現(xiàn)在完成體和非限定動詞KP1現(xiàn)在完成體的特殊用法1.動作在過去完成，表示“經(jīng)驗”或“經(jīng)歷”。漢語常用“過”來表示，這時常與never,

ever,twice,threetimes…等表示頻度的時間狀語連用，如：“HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?”“Yes，(IhavebeentoBeijing)twice.”2.用于時間或條件狀語從句中，表示將來某個動作發(fā)生之前業(yè)已完成的動作，如：I’llgotoseethefilmassoonasIhavefinishedmyhomework。我一做完作業(yè)就去看電影。其中做完作業(yè)的動作要在看電影動作之前完成。Noparking現(xiàn)在完成體的應用場景（when)及所搭配的時間狀語是怎樣的（how）？JasperWhiteisoneofthoserarepeoplewhobelieveinancientmyths.Hehasjustboughtanewhouseinthecity,buteversincehemovedin,hehashadtroublewithcarsandtheirowners.Whenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Becauseofthis,hehasnotbeenabletogethisowncarintohisgarageevenonce.Jasperhasputup‘NoParking’signsoutsidehisgate,butthesehavenothadanyeffect.Nowhehasputanuglystoneheadoverthegate.ItisoneoftheugliestfacesIhaveeverseen.IaskedhimwhatitwasandhetoldmethatitwasMedusa,theGorgon.Jasperhopesthatshewillturncarsandtheirownerstostone.Butnoneofthemhasbeenturnedtostoneyet！Noparking現(xiàn)在完成體的應用場景（when)及所搭配的時間狀語是怎樣的（how）？JasperWhiteisoneofthoserarepeoplewhobelieveinancientmyths.Hehas

just

boughtanewhouseinthecity,buteversincehemovedin,hehashadtroublewithcarsandtheirowners.Whenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Becauseofthis,hehasnotbeenabletogethisowncarintohisgarageevenonce.Jasperhasputup‘NoParking’signsoutsidehisgate,butthesehavenothadanyeffect.Nowhehasputanuglystoneheadoverthegate.ItisoneoftheugliestfacesIhaveeverseen.IaskedhimwhatitwasandhetoldmethatitwasMedusa,theGorgon.Jasperhopesthatshewillturncarsandtheirownerstostone.Butnoneofthemhasbeenturnedtostoneyet

！1.不確定的時間狀語:already,(not…)yet,just,before,recently,lately2.表示頻度的時間狀語:ever,never,twice,threetimes3.包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的時間狀語:since+時間點或從句，for+時間段，inthepast...days(weeks,months,years…),sofar,uptonow/bynow,bytheendofthisyear/thismonth…today,thisweek(month,year…),thesedays(weeks,months,years...)現(xiàn)在完成體的時間狀語Correctthestory(修改故事)AnexcitingtripIjustreceivedaletterfrommybrother,Tim.HeisinAustralia.Hehadbeenthereforsixmonths.Timisanengineer.HeisworkingforabigfirmandhealreadyvisitedagreatnumberofdifferentplacesinAustralia.HejustboughtanAustraliancarandhasgonetoAliceSprings,asmalltowninthecenterofAustralia.HewillsoonvisitDarwin.Fromthere,hewillflytoPerth.Mybrotherwasneverabroadbefore,soheisfindingthistripveryexciting.AnexcitingtripIhavejustreceivedaletterfrommybrother,Tim.HeisinAustralia.Hehasbeenthereforsixmonths.Timisanengineer.HeisworkingforabigfirmandhehasalreadyvisitedagreatnumberofdifferentplacesinAustralia.HehasjustboughtanAustraliancarandhasgonetoAliceSprings,asmalltowninthecenterofAustralia.HewillsoonvisitDarwin.Fromthere,hewillflytoPerth.Mybrotherhasneverbeenabroadbefore,sohewillfindthistripveryexciting.case

study案例分析1WhileexploringtheancientruinsinIndia,Iaccidentallysteppedonaprotectedarea,notrealizingitwasarestrictedzone.ThelocalguidehaspointedoutthatI’vejustviolatedapreservationlaw.I’velearnedthatI’vebeenfinedformymistake,whichhasbeenaharshlessoninrespectinglocalcustoms.Thankfully,theguidehaskindlyexplainedtheimportanceoftheseregulationstome,andI’veapologizedprofuselytotheauthorities.ThisincidenthastaughtmetoalwaysbemorecautiousandtoresearchtherulesoftheplacesIvisit.I’vealsomadeamentalnotetoaskmorequestionsinthefuturetoavoidsuchincidents.case

study案例分析2Wejustreturnedfromathrillingadventuretothemountains.We’vehikingupsteeptrails,andalthoughwe’vefelttired,theviewsfromthetopwerewortheverystep.Wewerecampingunderthestars,whichwasanewexperienceforus,anditwasmagicaltoseesomanystarsintheclearnightsky.We’vealsotriedourhandatfishinginthecrystal-clearmountainstreams,andsurprisingly,wecatchsomebeautifultrout.Thistriphasbeenfullofsurprisesandfun,andwe’vemadememoriesthatwehavecherishedforever.請修改段落中出現(xiàn)的錯誤時態(tài)并說明原因。任務世界各地都有不文明的旅游現(xiàn)象，有的破壞當?shù)氐牡袼堋⒂械膩y扔垃圾、有的破壞當?shù)厣鷳B(tài)環(huán)境、有的隨地吐痰。這些行為影響市容市貌，屢禁不止。請結合實際，撰寫一篇文章，談談自己的看法，注意正確時態(tài)的運用。關鍵詞:uncivilized，littering，spitting，scribbling

非限定動詞一般式完成體主動態(tài)doinghaving

done被動態(tài)being

donehaving

been

doneCompare

HisjobisteachingEnglish.HeisteachingEnglishnow.I

noticed

a

man

crossing

the

road.I

noticed

a

man

cross

the

road.I

hate

telling

lies.泛指一般的行為I

hate

to

tell

a

lie.特定的行為KP不定式的表達形式eg.Heseems_______________(recover).

Whenhecamein,Ihappened__________(lie)on

thebed，reading.toberecovering.

Haveyouanything_________(send)?

Haveyouanything________(send)?

tohaverecovered.不定式的進行體/完成體tobelyingtobesent不定式的被動式tosend不定式的主動式試比較注：不定式tosend的動作執(zhí)行者是“你”;不定式tobesent的動作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”。KP省略與非省略主語部分含doThe

only

thing

I

can

do

is

(to)

clear

up

this

mess.使役動詞,感官類動詞等變被動時

John

made

her

tell

him

everything.

She

was

made

to

tell

him

everything.He

was

seen

to

enter

the

building.We

can’t

stop

it

(from)

happening

here.

It

can’t

be

stopped

from

happening

here.KP某些形容詞+to

do的歧義現(xiàn)象The

clothes

are

easy

to

wash.

the

clothes

wash

easily.

it

is

easy

to

wash

the

clothes.2.It’stimeforyou________(live)anewlife.3.It’seasyforme_______(do)that.4.It'snecessaryforyou_________(lock)thecarwhenyoudonotuseit.

5.Itwassillyofus__________(believe)him.6.Itseemedselfishofhimnot________(give)themanything.

1.Ittookmeonlyfiveminutes________(finish)thejob.tofinishtolivetodotolocktobelievetogive“It’s+adj.+forsb.todosth.”句型常用于表示事物的特征，用于此句型的形容詞（easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenough等）一般表示客觀事實。

“It‘s+adj.+ofsb.todosth.”句型常用于表示人物的性格，品德，用于此句型的形容詞（kind,nice,right,good,stupid,clever,silly,foolish,selfish,rude,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate）一般表示主觀看法。

句型中for與of的選用方法：

(1)It‘sveryhard

forhimtostudytwolanguages.—Heishard.（不通順，則用for）(2)It’sveryniceofyoutohelpme.—Youarenice.（通順，用of）

KP

to

do做主語時的兩種句型區(qū)別eg.______________(finish)thetest,webeganourholidayHavingfinished-ing分詞的完成主動式

_________________

(give)moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.Havingbeengiven/GivenThisisthebuilding__________(build)now.

beingbuilt-ing分詞的一般被動式試比較

Thisisthebuilding______(build)lastyear.built-ed分詞

Thisisthebuilding__________(build)nextyeartobebuilt不定式的一般被動式-ing分詞的完成被動式/過去分詞KP分詞的表達形式Thetest_________(finish),webeganourholiday.Weather__________(permit),wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.

finishedpermitting獨立主格結構，首先它是一個“格”，而不是一個“句子”，在英語中任何一個句子都要有主謂結構，而在獨立主格結構中，沒有真正的主語和謂語動詞，但又在邏輯上構成主謂或主表關系。當分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，即它獨立存在時，就要使用獨立主格結構，且獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。上面兩句還可轉換成狀語從句。條件合適時，甚至還可轉換為分詞短語。=Afterthetesthadbeenfinished,webeganourholiday.

=Havingfinishedthetest,webeganourholiday.

=Ifweatherpermits,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.用獨立主格結構完成句子（可轉換成狀語從句或分詞短語）1.________________（工作完成后）,wewenthome.

2.______________________（會議結束后),everyonewenthome.3.____________________(由于沒有公交車),theyhadtowalkbackhome.

ThejobdoneThemeetingbeingoverTherebeingnobusesWhenthejobwasdone

Havingdonethejob

Whenthemeetingwasover

AstherewerenobusesKP獨立主格其它形式的獨立主格結構eg.

1.Hestoodthere,(with)hishandsraised/rising.漢譯：2.Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.漢譯：3.Agirlrushedinwithabookinherhand.漢譯：4.Hesleepswiththewindowsopeneveninwinter.漢譯：5.Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.

漢譯：他舉著雙手站在那里。

他沒有熄燈就睡著了。

一位姑娘手里拿著一本書沖了進來。

他即使在冬天也開著窗戶睡覺。

他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。

表示伴隨時，既可用分詞的獨立主格結構，也可用with的復合結構:with+名詞(代詞)+分詞/介詞短語/形容詞。

1.Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback.

A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tying

D.tied2.Withoutaword______,shelefttheworld.

A.leaving

B.left

C.toleave

D.tobeleft

B

3.Hecameoutofthelibrary,(with)alargebook_____hisarm.

A.in

B.at

C.under

D.on

C

DKP做賓補的分詞--have

sth.

doneWe

had

the

problem

solved.

有意的行為“致使”She

had

her

leg

broken

in

an

accident.

無意的行為，“遭受”I

have

no

money

left.

“有”KP懸垂分詞分詞結構在句中找不到邏輯主語

Barking

furiously,

I

led

the

dog

out

of

the

room.Barking

furiously,

the

dog

was

led

out

of

the

room.可接受性（在不引起歧義或語義混亂的情況下）

When

driving

carelessly,

it

is

easy

to

have

an

accident.eg.

Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.

從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。

Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.

總的來說，狗比豬跑得快。分詞作插入語時，其結構是固定的，主要有如下這些插入語：

generallyspeaking一般說來

talkingof(speakingof)說道

strictlyspeaking嚴格的說

judgingfrom從…判斷

allthingsconsidered從整體來看

takingallthingsintoconsideration全面看來KP分詞的特殊用法---插入語KP非限定動詞用法比較1---做修飾語Thereisnothingtoworryabout（動賓，主謂，同位等關系）Walking

stick.

(表用途）He

rushed

into

the

burning

house.(表進行）The

child

sitting

over

there

is

my

son.(后置修飾語，類似關系分句）Fallen

leaves

(表完成）The

girl

killed

last

night

is

only

16..(后置修飾語，類似關系分句）試比較Thisisthebuildingbeingbuiltnow.

Thisisthebuildingbuiltlastyear.

Thisisthebuildingtobebuiltnextyear.同時發(fā)生之前之后KP非限定動詞用法比較2---做主語Climbingmountainsisinteresting．（一般性）

It’sveryinterestingtoClimbthemountainwithyouthisafternoon．（具體）-ed分詞不做主語KP非限定動詞用法比較3---做賓語Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.同一個動詞后加-ing分詞或不定式的意義可能不一樣-ed分詞不做賓語試比較：Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.

Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.

Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.Be

afraid

to

do主觀上不敢；be

afraid

of

doing客觀上害怕，習慣性KP非限定動詞用法比較4---做主補WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.（表將來，具體）Ourworkisservingthepeople.（表抽象，一般性）Students

will

get

confused

if

they

are

made

to

learn

too

much.KP非限定動詞用法比較5---做賓補作賓補時，經(jīng)常用于使役動詞和感官動詞之后。IoftenheardhimsingEnglishsongs.（不定式，表完成，重結果）

Listen!CanyouhearhimsingingEnglishsongs?（-ing分詞，表進行，重過程）

IoftenheardtheEnglishsongsunghere.（-ed分詞,表被動）KP非限定動詞用法比較6---做狀語Theystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplan．分詞作狀語常表時間，原因，條件或伴隨

Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan．不定式做狀語常表目的或結果He

cleaned

the

chair

for

Lily

to

sit

on.(表目的，帶邏輯主語）Given

more

attention,

the

trees

could

have

grown

better.KP非限定動詞用法比較7---各自的邏輯主語不定式的邏輯主語為：for/of+名詞(或代詞賓格)+不定式。

Ifounditimpossibleforhimtodothejobalone．Itwaswiseofhimtodothat．分詞的邏輯主語為：①屬格；②獨立主格Tominsistedonmy

goingwiththem．Hedislikeshiswife’s

workinglate．