2024年高考英語必考題型終極預測（最新名校模擬題）

閱讀理解（說明文）

（2023?江蘇揚州?揚州中學校考模擬預測）Withanabundanceofsunandwind,Spainispositioningitselfas

Europe9sfutureleaderingreenhydrogenproductiontocleanupheavyindustries.Butsomeenergyexpertsexpress

cautionbecausethisprocessreliesonmassiveavailabilityofzero-carbonelectricity.

Greenhydrogeniscreatedwhenrenewableenergysourcespoweranelectricalcurrentthatrunsthroughwater,

separatingitshydrogenandoxygenmolecules（分子）.Theprocessdoesn'tproduceplanet-warmingcarbondioxide,

butlessthan0.1%ofglobalhydrogenproductioniscurrentlycreatedinthisway.

Theseparatedhydrogencanbeusedintheproductionofsteel,ammonia（氨）andchemicalproducts,allof

whichrequireindustrialprocessesthatarehardertostopfossilfuels.Hydrogenalsocanbeusedasatransportation

fuel,whichcouldonedaytransformthehighlypollutingshippingandaviationsectors.

Spain'slarge,windsweptandthinlypopulatedterritoryreceivesmorethan2,500hoursofsunshineonaverage

peryear,providingidealconditionsforwindandsolarenergy,andthereforegreenhydrogenproduction.

“IfyoulookatwherehydrogenisgoingtobeproducedinEuropeinthenextmillionyears,ifsintwocountries,

SpainandPortugal,saidThierryLepereq,thefounderandpresidentofHyDealAmbition,anindustryplatform

bringingtogether30companies."'Hydrogenisthenew

LepereqisworkingwithcompanieslikeSpanishgaspipelinecorporationEnagasandglobalsteelgiant

ArcelorMittaltodesignanend-to-endmodelforhydrogenproduction,distributionandsupplyatacompetitiveprice.

Criticismhascenteredongreenhydrogen'shighercostcomparedwithhighly-polluting“grayhydrogen^^drawnfrom

naturalgas.LepereqarguesthatsolarenergyproducedinSpainispricedlowenoughtocompete.

Globally,Lepereqsaid,"Electricityis20%ofenergyconsumption.Whataboutthe80%thatisnotelectrified?...

Youneedtoreplacethosefossilfuels.Notin50years9time.Youneedtoreplacethemnow.”

1.WhyaresomeexpertscautiousaboutgreenhydrogenproductioninSpain?

A.Itneedslargeamountsofsunandwind.B.Ithasaneffectonheavyindustries.

C.Itcausesconflictsamongcountries.D.Ituseslotsofzero-carbonelectricity.

2.WhatistheadvantageofgreenhydrogenproductioninSpain?

A.Idealgeographicalconditions.B.Thesupportfromgovernment.

C.Hydrogenproductiontechnology.D.Well-developedpublictransports.

3.WhatcanbeinferredaboutgreenhydrogeninSpainaccordingtoLepereq?

A.Itishighlypriced.B.Itiseasytostore.

C.Itiscompetitive.D.Itishighly-polluting.

4.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Spainmanagestousezero-carbonelectricity.B.SpainstrugglestoleadEUinheavyindustry.

C.Spaintakestheleadinpreventingairpollution.D.Spainreplacesfossilfuelwithgreenhydrogen.

（2023?江蘇南京?南京市第一中學?？寄M預測）Treesdon'tlookatthecalendartoseewhenspringarrives,

buttheyseemtoknowwhenspringisherebetterthanwedo.Theannualshiftfromwintertospringisabreathtaking

eventtowatchasleavesbecomegreenandalush（蒼翠的）environmentrevealsitself.Recentlyaresearchtakesa

lookatwhytreesincitiesareturninggreenearlierthanexpected.

Scientistsusesatelliteimagerytoseewhenplantsturngreen.Bycomparingspringgreenupsinthe85largest

UScities,scientistsfoundthatonaveragetreesstarttoturngreenninedaysearlierincitiesduetothecombined

effectofartificiallightsandurbanheateffect.

Accordingtothefindings,oneofthereasonsistheartificiallight.Citylightsbrighteningthenightskies,

billboardsignslituponroadwaysandcarheadlightsallcontributetoshiftingtheregulardaytonightcyclethatplants

andtreesrelyon.Inordertostayaliveduringcruelwinters,treeshitthepausebuttonontheirgrowth.Since

temperaturescanvarydramaticallythroughoutthewinter,thelengthofdaylightisthesignaltreeslookfortosafely

startgrowingagainandturngreen.

Onaveragecitiesaretypically1.8to5.4Fwarmerthanruralareas.Thisisknownastheurbanheatislandeffect.

Thechangesincityenvironmentsmayaffectseasonalchangesevenmorethanclimatewarmingandmosquitoseason,

watercycles,andalsoaffectpollinators（授粉媒介）.

Despitetheworriesandconcern,itisn'tallbadnews."Withalongergrowingseason,treeswouldbeableto

absorbmorecarbondioxide,“Aresearchersaid.""Hopefullythey'dhavealongerperiodtodothecoolingeffectthat

canhelprelievetheurbanheatingeffectincities.

5.Whatisthepurposeofthetext?

A.Torevealhowtreessurvivebitterwinters.

B.Towarnhowhumanactivitiesdisturbnature.

C.Toexplainwhytreesturngreenearlierincities.

D.Toclarifyhowtreesturninggreenearlierbenefitscities.

6.Howdidthescientistsconducttheirresearch?

A.Bringingouturbanheatislandeffect.

B.Comparingthegreen-uptimeinsamplecities.

C.Allowingthecityenvironmenttorevealitself.

D.Developingpicturesshotbythesatellite.

7.Whichofthefollowingelementscontributestotreesturninggreenearlier?

A.Plantpollinators.B.Watercycle.C.Roadsigns.D.Streetlamps.

8.Inwhichsectionofawebsitecanthetextbefound?

A.Environment.B.Education.C.Entertainment.D.Business.

（2023?江蘇南京?南京市第一中學?？既＃〤omfortfoodmakesapersonfeelgood.Foodhighinsugaror

fattendstoimprovemoodbystimulatingthebrain'srewardsystem.Soitmakessensethatmanyofusmayturnto

foodforcomfortintimesofstress.There9ssomefascinatingresearchthatexaminesfoodasasourceof

comfort.However,themostinterestingthingaboutthisresearchmaybethatfoodsarefarlesscomfortingthanwe

tendtobelievetheyare.

TraciMann,aprofessorofpsychology,andcolleaguesconductedaseriesofstudywithcollegestudents.The

researchersexaminedhowmuchcomfortfoodsactuallyimprovemood.Theyprovidedstudentswithoneofthethree

foodsthattheyhadindicatedweretheirtop,personalcomfortfoods.Afterproducinganegativemoodbyhaving

themwatchmovieclipsdesignedtoincreasetheirsadness,angerandanxiety,theresearchersofferedthestudents

theircomfortfood.

Theyhadtoassess（評估）howtheyfeltbeforeandaftertheyweresupposedlycomfortedbyicecream,pizzaor

whatevertheyhadindicatedtheytypicallyatetofeelbetter.Allofthestudentscompletedthestudyontwoseparate

occasions:oncewhentheywereabletoeattheircomfortfoodandoncewhentheywereabletoeatanotherfoodthey

liked,buttheywouldn'tcallacomfortfood.Theresearchersfoundthatcomfortfooddidimprovestudents5moods一

butonlybyalittlebitandnotmorethantheotherfoodtheyliked.

Inanotherstudy,comfortfoodwascomparedtonofoodatall,andstudents5moodsseemedtoimproveeven

whentheydidn'teatanything-mostlikelyjustduetothepassageoftime.

Thetake-homemessagefromthestudies?Whilethecomfortfoodmaymakethepersonfeelbetterforthetime

being,itdoeslittletoaddressemotionalproblems.Ofcourse,everyonecanindulge（縱情）inacomfortfoodfrom

timetotime,butoverall,aimfortheseinstancestobetheexceptionratherthantherule.

9.WhichaspectofcomfortfooddoTraciMann'sstudiesfocuson?

A.Themeansbywhichitaffectsmood.B.Itsroleinreducingnegativity.

C.Theextenttowhichitliftsmood.D.Itsimpactonphysicalhealth.

10.Howwerethestudiescarriedout?

A.Bycomparingstudents5feelingsondifferentoccasions.

B.Byobservingstudents?differentreactionstofoods.

C.Byanalyzingquestionnairesaboutcomfortfoods.

D.Bycollectingdataaboutpeoplefromallwalksoflife

11.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodointhelastparagraph?

A.Toexplainarule.B.Tointroduceaconcept.

C.Topresentafact.D.Tomakeasuggestion.

12.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.FeelingNegative?TryComfortFood

B.ComfortFoodMaynotWorkWonders

C.TheSciencebehindComfortFood

D.ComfortFoodTendtoBeUnhealthy

（2023?江蘇?江蘇省天——中學?？寄M預測）Someday,youmaynolongerneedtobrushyourteethbyhand.

Instead,billionsofnanoparticles（納米顆粒）couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou.Thenanoparticlesarevery

tiny.Magnets（磁鐵）canmakethemmove.Ifyousetupamagnetinjusttherightway,saysEdSteager,uYoucan

arrangethemintoanyshapeyouwant.^^

SteagerisanengineerattheUniversityofPennsylvania.Together,heandhiscolleagueHyunKoofoundaway

toformthenanoparticlesintolong,skinnybristles（鬃毛），alotliketheonesonatoothbrush.Butthesebristlesshape-

shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.Theycanevensqueezebetweenteeth.

Thescientiststestedtheroboticbristlesinthelab.Butthedeviceisn'tyetreadyforpeopletouse.Themagnets

andnanoparticleswillneedtofitcomfortablyandsafelyinsideaperson'smouth.Theresearchersareworkingwith

acompanytoaccomplishthissafelyandeffectively.Butiftheseinventorscanperfectthedevice,alotofpeoplewill

benefit,especiallythedisabled.

Thetooth-cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets.Onegoesoneachsideoftheteeth.Thenanoparticles

sitinawater-basedsolutionbetweenthemagnets.Allofthismayfitintosomethingthesizeandshapeofa

mouthguard,thoughtheresearchershaven'tsettledonadesignforthedeviceyet.

Asabonus,thenanoparticlesalsokillthoseharmfulbacteriainthemouth.Thewater-basedliquidthatholds

themcontainsasubstancecommonlyaddedtotoothpaste（牙膏）andmouthwash.Itkillssomebacteriaonitsown.

Butwhenthesenanoparticlesreactwithit,powerfulgerm-killingsubstancesgetcreated.

Thenewdeviceisjustaproofofanotion.Theresearchersstillneedtoturnitintoaproductthatpeoplewill

wanttouse.Itmustfitcomfortablyandsafelyinpeople'smouths.Itcan'tdrawtoomuchpowerorcosttoomuch.

“There'salotofengineeringtogetfromheretothere,“saysSteager.But,asMelosays,“everygoodideaneedsto

haveastart.”

13.Whataretheresearchersdoingnow?

A.PuttingthenewinventionintothemarketB.Carryingoutsurveysaboutthenewdevice.

C.Testingtheroboticbristlesonthedisabled.D.Makingthedevicesuitableforaperson5mouth.

14.Whatmainlyoperatesthenewdevice?

A.Thenanoparticles.B.Thetoothbrush.

C.Themagnets.D.Thebristles.

15.Whatisafunctionofthenewinvention?

A.Itcanhelpadjustteeth.B.Itcanworkastoothpaste.

C.Itcanreplaceliquidinthemouth.D.Itcanchangethemouthshape.

16.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"notion“probablymeaninthelastparagraph?

A.Prediction.B.Existence.C.Product.D.Concept.

（2023?江蘇?江蘇省天一中學?？寄M預測）Inamodernsociety,thepubliccansharemanythings,suchas

bicyclesandcars.Thatiscommonlyreferredtoasa“sharingeconomy”.If"sharedgrannies^^soundsnew,thatis

becauseitisanewideainChinesesociety.

Ateamofelderlywomenwhoserveas“sharedgrannies”,inShipingcunCommunity,Chongqingrecently

receivedpraiseonline.Theyhelpworkingparentspickuptheirchildrenfromschool,helpchildrenwiththeir

homework,andtakechildrentodifferentkindsofactivities.

Theteamhasninewomenintheir60sor70s,mostofwhomlivealone.Theyvolunteertolookaftermorethan

20studentsfromYangshiluPrimarySchool.

Thecommunity,with6,500households,hasmorethan20000peopleofwhommorethan5,000areaged60or

older.Andtherearemanyworkingparentsunabletopickuptheirchildrenfromschool,andmanyofthoseparents

donothaveanyonetopickuptheirchildren.Sotheyareinbadlyneedofhelp.

Ontheotherhand,manyelderlywomeninthecommunityarenotreadytosettleintoretired（退休的）life,and

theyareeagertocontinuetodosomethingfortheircommunity.Sothe“sharedgrannies"programwassetupinApril.

DengLihong,66,volunteeredtobea“sharedgranny^^.""Althoughweareold,weshouldstilldosomethinggood

forourcountry.Childrenarethefutureofourcountry.Ifeelyoungandpleasantwiththechildren,andmyretiredlife

ismeaningful,9,shesays.

CuiJingqin,aself-employedlaborer,hasreliedonthe"sharedgrannies,,sincetheprogrambegan."Myson

lovesthesegrannies,andIamgladthatthe'sharedgrannies,cantakecareofourchildrenafterschool,shesays.

PengMei,secretaryofthePartyCommitteeofShipingcunCommunity,saysthatinadditionto'sharedgrannies5

theyalsocalloncollegestudentstoserveasvolunteers,buymorebooksandorganizemoreactivitiesforchildren.

17.Whichofthefollowingisthetaskof“sharedgrannies”?

A.Sendingchildrentoschool.B.Helpingdothehousework.

C.Organizingsomeactivities.D.Lookingafterchildrenafterschool.

18.Whichwordcanbestdescribe"sharedgrannies”?

A.Financiallydifficult.B.Beneficial.

C.Educated.D.Open-minded.

19.Whydidtheauthormention“CuiJingqin^^?

A.Toshowchildrenlargelyrelyonthisprogram.

B.Toshowwomenwithchildrenliveahardlife.

C.Toshowparentsaresatisfiedwiththisprogram.

D.Toshowwomenplayanimportantpartinsociety.

20.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.ANewGlobalTrendB.ANewKindofSharing

C.ChildrenandTheirGrandmasD.TheComebackofSharedGrandma

(2023?江蘇泰州?統(tǒng)考模擬預測)Anopenletter,attractingsignaturesfromthelikesofTeslaCEOElonMusk

andAppleco-founderSteveWozniak,wasreleasedearlylastweek.Itadvocatesa6-monthstoptogiveArtificial

Intelligence(AI)companiesandregulatorstimetomakesafeguardstoprotectsocietyfrompotentialrisksofthe

technology.

AIhasprogressedatanalarmingspeedsincethelaunchofChatGPT,fromtheMicrosoft-backedcompanyOpen

ALChatGPTreportedlyreachedmorethan100millionusersbyJanuary,2023,andmajortechcompaniesareracing

tobuildgenerativeAIintotheirproducts,whichhavecaughtmanyoffguard.

“Ithinkmanypeoplearen'twellpreparedforthepaceandscaleoftheseAImodels.Theyareidealforspreading

misinformation,cheatingpeopleoutoftheirmoneyandconvincingemployeestoclickondangerouslinksinemails,9,

saysMichaelOsborne,amachinelearningresearcherofAIcompanyMindFoundry,whosignedtheletter."Ifeel

thata6-monthpausewouldgiveregulatorsenoughtimetocatchupwiththerapidpaceofadvances.9,

Privacyisanotheremergingconcern,ascriticsworrythatsystemscouldexactlyreproducepersonalinformation

fromtheirtrainingsets.Italy'sdataprotectionauthorityprohibitedChatGPTon31MarchoverconcernsthatItalians9

personaldataarebeingusedtotrainOpenAl'smodels.Sometechnologistswarnofdeepersecuritythreats.Planned

ChatGPT-baseddigitalassistantsthatcanreadandwriteemailscouldoffernewopportunitiesforhackers.

Unfortunately,manyproblemsoftoday?sAImodelsdon'thaveeasysolutions.Onetrickyissueishowtomake

Ai-generatedcontenteasytodetect.Someresearchersareworkingon“watermarking”——creatingadigitalsignature

intheAl'soutput.However,arecentresearchfindsthattoolswhichslightlychangeAi-producedtextcaneasily

defeatthisapproach.

Microsoftco-founderBillGatestellsReuterstheproposedpausewon't"solvethechallenges^^ahead.Henotes

thepeoplebehindtheletterareheavilyinvolvedinthetechworld,whichhethinksgivesthemanarrowperspective

onthepotentialrisks.

21.Whafsthepurposeoftheopenletter?

A.TodrawtheattentionofAIgiants.

B.TopresenttherisksofAItechnology.

C.TocallforapauseontheAIdevelopment.

D.ToturndowntheapplicationofAIprograms.

22.WhatcanweinferaboutAIfromthetext?

A.AImodelsthreatenhumansurvival.

B.AIusershaveexpandedoutofcontrol.

C.AIdevelopmentbringspotentialdangers.

D.AItechnologywillreplacehumanbeings.

23.Whatdoestheauthoraimtoshowbymentioning“watermarking“inParagraph5?

A.Itishardtosigndigitally.B.ItiseasytodetectAl'soutput.

C.Itiswisetoleaveawatermark.D.ItistoughtosettleAIproblems.

24.WhafsBillGates'attitudetowardsthe6-monthpause?

A.Favorable.B.Negative.

C.Ambiguous.D.Tolerant.

（2023?江蘇南京?金陵中學?？寄M預測）Anelderlyblackmansitsonadrumwithhislegsontwosides.

Usinghisfingersandtheedgeofhishand,hetapsrepeatedlyatthedrumhead,producingstrongdrumbeat.Asecond

drummerjoinsinplayingwiththesamerhythm.Athirdblackmanplaysastringedinstrument,thebodyofwhichis

roughlyfashionedfromacalabash（葫蘆）.Anothercalabashhasbeenmadeintoadrum,andawomanbeatsatitwith

twoshortsticks.Onevoice,thenothervoicesjoinin.Adanceaccompaniesthismusicalgive-and-take,amoving

picturethatappears,ontheonehand,informalandspontaneousyet,oncloserinspection,ritualized（程式化的）and

precise.Itisadanceofmassivesize.Adensecrowdofdarkbodiesformsintocirculargroups-perhapsfiveorsix

hundredindividualsmovingintimetothebeatofthemusic,someswayinggently,othersaggressivelystompingtheir

feet.Anumberofwomeninthegroupbeginchanting.

ThescenecouldbeAfrica.Infact,itisnineteenth-centuryNewOrleans.Scatteredfirsthandaccountsprovide

uswithfascinatingdetailsoftheslavedancesthattookplaceintheopenareathenknownasCongoSquareandthere

areperhapsnomorefascinatingdocumentsinthehistoryofAfricanAmericanmusic.BenjaminLatrobe,thenoted

architect,witnessedoneofthesecollectivedancesonFebruary21,1819,andnotonlyleftusavividwrittenaccount

oftheeventbutmadeseveralsketchesoftheinstrumentsused.ThesedrawingsconfirmthatthemusiciansofCongo

square,about1891,wereplayingpercussion（打擊樂器）andstringedinstrumentsalmostidenticaltothose

characteristicofrealAfricanmusic.

LaterdocumentsaddtoourknowledgeofthepublicslavedancesinNewOrleansbutstillleaveuswithmany

openquestions-someofwhich,intime,historicalresearchmaybeabletoexplain,whileothersmightneverbe

answered.Onething,however,isclear.Althoughthesedayswetendtoviewtheintersectionofblackandwhite

musicalcurrentsasatheoretical,almostsymbolicissue,thesestoriedaccountsoftheCongoSquaredancesprovide

uswitharealtimeandplace,anactualtransferoftotallyAfricanritualtothenativesoiloftheNewWorld.

25.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemusicalsceneinthebeginning?

A.It'sslowandrelaxing.B.It'slovelyandchildlike.

C.Ifsstrongandorganized.D.Ifsdelightfulandencouraging.

26.Whafsthepurposeofparagraph2?

A.Tohelpitsreaderstoreadamusichistorybook.

B.Toshowthevalueoftheaccountsinmusichistory.

C.Tofamiliarizeitsreaderswithatypeofancientmusic.

D.Topraiseanarchitectwhowasadedicatedmusiclover.

27.Whafsthenewunderstandingofthemusic?

A.It'smoreofamusicaltheory.B.It'smoreofavividlife.

C.Ifsmoreofareligiousceremony.D.It'smoreofaculturalsymbol.

28.WhatcanwelearnaboutCongoSquare?

A.Aplacewhereforeignersheldmusicalfestivals.

B.Aplacewheremusichistorianswrotetheirbooks.

C.Aplacewhereslavescouldhaveabreakfromhardlabour.

D.AplacewhereAfricanmusicfounditsvoiceonthenewland.

（2023?江蘇南京?金陵中學校考模擬預測）Inarecentinterview,renownedlinguistandcognitivescientist

NoamChomskygavehisthoughtsontheriseofChatGPT,anditseffectoneducation.Forhim,thekeyallliesin

howstudentsaretaught,and,currently,oureducationalsystemispushingstudentstowardChatGPTandother

shortcuts."Idon'tthinkithasanythingtodowitheducation,ChomskytellsinterviewerThijmenSprakelof

EduKitchen."Ithinkit'sunderminingit.ChatGPTisbasicallyhigh-techplagiarism（票!J竊）Thechallengefor

educators,accordingtoChomsky,istocreateinterestinthetopicsthattheyteachsothatstudentswillbemotivated

tolearn,ratherthantryingtoavoiddoingthework.

Chomsky,whospentalargepartofhiscareerteachingatMIT,feltstronglythathisstudentswouldn'thave

turnedtoAItocompletetheircourseworkiftheywereinvestedintheschoolmaterial.Ifstudentsarerelyingon

ChatGPT,Chomskysaysit's"asignthattheeducationalsystemisfailing.Ifstudentsaren'tinterested,they511finda

wayaroundit.”

TheAmericanintellectualstronglyfeelslikethecurrenteducationalmodelof"teachingtotest“hascreatedan

environmentwherestudentsarebored.Inturn,theboredomturnstoavoidance,andChatGPTbecomesaneasyway

toavoidtheeducation.

WhilesomearguethatchatbotslikeChatGPTcanbeausefuleducationaltool,Chomskyhasamuchdifferent

opinion.Hefeelsthatthesenaturallanguagesystems“maybeofvalueforsomethings,butifsnotobviouswhat.”

Meanwhile,itappearsthatschoolsaretryinghardtofigureouthowtocounteiacttheuseofChatGPT.Many

schoolshavebannedChatGPTonschooldevicesandnetworks,andeducatorsareadjustingtheirteachingstyles.

Someareturningtomorein-classessays,whileothersarelookingathowtheycanincorporatethetechnologyinto

theclassroom.

Itwillbeinterestingtoseeiftheriseofchatbotshelpssteerustowardanewteachingphilosophyandawayfrom

the"teachingtotest“methodthathasbecomethedrivingforceofmodemeducation.It'sthekindofeducationthat

Chomskysayswas"ridiculedduringtheEnlightenment,andsoindirectly,thisnewtechnologymayforceschools

torethinkhowtheyaskstudentstoapplytheirknowledge.

29.Whatdoesstudents5relianceonChatGPTindicate?

A.OureducationexploresAItechnology.

B.Oureducationdoesn'tsatisfyitsgoals.

C.StudentsshowgreatinterestinAItechnology.

D.Studentsdon'thavetimefortheirschoolwork.

30.Whafsthemeaningoftheunderlinedword"counteract“inparagraph5?

A.reduceB.increaseC.supportD.delay

31.WhafsChomsky'sattitudetowardsChatGPT?

A.Negative.B.Positive.C.Doubtful.D.Hopeful.

32.Howshouldeducatorsimprovethepresentsituation?

A.Banstudents9useofAL

B.Adjusttheirteachingprocedure.

C.Changetheirteachingphilosophy.

D.CombinetraditionwithAItechnology.

（2023?浙江?德清縣高級中學?？寄M預測）Ahandshakeseemstobeanormalgesture.Infact,inthe9th

centuryBC,anancientsiteduringtherulingofShalmaneserIIIclearlyshowstwofiguresholdinghands.TheIliad,

usuallydatedtothe8thcenturyBC,mentionsthattwocharacters"takingeachother'shandsandexpressingtheir

loyalty.^^Centurieslater,Shakespeareoncewroteoftwocharacterswhoshookhandsandsworetobebrothersinthe

bookAsYouLikeIt.Shakinghandsseemstobeanancientcustomwhoserootshavedisappearedinthesandsof

time.

Historianswhohavestudiedancientetiquette（禮儀）booksnotethatthemodemhandshakedidnotappearuntil

themiddleofthe19thcentury,whenitwasconsideredaslightlyinappropriategesturethatcouldonlybeused

betweenfriends.ButwhatifShakespearehadwrittenabouthandshakinghundredsofyearsearlier?

AccordingtoauthorTorbjdmLandmarkinhisTalesofHiandBye:GreetingandPartingRitualsAroundthe

World,theproblemcomesindifferingdefinitionsofthehandshake.Theearlyhandshakesmentionedabovewere

partofmakingdealsorpeace;KingShalmaneserIIIreferredtoarebellioninwhichhesignedatreatywiththeKing

ofBabylon.IntheIliad,DiomedesandGlaucusshookhandswhentheyrealizedtheywereguest-friends,and

Diomedesdeclared:66Lefsnottrytokilleachother.Shakespearewassimilarlyreferencingsettlementofaconflict.

Themodernhandshakeasaformofgreetingishardertotrace.AsaDutchsociologistHermanRoodenburg——

thechiefauthorityforthehistoryofhandshaking------wroteinachapterofananthologycalledACulturalHistory

ofGesture,46Morethaninanyotherfield,thatofthestudyofgestureisoneinwhichthehistorianhastomakethe

mostofonlyafewclues”.

Oneoftheearliestclueshecitesisa16th-centuryGermantranslationoftheFrenchwriterRabelais'sGargantua

andPantagruel.WhenonecharactermeetsGargantua,Rabelaiswrites,“Hewasgreetedbycountlesshugsand

countlessgooddays."ButaccordingtoRoodenburg,the16th-centuryGermantranslationaddedreferencestoshaking

hands.

ApopularsayingsuggeststhatCleland'sstatementsagainstbowingwereactuallyawishtogobacktoa

potentiallytraditionalmethodofgreetinginEurope.Asthecenturiesprogressed,handshakingwasreplacedbymore

hierarchical（等級的）waysofgreeting-likebowing.AccordingtoRoodenburg,handshakingsurvivedinafew

remoteplaces,likeinDutchtownswheresomewouldusethegesturetomakepeaceafterdisagreements.Aroundthe

sametime,thosewhovaluedequalityalsomadeuseofhandshaking.Then,astheContinent'shierarchywas

weakened,handshakingbecameacommonpracticeamongpeopleofthesamerank,asitistoday.

33.WhydoestheauthormentionShakespeareinthefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.Toprovethatthehistoryofhandshakingishardtofind.

B.Toillustratethathandshakingisaveryoldcustom.

C.Toshowreadersthathandshakingiscommoninfiction.

D.Toexplainthevalueofhandshakingincommunication.

34.Whatcanwelearnabouthandshakingfromthepassage?

A.Theoriginofhandshakingasaformofgreetingiseasytotrace.

B.CitizensusuallyshakehandstoshowfriendlinessinHolland.

C.Itwasusedonlybetweenfriendsandtoreachanagreement.

D.Itisacommonpracticebetweenpeopleofdifferentsocialpositions.

35.