthattherehasbeenamistake.

Icouldn'thelpthinkingaboutthepast.

Can'thelpit:

Shecouldn'thelpitifshewasbeingirrational.

"Stopbitingyournails/’Ican'thelpit/

2)diametricallyopposed:absolutelyorirreconcilablyopposed;completelydifferent;poles

apart

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11.Initsbroadestsense,historydenotesthewholeofthehumanpast.

1)inabroad/narrow/generalsense:inthebroad/narrow/generalmeaningoftheword

Review:

thereisnosensein(doing)sth.spoken

seesense

e.g.Iwishthepoliticianswouldseesenseandstopthewar.

talk/knocksomesenseintosb.

commonsense

makesense

e.g.Readthisandtellmeifitmakessense.

Itmakessensetosavemoneywhileyoucan.

Whydidshedoathinglikethat?Itdoesn'tseemtomakesense.

make(some)senseofsth:

e.g.Canyoumakeanysenseofthisarticle?

inasense/inonesense/insomesenses

e.g.Whathesaysisrightinasense.

Thehotelwasinnosensecomfortable.

Thisistrueinageneralsense.

cometoyoursenses:

e.g.Onedayhe'llcometohissensesandseewhatafoolhe'sbeen

Seeifyoucanbringhertohersenses.

beoutofyoursenses

e.g.Areyoucompletelyoutofyoursenses?

totakeleaveofyoursenses

2)denote:toreferto;meanthatawordhasaveryexactsense

TheEnglishword“family“usedtodenoteallthepeopleinthehouse,includingservants.

Connote:tomakeyouthinkoffeelings,ideasthatarenotitsactualmeaning

e.g.Theword“plump“connotescheerfulness.

Suitsdonotexactlyconnotecreativityandrisk-taking.

12.Finally,historymaybedefinedasthatwhichhistorianswriteaboutthepast.

Finally,historymaybedescribedaswhathistorianshavewrittenaboutourpast.Inotherwords,

historyishumanpastthroughtheeyesofhistorians.Historyrequiresthecombinationoftwo

factors:theobjectivefactsandthesubjectiveselection,arrangement,andinterpretationofthe

historian.Thisiswhyhistoriansoftendisagree.Anditisinthissensethatweoftensaythat

everyonetendstowritehisownhistory.

13.theycannotknoweverythingforthesimplereasonthatnoteveryevent,every

happening,wasfullyandcompletelyrecorded.

Manyeventsandhappeningswerenotrecordedorfullyandcompletelyrecordedbecausepeople

atthetimedidnothavethetime,energy,interestorthenecessarymeans.Oftentheywerenot

recordedbecausetheywereconsideredtootrivial,tooembarrassing,ortoodangeroustobe

known.Manyrecordshavealsobeendistorted,lost,ordestroyedinfire,flood,warorthrough

decay.Thatiswhyhistorianshavesuchaformidabletask.

【辨析】event,happening,incident,occurrence

Happening:sththathappens,esp.sththatisstrange,unusual

e.g.Therehavebeenreportsofstrange/unusual/mysterioushappeningsinthetown.

Occurrence:impliesahappeningwithoutintent,volitionorplan;esp.tosaywhethersth

happensoftenornotoften.

e.g.acommon/daily/frequentoccurrence

EarthquakesareanunusualoccurrenceinEnglandbutarenottotallyunknown.

Event:usuallyimpliesanoccurrenceofsomeimportanceandfrequentlyonehavingevident

antecedent

e.g.MeetingMaowasaneventwhichchangedmylife.

TheeventsleadinguptotheoutbreakofWWII

Policeareattemptingtoreconstructthesequenceofeventsonthenightofthekilling.

Incident:suggestanoccurrenceofbriefdurationorrelativelyslightimportance;anevent,

especiallyonethatisunusual,important,orviolent

e.g.oneoftheminorincidentsofthewar

Youcouldhavecausedamajordiplomaticincident.

Aspokesmansaiditwasanisolatedincident.

Manyshootingincidentsgounreported.

Theplanlandedwithoutincident.

14.Thereforethehistoriancanonlyapproximatehistoryatbest.Noonecaneverclaimto

haveconcludedthequest.

Therefore,thebestthehistoriancandoistogetasnearaspossibletothehistoricaltruth.Butno

onecaneverboastthatheorshehascompletedthissearch.Itgoesonforever.

1)approximate:vt.&vi.tocomecloseto(aparticularnumber);tobesimilartosth.butnot

exactlythesame

e.g.Thecrowdapproximated10,000.

Worseningsocialconditionsapproximatetothoseoftheearlythirties.

你對發(fā)生的事情的描述大致接近事實(shí)，但是還有幾處小的錯(cuò)誤。

Youraccountofwhathappenedapproximatesthetruth,butthereareseveralsmallerrors.

Yourstoryonlyapproximatestotherealfacts.

approximate:adj.notexact;rough

e.g.theapproximatecostofrepairsapproximateideaofsth.

approximately:adv.

e.g.Theplanewillbelandinginapproximately20minutes.

Howmuchdothinkitwillcost,approximately?

approximationn.Icanonlygiveyouanapproximationofthecost.

2)atbest:usedtoemphasizethatsth.isnotverygood,pleasant,honestetcevenifyou

consideritinthebestpossibleway

e.g.Thecampaignwasatbestonlypartiallysuccessful.

Thetechniqueisatbestineffectiveandatworstdangerous.

Thegovernment'sresponseseemstohavebeenatbestconfusedandatworsedishonest.

Hischancesofvictoryare,atbest,uncertain.

[Review]atone'sbest:performingaswelloreffectivelyasyouareableto

e.g.Atherbest,she'sareallystylishplayer.

Hewasneverathisbestearlyinthemorning.

atthebestoftimes

tothebestofsb'sability:usedforsayingthatsb.doessthaswellastheycan

tothebestofmyknowledge/belief:usedforsayingthatyouthinkyourstatementistrue,

becauseitisbasedonwhatyouknoworbelieve,butyouarenotcompletelysure

3)quest:litalongdifficultsearch

e.g.thequestforhappiness/truth

inquestof:tryingtofindorgetsth.

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15.Butthisdoesn'tsayenough.

Meaning:butthisdoesn'texplaineverything./Butthisisstillaninadequateanswer./Butthis

isnotafullandcompleteexplanation.

say:vt.ifsthsayssthaboutaperson,situation,orthing,itrevealssthaboutthem

e.g.Ithinkthatsaysalotabouthowwellsheisplaying.

apaintingthatsaysnothing/aglancethatsaysmuch

他的眼神比話語更意味深長

Theyoungman'seyessaidmorethanwords.

Say比如說：Let'ssaythatheislying.

Ifsthgoeswithoutsaying,itisobviousorisboundtobetrue.

Usenottosaytoaddastrongerormoreextremedescriptionthantheoneyouhavejustused.即

使不說是，雖不能說

e.g.Hislanguageisirreverent,nottosayblasphemous.

Whathesaidsoundedalittleodd,nottosayoffensive.

Tosaynothingof,usedwhenyoumentionanadditionalthingwhichgivesevenmorestrength

tothepointyouaremaking.更不用說，何況

e.g.Unemploymentleadstoasenseofuselessness,tosaynothingoffinancialproblems.

Threepeoplewerebadlyhurt,tosaynothingofthebuilding.

Nottomention:(withoutmentioning)更不必說，除…之外(還)

e.g.WewereservedFrenchchampagne,nottosaytheusualcocktails.

Davidishandsomeandsmart,nottosaybeingagoodathlete.

Youcansaythatagaintoexpressstrongagreementwithwhatsbhasjustsaid(infinl)

Yousaidit!A:Thatisagoodshow.B:Yousaidit!

Thatistosay:

Youdon'tsay!e.g.Jimmy'sawell-knownpainter.---Youdon'tsay!

16.deem:tothinkofsth.inaparticularwayorashavingaparticularquality;consider(deemis

moresubjunctivethanconsideremphasizingjudgmentratherthananalyticalthought.)

e.g.Theydeemedthathewasnolongercapableofmanagingthebusiness.

Theyweredeemedtobeillegalimmigrants.

Shedeemedthewholeidea(tobe)awasteoftime.

Theyweretoldto采取任何他們認(rèn)為必要的行動(dòng)。

takewhateveractiontheydeemednecessary.

17.piecetogether:

a.tousealltheinformationyouhaveaboutasituationinordertodiscoverthetruthaboutit

e.g.Policearetryingtopiecetogetherhismovementsbeforethemurder.

Herearlylifehasbeenpiecedtogetherfromseveraldifferentsources.

b.toputalltheseparatepartsofanobjectintothecorrectorderorposition

e.g.Heslowlypiecedtogetherthetornfragmentsofaletter.

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18.Historiansareabletoselectandcreateevidencebyusingsometheoryofhumanmotivations

andbehavior.

Createevidence:tofindevidencebasedonreasoningoranalysisrathertanmaterialrecords

suchasdocumentsorartifacts

theoryofhumanmotivationandbehavior:Whomakeshistory?Whafsthedrivingforcesof

history?Whatarethemostimportanthumanactivitiesthatdeterminethedirectionofhistorical

development?Whatarethebasichumanneedsthatcausepeopletobehavethewaytheydo?

19.requiringverylittlesophisticationandsubtlety:

Meaning:requiringnospecialtrainingorprofoundknowledgeortheabilitytounderstandvery

complexissuesandsubtledistinctions

sophistication:n.havingthequalityofintelligentandwellinformed,andshowsanability

tounderstandcomplicatedmatters老練，富于經(jīng)驗(yàn)；有教養(yǎng)

例：Theunionnegotiatorsshowedhighlevelofsophistication.

工會(huì)談判代表表現(xiàn)出豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

subtlety:n.thequalityofbeingverycleverinnoticingandunderstandingthings2田/心，敏

銳

例：Thejobwillrequiresubtletyandsensitivity.

干這項(xiàng)工作心要細(xì)，反應(yīng)要靈敏。

20.relevantto:toberelatedtothematterathand;directlyconnectedwiththesubjectbeing

discussedorconsidered;tothepoint(synonym:pertinentantonym:irrelevant)

e.g.Thispointisrelevant,butIdon'tthinkitisveryimportant.

Ifoundafewbookswhichmightberelevanttoyourpaper.

你有什么與該職位相關(guān)的經(jīng)歷嗎?

Whatexperiencedoyouhavethatisrelevanttothisposition?

Pertinent(to):directlyconcernedwithasubjectandimportantwhenconsideringit

e.g.Heaskedmealotofpertinentquestions.

Relevance/relevancyn.

related:adj.connected;connectedbykinship,marriage,orcommonorigin

e.g.Applicantsmustholdadegreeinaccountingorarelatedfield.

Hesufferswithmemorylossrelatedtohisdisease.

Educationlevelsarestronglyrelatedtoincome.

peoplesufferingfromtobacco-related/HIV/Aids-relatedillnesses

theproblemofdrugabuseandotherrelatedissues

Areyoutworelated?

21.Thechoiceastowhichfacttouse....admittedly...

1)asto:

a.concerning;withregardto

e.g.Frankwasveryuncertainastowhetheritwastherightjobforhim.

advice/choice/decision/question/problem/issue/debateasto

Hekepthisrivalsguessingastohisrealintentions.

b.fmlusedwhenyouarestartingtotalkaboutsth.newthatisconnectedwithwhatyou

weretalkingaboutbefore

e.g.Astoourfutureplans,IthinkIneedonlysaythatthecompanyintendstoexpandata

steadyrate.

2)admittedly:usedwhenyouareadmittingthatsth.istrue

e.g.Thetechniqueispainful,admittedly,butitbenefitsthepatientgreatly.

Heisadmittedlyanartist.公認(rèn)的藝術(shù)家。

Admittedly,thesubjectisdifficult,butmostofthepupilscanmasterit誠然

Admittedly,hedidn'tknowthatatthetime.

3)nonetheless:^/nevertheless;however

e.g.Theregionwasextremelybeautiful.NonethelessIcouldnotimaginespendingtherest

ofmylifethere.

WagnerwasaNazisupporter.Nevertheless,heisanimportantpartofmusicalhistory.

22.Itwouldgosomethinglikethis...

Thiscrudetheoryassumesthatnationalleadersareallresponsible,rationalpeoplewhowill

notmakewhimsicaldecisionsorallowtrivialthingstoinfluencetheirbigdecisions.Their

decisionsarealwaysmadeaftercarefuldeliberationandalwaysinthebestinterestsofthe

people.(Thereareampleexampleswhichprovethatthistheoryisnotalwaysreliable.National

leaderscanbeirresponsibleandirrational.)

belligerent:

a.veryunfriendlyandwantingtoargueorfight;aggressive;bellicose

e.g.abelligerentattitude

Whenpoliceofficersquestionedhim,hebecamebelligerentandtriedtohitoneofthem.

Harrisisabelligerentmanwithanexplosivetemper.

b.fmlabelligerentcountryisfightingawaragainstanothercountry

belligerence,belligerencyn.[U]

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23.understudy:beingstudied

Moreexamples:underdiscussion,underconstruction,underrepair,underreview,under

observation,underattack,underconsideration

e.g.Allthesepossibilitiesareunderconsideration.

Thestretchofthehighwayisstillunderrepair.

24.Propagandamachine:anorganizedgroupofpeoplewho,onbehalfoftheBritish

government,workedtoinfluencethepublicopinionintheU.S.andwinAmericanpeople

overtotheBritishcause

atwork:a)doingyourjoboraparticularactivity

e.g.Hespentmostofhistimewatchingthefishermenatwork.

Sheiscurrentlyatworkonabookaboutwomeninspace.

b)havingaparticularinfluenceoreffect

e.g.Volcanoesdisplaysomeofnature'smostpowerfulforcesatwork.

Itisimportanttounderstandthepowerfuleconomicandsocialforcesatworkbehindour

ownactions.

25.cause:n,a.[C]anorganization,belief,oraimthatagroupofpeoplesupportorfightfor

e.g.Ourcauseisjust,andwearepreparedtogiveourlivesforit.

herlifelongdevotiontothecauseofwomen?srights

從上世紀(jì)七十年代起他就開始倡導(dǎo)再生能源事業(yè)。

Hehaschampionedthecauseofrenewableenergy