英語文章概括范文第1篇英語文章概括范文第1篇Hurricanes

1.Didyouknowthatbefore1950，hurricaneshadnonames?Theyweresimplygivennumbers.ThefirstnamesweresimplyAlpha，Bravo，Charlie，etc.Butin1953，femalenamesweregivenbecauseoftheunpredictability(不可預(yù)知的)factorofthestorms.In1979，realizingthesexist(性別歧視的)natureofsuchnames，thelistswereexpandedtoincludebothmenandwomen.

2.Hurricanesandtyphoons(臺(tái)風(fēng))arethesamethings.IftheyformintheAtlantic，wecallthesestrongstormshurricanes，fromtheWestIndianwordhurricane，meaning“bigwind.”AndiftheyarePacificstorms，theyarecalledtyphoonsfromtheChinesetaifun，meaning“greatwind.”Tobeclassifiedasahurricane，thestormmusthavemaximumwindsofatleast75mph.Thesestormsarebig，manyhundredsofmilesindiameter.

3.Hurricanesgettheirpowerfromwatervaporasitgivesoutitsstored-upenergy.Allwatervaporgivesoutheatasitcondenses(凝結(jié))fromagaseousstatetoaliquidstateoverfixedpointsontheequator(赤道).Tomakeahurricane，youmusthaveextremelywet，warmair，thekindofairthatcanonlybefoundintropicalregions.

4.Scientistshavedeterminedthattheheatgivenoutintheprocessofwatercondensationcanbeashighas95billionkilowattsperhour.Injustonedayalone，thestormcanproducemoreenergythanmanyindustrializednationsneedinanentireyear!Theproblemisthatwedon'tknowhowtomakesuchgreatenergyworkforus.

5.Predictingthepathofahurricaneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforforecasters.Itmovesatatypicalspeedof15mph.Butnotalways.Somestormsmayracealongattwicethisspeed，thensuddenlystopandremaininthesamelocationintheoceanforseveraldays.Itcanbemaddening(發(fā)瘋的)ifyouliveinacoastalareathatmaybehit.

6.Thebiggestadvanceinearlydetectioniscontinuouswatchfromweathersatellites.Withthese，wecanseethestormsformandtrackthemfully，frombirthtodeath.Whiletheycanstillkillpeopleanddestroyproperty，hurricaneswillneversurpriseanynationagain.

ShortHistoryofNamingHurricanes

theHurricaneEnergy

inForecastingtheCourseofaHurricane

EnergyStoredinaHurricane

aHurricaneThroughSatelliteWatching

NamesfortheSameThings

maleandfemalenamesareusedforhurricanesinconsiderationof________.

weathersatellitescanensure________ofhurricanes.

specialistsmaybeinterestedin________ofhurricanes.

cannotaccuratelypredictthecourseofahurricanedueto________.

timely(及時(shí)的)discovery

equality

connectionwithhumans，

hugepower

uncertainly

答案：

23.A24.F25.D26.C

27.C28.A29.E30.F

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英語文章概括范文第2篇1.can'thelpdoingsth.禁不住做某事，不由得不做某事

Shecouldn'thepsmiling.

[比較]

(1)can'thelpbutdo不得不……;不能不Whenthestreetsarefullofmeltingsnow,youcan'thelpbutgetyourshoeswet.

(2)cannotbut不能不，只能Hecouldnotbutfeeldisappointed.

[歸納]

(1)help(sb.)(to)dosth.Helpmegethimbacktobedatonce./Byhelpingthemwearehelpingsaveourselves.

(2)help...withsth.幫助……做某事Inthosedaysheusedtohelphermotherwithhergardening.

(3)helponeself/sb.tosth.給自己/別人夾菜/拿煙

等;擅自拿用MayIhelpyoutosomemorevegetables?

(4)help...insth.在……方面幫助某人SheofferedtohelpRoseinthehousekeepingwhenIamnothere.

(5)helpout幫忙(做事;克服困難等)I'veoftenhelpedBoboutwhenhe'sbeenabitshortofmoney.

2.含go的短語

①goaround到處走/跑.(疾病)流傳，(謠言)傳開;goafter追求;goahead說吧，請(qǐng)吧，做吧;goaway離開，出去

②goback走網(wǎng)頭路，翻悔改變;gobad變壞;goboating去劃船

③gofishing去釣魚;goforawalk去散步

④gohiking去徒步旅行;gohome回家

⑤goinfor喜愛，從事于;gointo進(jìn)入，加入

⑥gomad發(fā)瘋

⑦gooff離去，去世;goon繼續(xù)，進(jìn)展，依據(jù);goondoing繼續(xù)做;goout出去，發(fā)出去，熄滅，不時(shí)興;goover研究，檢查，搜查

⑧goshopping去商店;goskating去滑冰;gostraightalong沿著;goswimming去游泳

⑨gothrough通過，經(jīng)受，仔細(xì)檢查;gotobed_

⑩goup上升

[例句]We'llgothroughtheitemsonebyone.我們要逐條研究。Shehasgonebacktoheroldhabits.她又回到了已往的習(xí)慣。ComeonSundaybyyourself-wecangooverthehousetogether.星期天你要過來.我們一起檢查一下房子。Hisspeechwentonforsolongthatpeoplebegantofallasleep.他的演講持續(xù)很長時(shí)間，結(jié)果人們開始想睡。Thatexpressionhasgoneout.NobodyUsesittoday.那個(gè)短語已經(jīng)過時(shí)了，現(xiàn)在沒有人在用它。Theyoungfellowhasn'trealizedthathehasgonewrong.這個(gè)年輕人還沒有意識(shí)到他已經(jīng)誤入歧途。Tiredofgoingshoppingwithhiswife，Mr.Liupretendedtohavesomethingimportanttodo.厭煩與妻子一起去購物，劉先生假裝有重要的事情要做。

【考例2】(北京)Idon't____rock'n'roll.It'smuchtoonoisyformytaste.

A.goafterB.goawaywith

C.gointoD.goinfor

[考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查四個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語的意思。

[答案與解析]Dgoafter追求;goawaywith帶走;gointo進(jìn)入，加入;goinfor喜愛，愛好。根據(jù)句子意思“搖滾音樂太嘈雜。不合乎我的口味.所以我不喜歡”。

【考例】(NMET)Nobodynoticedthethiefslipintothehousebecausethelightshappenedto____.

A.beputupB.givein

C.beturnedonD.goout

[考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查四個(gè)短語的意思。

[答案與解析]Dputup掛起;givein屈服;turnon打開;goout熄滅。本句話意思是“沒有人注意到賊溜進(jìn)了屋子，因?yàn)闊襞銮上缌恕薄?/p>

3.gowrong

(1)走錯(cuò)路;弄錯(cuò)方向

(2)失敗;不順利Allourplanswentwrong./Everythingwentwronginthosedays.

(3)發(fā)生故障Theclockwentwrong.

[比較]表示“變?yōu)椤钡南祫?dòng)詞

(1)go表示由積極向消極方面變化Fishsoongoesbadinhotweather.又如：gomad/pale/blind/hungry

(2)become/get表示由積極向消極或消極向積極方

面變化Theweatherisgettingquitewarm./Graduallyhebecamesilent.

(3)turn多接表顏色的詞Thisinkturnsblackwhenitdries./Heusedtobeateachertillheturnedwriter.

注意：becomeawriter

(4)grow側(cè)重變化過程Theseaisgrowingcalm.

(5)fall進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)Allthreechildrenfellasleep.

英語文章概括范文第3篇雅思閱讀14類題型解題技巧--Summary(摘要填空)

Summary(摘要填空)

1.題型要求：該類題目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中的幾個(gè)段落主要內(nèi)容的縮寫或改寫，我們稱之為摘要。摘要中有幾個(gè)空白部分要求填空。

摘要可分為兩種：全文摘要和部分段落摘要。全文摘要信息來自全文，題目空格的數(shù)目較多。部分段落摘要信息來自原文某幾個(gè)連續(xù)的段落，題目空格的數(shù)目較少。

考試中出現(xiàn)的大部分是部分段落摘要，信息來自原文連續(xù)的兩到三段，題目空格的數(shù)量在5題左右。

對(duì)于部分段落摘要，有的在題目要求中會(huì)指出它來自原文的哪些段落，但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在題目要求中說它是原文的一個(gè)摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它來自原文的哪些段落。

按照填空內(nèi)容，摘要也可分為三種：

1.原文原詞

2.從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選詞

3.自己寫詞。

原文原詞的題目要求中常有fromtheReadingPassage

的字樣。從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選詞，選項(xiàng)的數(shù)目常常超過題目空格的數(shù)目。最近考試中，絕大部分是原文原詞或從多個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選詞，很少有自己寫詞的。

這類題在A類和G類考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率一般都是每兩次考一次，每次考一組，共五題左右。

2.解題步驟

(1)仔細(xì)讀摘要的第一句話，找出它在原文中的出處，通常是和原文某段話的第一句相對(duì)應(yīng)。如果題目要求中已經(jīng)指出了摘要的出處，則此步可以略去不做。

(2)注意空格前后的詞，到原文中去找這些詞的對(duì)應(yīng)詞。

對(duì)應(yīng)詞的特點(diǎn)如下：

A.原詞

B.詞性變化;如空格前的詞為threatening,是形容詞，原文中的詞為threat,是名詞。

C.語態(tài)變化;一個(gè)是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，一個(gè)是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

D.同義詞;如空格前的詞為throwaway，原文中的詞為discard(丟棄，拋棄，遺棄)，它們是同義詞。

(3)仔細(xì)閱讀對(duì)應(yīng)所在的句子，確定正確答案。

(4)注意語法，所填答案必須符合語法規(guī)定。

(5)注意順序性，即題目的順序和原文的順序基本一致。

NOTICE

1.注意題目要求中是否有字?jǐn)?shù)限制。

若要求從原文選詞或自己寫詞，會(huì)有字?jǐn)?shù)要求，如UseONEORTWOWORDS等，答案必須滿足這個(gè)要求。

2.若從原文選詞，只能選原文中連續(xù)的幾個(gè)詞，不能改變它們的順序。

如原文為virginfibre,發(fā)生答案不可能是fibrevirgin。原文為advancesinthe

technology，答案不可能是technologyadvances。

3.若要求從原文選詞，越是生詞，越可能是答案。

下列比較生僻的詞如sustainable(可持續(xù)的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(廢物，雜物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些題目的答案。

4.從選項(xiàng)中選詞，要注意看題目要求是寫答案本身，還是寫選項(xiàng)前的代表字母。

選項(xiàng)前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考試中，選項(xiàng)前大部分都有代表字母。

5.從選項(xiàng)中選詞，答案與原文的六大對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。

(1)原文原詞：與原文完全相同的詞或短語。

(2)詞性變化：原文為necessary，是形容詞，選項(xiàng)為necessity，是名詞。

(3)語態(tài)變化：原文為Governmentshaveencouragedwastepapercollectionandsorting

schemes，是主動(dòng)語態(tài)。摘要中的句子為peoplehavealsobeenencouragedbygovernmenttocollect

theirwasteonaregularbasis，是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

(4)圖表：如果原文中有圖表，一般會(huì)有一題答案來自圖表。

(5)同義詞：原文為tight，選項(xiàng)為restricted，是同義詞。

(6)歸納：有時(shí)文中沒有直接提及，須從幾句話中歸納出答案。一般比較難，目前考試中，至少有一個(gè)空格是歸納出來的。

6.從選項(xiàng)中選詞，如果時(shí)間不夠，可以直接從選項(xiàng)中選擇，不看原文。

這時(shí)，要特別注意語法。這樣做的準(zhǔn)確性50%左右(視題目的難易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非時(shí)間不夠，否則不建議大家這樣做。

7.如果要求自己寫詞，答案絕大部分是原文原詞，少部分是對(duì)原文原詞做的形式上的修改。

要求自己寫詞的機(jī)率很小，遇到過一次。在這一次的5個(gè)題目中有4個(gè)答案是原文原詞，剩下一個(gè)，原文原詞是de-inked，答案根據(jù)語法的需要改為de-ink。

雅思閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)真題解析--HowtoAchieveHappiness

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestion1-13whicharebasedon

ReadingPassagebelow.

Throughoutthewholeperiodofone’slifetime,theachievingofhappiness

canbeseenasourultimateandeverlastinggoal.Happinessisfarmorethana

strongbody,amagnificentvillaoranaround-the-worldtour;itissomethingwe

needfromourheart.However,wecaninvestigatehappinessthroughscientific

methods.

Whenweareaskedthequestion“Wherecanwefindhappiness”,itisa

puzzledifficulttoansweraccurately.Wecanfindhappinessrightinourown

home,inourworkplace,inschool,inthecompanyofourfriends,etc.Itisup

toustofindthewaysandmeanstoachievethathappinesseachofusseekand

longfor.However,itisessentialtorecognizethatthereisnooneabsolute

waytoachievehappiness.Peoplemayhavedifferentideaswithregardtothe

waysofachievinghappiness.Thefollowingfiveclassificationsareperceivedby

manypeopleassourcesofhappiness:familyandfriends,wealth,position,

educationalachievementandfame.

Togiveitacomprehensivedefinition,happinessisamentalstateof

well-beingcharacterizedbypositiveorpleasantemotionsrangingfrom

contentmenttointensejoy.Avarietyofbiological,psychological,religious,

andphilosophicalapproacheshavestriventodefinehappinessandidentifyits

sources.Variousresearchgroups,includingPositivePsychology,endeavorto

applythescientificmethodtoanswerquestionsaboutwhat“happiness”is,and

howwemightattainit.Whilephilosophersandreligiousthinkersoftendefine

happinessintermsoflivingagoodlife,orflourishing,ratherthansimplyas

anemotion.HappinessinthissensewasusedtotranslatetheGreekEudaimonia,

andisstillusedinvirtueethics.

Whilethelevelofphysicalhealthinessisthebiggestdeterminantof

happiness,comparisonoffinancialsuccesswithothersofthesameagegroupis

thesecondlargestsourceofhappinessandunhappiness.Financiallyricher

peopletendtobehappierthanpoorerpeople,accordingtosociological

researcherGlennFirebaughofPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Theirresearchis

focusedonwhethertheincomeeffectonhappinessresultslargelyfromthe

thingsmoneycanbuy(absoluteincomeeffect)orfromcomparingone'sincometo

theincomeofothers(relativeincomeeffect).Theypresenttheirresearchina

sessionpaper,tided“RelativeIncomeandHappiness:ArcAmericansonaHedonk

Treadmill?”Firebaugharguesthat,inevaluatingtheirownincomes,individuals

comparethemselvestotheirpeersofthesameage.Therefore,apersonsreported

levelofhappinessdependsonhowhisorherincomecomparestoothersinthe

sameagegroup.Usingcomparisongroupsonthebasisofage,theresearchers

findevidenceofbothrelativeandabsoluteeffects,butrelativeincomeismore

importantthanabsoluteincomeindeterminingthehappinessofindividualsin

theUnitedStates.Thismayresultinaself-indulgenttreadmill,because

incomesintheUnitedStatesriseovermostoftheadultlifespan.Theyalways

dissatisfywiththesalary.Forexample,thesurveyindicatesthatthestudents

studiedinHarvardUniversityexpecttoearnmuchmoremoneythantheir

classmatesratherthancareabouttheexactamountofthesalary.

WehavelongbeenawarethatelementsfromvariousperspectivesofWecould

contributetorealizinghappiness.TheMinnesotaStudyofTwinsRearedApart

(MISTRA)hasrecentlyconductedaresearchproject,choosing120pairsof

reared-aparttwinsassubjectstotesttheirperceptionofhappiness.Inan

earlyreportofresultsitwasfoundthat,onmostmeasurablepsychological

traits,thelevelofwelfarebetweenthetwinsinasetfeltisvariedinstead

ofbeingthesameorsimilar.Thusenvironmentalfactorsmaynotbetheonly

factorthataffectsthefeelingofhappinesssignificantly.Inanother

investigation,amongpersonsofEuropeanancestry,forpsychologicalfeatures

thatcanbemeasured,heritabilityrangefromabout25percentto80percent.

Or,toputitmoreconcretely,fromone-fourthtofour-fifthsofthevariation

frompersontopersoninsuchfeaturesasIQ,creativityandhappiness,is

associatedwithgeneticdifferencesbetweenthosepersons.Thatindicatesthat

geneticdifferencemayalsoaffectthehappiness.Furthermore,neurobiological

evidenceshowsthatleftandrightfrontallobesplaydifferentrolesinthe

emotion(MC)(M).Happinessisatypeofemotion,apositiveone.Fromthe

experiments,happinessandtheleftprefrontallobearecombinedtogether.The

moreactiveitis,themorepositiveemotionyousense.

Attheoutsetofnewmillennium,aglobalresearchhadaresultthatthe

peoplelivinginthemodernworldwereevenunhappier.Withcrisesbeingonthe

risethesedays,findinghappinesscanbeabitchallenging.Despiteofallthe

stressesassociatedwithlife,westilldoourbesttobehappy—becausebeing

happyistheonlywaytokeepusafloat.Happinessisconsideredavery

importanttherapy,bothphysicallyandmentally.Withit,weareinspiredto

accomplishwhatevergoalswewanttoachieve.It'sastrongdrivethatkeepsus

goingandhelpsusliveourlifeeverysingleday.

Therearemanywaystobehappy.Spendtimewithindividualswhoaredear

toyou.Thereisnothingmorejoyfulthantobewiththepeopleyoulove.During

theweekends,trytoscheduleafuntripforyouandyourpartner,oronefor

yourwholefamily.Justgosomewhereelseforachangeandenjoythechangeof

scenery.Dosomethingniceforothers.Helpingothersisaveryhonorablewayto

findhappiness.Ifyourscheduleistootightforvolunteerwork,youcanjust

donateasmallsumofmoneyorsomeoldclothesortoystocharity.Whenyoueat

out,trytobeagoodtippertothewaitersorthevaletwhosafelyparkedyour

car.Allthesesimplethingswillnotonlymakeyouhappy,butotherpeopleas

well.Startandendyourdaywithasmile.Smilingisaverypowerfulgesture.

There'snoneedforwordstodescribehowpleasantitis.Ifyouhavealousy

day,smileyourwayoutoftheoffice.Whenpeoplesmilebackatyou,itwill

upliftyourmoodandmakeyoufeelbetter.Spendingsometimewithyourfriends.

Aclosecircleoffriendsisoneofthemostimportantsourcesofhappiness.

英語文章概括范文第4篇SUMMARYOFBILATERALWTOAGREEMENT

《SUMMARYOFBILATERALWTOAGREEMENT》

February2,

AGRICULTURE

TheAgreementwouldeliminatebarriersandincreaseaccessfor.exportsacrossabroadrangeofcommodities.Commitmentsinclude:

SignificantcutsintariffsthatwillbecompletedbyJanuary.Overallaverageforagriculturalproductswillbepercentandfor.priorityproducts14percent(downfrom31percent).

Establishmentofatariff-ratequotasystemforimportsofbulkcommodities,.,wheat,corn,cotton,barley,andrice,thatprovidesashareoftheTRQforprivatetraders.SpecificrulesonhowtheTRQwilloperateandincreasedtransparencyintheprocesswillhelpensurethatimportsoccur.Significantandgrowingquotaquantitiessubjecttotariffsthataveragebetween1-3percent.

Immediateeliminationofthetariff-ratequotasystemforbarley,peanutoil,sunflower-seedoil,cottonseedoil,andaphase-outforsoybeanoil.

Therighttoimportanddistributeproductswithoutgoingthroughastate-tradingenterpriseormiddleman.

Eliminationofexportsubsidiesonagriculturalproducts.

ChinahasalsoagreedtotheeliminationofSPSbarriersthatarenotbasedonscientificevidence.

INDUSTRIALPRODUCTS

Chinawouldlowertariffsandeliminatebroadsystemicbarriersto.exports,suchaslimitsonwhocanimportgoodsanddistributetheminChina,aswellasbarrierssuchasquotasandlicenseson.products.

TARIFFS

Tariffscutfromanaverageofpercenttoanaverageofpercentoverallandpercenton.priorityproducts.

ChinawillparticipateintheInformationTechnologyAgreement(ITA)andeliminatealltariffsonproductssuchascomputers,telecommunicationsequipment,semiconductors,computerequipment,andotherhigh-technologyproducts.

Intheautosector,Chinawillcuttariffsfromthecurrent80-100%levelto25%bymid-,withthelargestcutsinthefirstyearsafteraccession.

Autopartstariffswillbecuttoanaverageof10%bymid-2006.

Inthewoodandpapersectors,tariffswilldropfrompresentlevelsof12?18%onwoodand15-25%onpaperdowntolevelsgenerallybetween5%and.

Chinawillalsobeimplementingthevastmajorityofthechemicalharmonizationinitiative.Underthatinitiative,tariffswillbeat0,andpercentforproductsineachcategory.

ELIMINATIONOFQUOTASANDLICENSES

WTOrulesbarquotasandotherquantitativerestrictions.Chinahasagreedtoeliminatetheserestrictionswithphase-inslimitedtofiveyears.

Quotas:Chinawilleliminateexistingquotasuponaccessionforthetop.priorities(.opticfibercable).Itwillphaseoutremainingquotas,generallyby,butnolaterthan.

Quotaswillgrowfromcurrenttradelevelsata15%annualrateinordertoensurethatmarketaccessincreasesprogressively.

Autoquotaswillbephasedoutby2005.Intheinterim,thebase-levelquotawillbe$6billion(thelevelpriortoChina'sautoindustrialpolicy),andthiswillgrowby15%annuallyuntilelimination.

RIGHTTOIMPORTANDDISTRIBUTE

Tradingrightsanddistributionareamongthetopconcernsfor.manufacturersandagriculturalexporters.Atpresent,Chinaseverelyrestrictstradingrights(therighttoimportandexport)andtheabilitytoownandoperatedistributionnetworks.UndertheAgreement,tradingrightsanddistributionserviceswillbeprogressivelyphasedinoverthreeyears.Chinawillalsoopenupsectorsrelatedtodistributionservices,suchasrepairandmaintenance,warehousing,truckingandaircourierservices.

SERVICES

Chinahasmadecommitmentstophaseoutmostrestrictionsinabroadrangeofservicessectors,includingdistribution,banking,insurance,telecommunications,professionalservicessuchasaccountancyandlegalconsulting,businessandcomputerrelatedservices,motionpicturesandvideoandsoundrecordingservices.ChinawillalsoparticipateintheBasicTelecommunicationsandFinancialServicesAgreements.

GRANDFATHERING

ChinawillgrandfathertheexistinglevelofmarketaccessalreadyineffectatthetimeofChina'saccessionfor.servicescompaniescurrentlyoperatinginChina.ThiswillprotectexistingAmericanbusinessesoperatingundercontractualorshareholderagreementsoralicensefromnewrestrictionsasChinaphasesintheircommitments.

DISTRIBUTIONANDRELATEDSERVICES

ChinagenerallyprohibitsforeignfirmsfromdistributingproductsotherthanthosetheymakeinChina,orfromcontrollingtheirowndistributionnetworks.UndertheAgreement,Chinahasagreedtoliberalizewholesalingandretailingservicesformostproducts,includingimportedgoods,throughoutChinainthreeyears.Inaddition,Chinahasagreedtoopenupthelogisticalchainofrelatedservicessuchasmaintenanceandrepair,storageandwarehousing,packaging,advertising,truckingandairexpressservices,marketing,andcustomersupportinthreetofouryears.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Chinanowprohibitsforeigninvestmentintelecommunicationsservices.Forthefirsttime,Chinahasagreedtopermitdirectinvestmentintelecommunicationsbusinesses.ChinawillalsoparticipateintheBasicTelecommunicationsAgreement.Specificcommitmentsinclude:

RegulatoryPrinciples?-Chinahasagreedtoimplementthepro?competitiveregulatoryprinciplesembodiedintheBasicTelecommunicationsAgreement(includinginterconnectionrightsandindependentregulatoryauthority)andwillallowforeignsupplierstouseanytechnologytheychoosetoprovidetelecommunicationsservices.

Chinawillgraduallyphaseoutallgeographicrestrictionsforpagingandvalue-addedservicesintwoyears,mobilevoiceanddataservicesinfiveyears,anddomesticandinternationalservicesinsixyears.

Chinawillpermit50percentforeignequityshareforvalue-addedandpagingservicestwoyearsafteraccession,49percentforeignequityshareformobilevoiceanddataservicesfiveyearsafteraccession,andfordomesticandinternationalservicessixyearsafteraccession.

INSURANCE

Currently,onlytwo.insurershaveaccesstoChina'smarket.Undertheagreement:

Chinaagreedtoawardlicensessolelyonthebasisofprudentialcriteria,withnoeconomic-needstestorquantitativelimitsonthenumberoflicensesissued.

Chinawillprogressivelyeliminateallgeographiclimitationswithin3years.Internalbranchingwillbepermittedconsistentwiththeeliminationoftheserestrictions.

Chinawillexpandthescopeofactivitiesforforeigninsurerstoincludegroup,healthandpensionlinesofinsurance,phasedinover5years.Foreignpropertyandcasualtyfirmswillbeabletoinsurelarge-scalecommercialrisksnationwideimmediatelyuponaccession.

Chinaagreedtoallow50percentownershipforlifeinsurance.Lifeinsurersmayalsochoosetheirownjointventurepartners.Fornon-life,Chinawillallowbranchingor51percentownershiponaccessionandwhollyownedsubsidiariesin2years.Reinsuranceiscompletelyopenuponaccession(100percent,norestrictions).

BANKING

CurrentlyforeignbanksarenotpermittedtodolocalcurrencybusinesswithChineseclients(afewcanengageinlocalcurrencybusinesswiththeirforeignclients).Chinaimposesseveregeographicrestrictionsontheestablishmentofforeignbanks.

Chinahascommittedtofullmarketaccessinfiveyearsfor.banks.

ForeignbankswillbeabletoconductlocalcurrencybusinesswithChineseenterprisesstarting2yearsafteraccession.

ForeignbankswillbeabletoconductlocalcurrencybusinesswithChineseindividualsfrom5yearsafteraccession.

Foreignbankswillhavethesamerights(nationaltreatment)asChinesebankswithindesignatedgeographicareas.

Bothgeographicandcustomerrestrictionswillberemovedinfiveyears.

Non-bankfinancialcompaniescanofferautofinancinguponaccession.

SECURITIES

Chinawillpermitminorityforeign-ownedjointventurestoengageinfundmanagementonthesametermsasChinesefirms.Bythreeyearsafteraccession,foreignownershipofthesejointventureswillbeallowedtoriseto49percent.AsthescopeofbusinessexpandsforChinesefirms,foreignjointventuresecuritiescompanieswillenjoythesameexpansioninscopeofbusiness.Inaddition,33percentforeign?ownedjointventureswillbeallowedtounderwritedomesticequityissuesandunderwriteandtradeininternationalequityandallcorporateandgovernmentdebtissues.

PROFESSIONALSERVICES

Chinahasmadestrongcommitmentsregardingprofessionalservices,includingtheareasoflaw,accounting,managementconsulting,taxconsulting,architecture,engineering,urbanplanning,medicalanddentalservices,andcomputerandrelatedservices.China'scommitmentswillleadtogreatermarketaccessopportunitiesandincreasedcertaintyforAmericancompaniesdoingbusinessinChina.

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MOTIONPICTURES,VIDEOS,SOUNDRECORDINGS

Chinawillallowthe20filmstobeimportedonarevenue-sharingbasisineachofthe3yearsafteraccession..firmscanformjointventurestodistributevideos,softwareentertainment,andsoundrecordingsandtoownandoperatecinemas.

PROTOCOLPROVISIONS

CommitmentsinChina'sWTOProtocolandWorkingPartyReportestablishrightsandobligationsenforceablethroughWTOdisputesettlementprocedures.Wehaveagreedonkeyprovisionsrelatingtoantidumpingandsubsidies,protectionagainstimportsurges,technologytransferrequirements,andoffsets,aswellaspracticesofstate?ownedandstate?investedenterprises.Theserulesareofspecialimportanceto.workersandbusiness.

ChinahasagreedtoimplementtheTRIMsAgreementuponaccession,eliminateandceaseenforcingtradeandforeignexchangebalancingrequirements,aswellaslocalcontentrequirements,refusetoenforcecontractsimposingtheserequirements,andonlyimposeorenforcelawsorotherprovisionsrelatingtothetransferoftechnologyorotherknow-how,iftheyareinaccordancewiththeWTOagreementsonprotectionofintellectualpropertyrightsandtrade?relatedinvestmentmeasures.

TheseprovisionswillalsohelpprotectAmericanfirmsagainstforcedtechnologytransfers.Chinahasagreedthat,uponaccession,itwillnotconditioninvestmentapprovals,importlicenses,oranyotherimportapprovalprocessonperformancerequirementsofanykind,including:localcontentrequirements,offsets,transferoftechnology,orrequirementstoconductresearchanddevelopmentinChina.

ANTIDUMPINGANDSUBSIDIESMETHODOLOGY

TheagreedprotocolprovisionsensurethatAmericanfirmsandworkerswillhavestrongprotectionagainstunfairtradepracticesincludingdumpingandsubsidies.The.andChinahaveagreedthatwewillbeabletomaintainourcurrentantidumpingmethodology(treatingChinaasanon-marketeconomy)infutureanti-dumpingcases.Thisprovisionwillremaininforcefor15yearsafterChina'saccessiontotheWTO.Moreover,whenweapplyourcountervailingdutylawtoChinawewillbeabletotakethespecialcharacteristicsofChina'seconomyintoaccountwhenweidentifyandmeasureanysubsidybenefitthatmayexist.

PRODUCT-SPECIFICSAFEGUARD

TheagreedprovisionsfortheprotocolpackagealsoensurethatAmericandomesticfirmsandworkerswillhavestrongprotectionagainstrapidincreasesofimports.

Todothis,theProduct-SpecificSafeguardprovisionsetsupaspecialmechanismtoaddressincreasedimportsthatcauseorthreatentocausemarketdisruptiontoa.industry.Thismechanism,whichisinadditiontootherWTOSafeguardsprovisions,differsfromtraditionalsafeguardmeasures.ItpermitsUnitedStatestoaddressimportssolelyfromChina,ratherthanfromthewholeworld,thatareasignificantcauseofmaterialinjurythroughmeasuressuchasimportrestrictions.Moreover,theUnitedStateswillbeabletoapplyrestraintsunilaterallybasedonlegalstandardsthatdifferfromthoseintheWTOSafeguardsAgreement.Thiscouldpermitactioninmorecases.TheProduct-SpecificSafeguardwillremaininforcefor12yearsafterChinaaccedestotheWTO.

STATE-OWNEDANDSTATE-INVESTEDENTERPRISES

TheProtocoladdressesimportantissuesrelatedtotheChinesegovernment'sinvolvementintheeconomy.Chinahasagreedthatitwillensurethatstate-ownedandstate-investedenterpriseswillmakepurchasesandsalesbasedsolelyoncommercialconsiderations,suchasprice,quality,availabilityandmarketability,andthatitwillprovide.firmswiththeopportunitytocompeteforsalesandpurchasesonnon-discriminatorytermsandconditions.

Chinahasalsoagreedthatitwillnotinfluencethesecommercialdecisions(eitherdirectlyorindirectly)exceptinaWTOconsistentmanner.WithrespecttoapplyingWTOrulestostate-ownedandstate-investedenterprises,wehaveclarifiedinseveralwaysthatthesefirmsaresubjecttoWTOdisciplines:

Purchasesofgoodsorservicesbythesestate-ownedandstate-investedenterprisesdonotconstitute“governmentprocurement”andthusaresubjecttoWTOrules.

Wehaveclarified