一個美國人苦學(xué)漢語十年，自信滿滿到中國參加漢語考試，結(jié)果打開試卷只看了一眼，就淚流滿面，交白卷回國了。試題如下：請解釋下文中每個“意思”的意思。小明給領(lǐng)導(dǎo)送紅包時，兩人的對話頗有意思。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：“你這是什么意思？”小明：“沒什么意思，意思意思?！鳖I(lǐng)導(dǎo)：“你這就不夠意思了。”小明：“小意思，小意思?！鳖I(lǐng)導(dǎo)：“你這人真有意思?！毙∶鳎骸捌鋵嵰矝]有別的意思?！鳖I(lǐng)導(dǎo)：“那我就不好意思了。”小明：“是我不好意思?！鳖I(lǐng)導(dǎo)：你這是想干什么？小明：我不干什么，就給您送點禮物。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：我這么正直，怎么能接受下屬的送禮呢，你給我送禮不是限我于不義么。小明：沒什么好東西，不算是送禮，您就不要推辭了。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：你這人真懂事。小明：您別多想，我只是單純的想和您多溝通溝通，沒有說送您東西讓您辦事的想法（其實就是向您示好，能關(guān)照的地方關(guān)照一下）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：那我就收下了。小明：（送完禮謙虛的說法）您不嫌棄禮物輕就好。HighcontextLowcontextByAmanda,SWUCathyADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREJohnTonyTomADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHERETFEdwardT.HallCONTEXT“Theinformationthatsurroundsanevent;itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.”DEFINITIONSHighcontext(HC)Ahigh-contextcommunicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.Lowcontext(LC)ALow-contextcommunicationisjusttheopposite,i.e.,themassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.AmericanIndian,LatinAmerican,Japanese,Arab,Chinese,AfricanAmerican,KoreanHigh–ContextCultureLow-ContextCultureGerman,Swiss,Scandinavian,NorthAmericanHigh-contextCulture

Japanese Chinese Korean AfricanAmerican NativeAmerican Arab Greek Latin Italian English French American Scandinavian German German/SwissLow-contextCultureCulturesarrangedalongthehigh-context&low-contextdimensionCathyADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREJohnTonyTomADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHERE“Iloveyou”“私はあなたを愛しています”和“我君ヲ愛ス”“月が綺麗ですね”（今夜的月色真美）“気をつけて”（小心一點）CHARACTERS&DIFFRENCESMostoftheinformationiseitherinthephysicalcontextorinitializedintheperson.Themassofinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Dense,intersectingnetworks,long-termrelationships,strongboundaries,relationshipismoreimportantthantask.Loose,widenetworks,shorterterm,compartmentalizedrelationships,taskismoreimportantthanrelationship..

High-contextculture

Low-contextculture

TheStructureofRelationshipsImplicit,complicatedpatterns,hardtoexplainExplicit,consciouslyorganizedMainTypeofCulturalKnowledgeRelationshipsdependontrust,buildupslowly,andarestable.

Relationshipsbeginandendquickly.Manypeoplecanbeinsideone'scircle;circle'sboundaryisnotclear.Thingsgetdonebyrelationshipswithpeopleandattentiontogroupprocess.Thingsgetdonebyfollowingproceduresandpayingattentiontothegoal.One'sidentityisrootedingroups(family,culture,work).

AssociationOne'sidentityisrootedinoneselfandone'saccomplishments.Socialstructureisdecentralized.Highuseofnonverbalelements;voicetone,facialexpression,gestures,andeyemovementcarrysignificantpartsofconversation.Messageiscarriedmorebywordsthanbynonverbalmeans.Verbalmessageisindirect;onetalksaroundthepoint.

Verbalmessageisdirect;onespellsthingsoutexactly.Communicationisseenasawayofexchanginginformation,ideas,andopinions.InteractionCommunicationisseenasanartform-away

ofengagingsomeone.Disagreementispersonalized.(Oneissensitivetoconflictwithanother.Conflictmustbesolvedoravoidedbeforework.)Disagreementisdepersonalized.(Onewithdrawsfromconflictwithanotherandgetsonwiththetask.Focusisonrationalsolutions,notpersonalones.)CathyADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREJohnTonyTomADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREDealingproblemsCathyADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREJohnTonyTomADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHERERelationship2024/9/26anger2024/9/26OpinionCAUSESCathyADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREJohnTonyADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREDiversityCausesHigher-contextcultureslower-contextculturelowracialdiversitylesshomogeneousHomogeneousTraditionandhistoryHigher-contextcultureslower-contextcultureastrongsenseoftraditionandhistorychangealotchangeverylittleovertime“eloquence”“Silencesendsabettermessagethanwords”CathyADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREJohnTonyTomADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREADDYOURTEXTHEREBibliographyHall,E.T.BeyondCulture.NewYork:Doubleday,1976.胡超，“高語境與低語境交際的文化淵源”，《寧波大學(xué)學(xué)報(人文科學(xué)版)》2009年04期。李杰，“語境與會話含義”，《外語教學(xué)》2001年第