3.1.1.起重機械和簡易起重機械

3.1.1.Liftingmachineryandsimpleliftingmachinery12起重機械Liftingmachinery簡易起重機械Simpleliftingmachinery

一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery

鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的吊裝，根據(jù)起重的質(zhì)量可分三個級別:大型，中型，一般Theliftingofsteelstructure,accordingtothequalityoflifting,canbedividedintothreelevels:large,medium,general一般general起重質(zhì)量為40t以下Theliftingmassisbelow40t大型large起重質(zhì)量為80t以上Theliftingmassismorethan80t中型medium起重質(zhì)量為10～80tTheliftingmassis10~80t一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery

常用的吊裝機械有各種自行式起重機、軌道塔式起重機、自制桅桿式起重機和小型吊裝機械等。

Commonlyusedliftingmachineryarevariousself-propelledcranes,railtowercranes,self-mademastcranesandsmallliftingmachinery.常用吊裝機械Commonlyusedhoistingmachinery自行式起重機Self-propelledcranes軌道塔式起重機Railtowercrane自制桅桿式起重機Homemademastcrane小型吊裝機械Smallliftingmachinery一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery

如右圖所示，由回轉(zhuǎn)臺和履帶行走機構(gòu)組成。在回轉(zhuǎn)臺上裝有動力裝置、傳動裝置、工作機構(gòu)及平衡重等，工作機構(gòu)主要包括起重桿、起重滑輪組、變幅滑輪組、卷揚機及車體和車體后面的平衡配重等，能360度旋轉(zhuǎn)。Asshowninthepictureontheright,itconsistsofarotarytableandacrawlertravelingmechanism.Therotarytableisequippedwithpowerdevice,transmissiondevice,workingmechanismandcounterweight,etc.,andtheworkingmechanismmainlyincludesliftingrod,liftingpulleyset,luffingpulleyset,hoistandbalancecounterweightbehindthecarbodyandcarbody,etc.,whichcanrotate360degrees.1.自行式起重機——履帶式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–crawlercrane一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery自行式起重機優(yōu)點Advantagesofself-propelledcranes操作靈活，使用方便，履帶著地，前后行走可轉(zhuǎn)向360度，在一般的平整結(jié)實路面上均可行駛，吊物可退可避，對施工場地要求不嚴，可在不平整泥濘的場地或略加處理的松軟場地行駛和工作。Flexibleoperation,easytouse,crawlerground,frontandrearwalkingcanturn360degrees,canbedrivenonthegeneralflatandsolidroad,hangingobjectscanberetreatedandavoided,theconstructionsiterequirementsarenotstrict,canbedrivenandworkedinunevenandmuddysitesorslightlytreatedsoftsites.1.自行式起重機——履帶式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–crawlercrane一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery自行式起重機缺點Disadvantagesofself-propelledcranes自重大，行駛速度慢，在遠途行駛時，速度慢，轉(zhuǎn)向不方便，對柏油馬路有履帶痕跡。Self-weight,slowdrivingspeed,whendrivinglongdistances,slowspeed,inconvenientsteering,trackmarksonasphaltroads.1.自行式起重機——履帶式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–crawlercrane一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery1.自行式起重機——輪胎式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–rubberycrane輪胎式起重機構(gòu)造與履帶式起重機基本相同，只是行走接觸地面的部分改用多輪胎而不是履帶，把起重機構(gòu)裝在由加重型輪胎和輪軸組成的特制底盤上，重心較低，起重平穩(wěn)，底盤結(jié)構(gòu)牢固，車輪間距較大，在底盤兩側(cè)安裝有四個可伸縮的支腿，在工作時需固定在一個限制的位置上。Thestructureofthetirecraneisbasicallythesameasthecrawlercrane,butthepartthatwalksincontactwiththegroundischangedtomulti-tireinsteadofcrawler,andtheliftingmechanismisinstalledonaspecialchassiscomposedofheavy-dutytiresandaxles,withalowcenterofgravity,stablelifting,afirmchassisstructure,alargewheelspacing,andfourretractableoutriggersinstalledonbothsidesofthechassis,whichneedtobefixedinarestrictedpositionwhenworking.輪胎式起重機優(yōu)點Advantagesoftyrecrane機動性高、行駛速度快、操作和轉(zhuǎn)移方便，有較好的穩(wěn)定性，起重臂多為伸縮式，長度改變自由、快速，對路面無破壞性Highmobility,fastdrivingspeed,easyoperationandtransfer,goodstability,liftingarmismostlytelescopic,lengthchangefree,fast,non-destructivetotheroadsurface1.自行式起重機——輪胎式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–Rubbercrane在工作狀態(tài)下不能載重行走，工作面受到限制，對構(gòu)件布置、排放要求嚴格，施工場地需平整、碾壓堅實，在泥濘場地行走困難Intheworkingstate,itcannotcarrytheload,theworkingsurfaceisrestricted,therequirementsforcomponentlayoutanddischargearestrict,theconstructionsiteneedstobeflatandcompacted,anditisdifficulttowalkinthemuddysite輪胎式起重機缺點Tiretypecranedisadvantages一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery1.自行式起重機——汽車式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–truckcrane汽車式起重機把起重機構(gòu)裝在汽車底盤上，起重臂桿采用高強度鋼板作成箱形結(jié)構(gòu)，吊臂可根據(jù)需要自動逐節(jié)伸縮，并設(shè)有各種限位和報警裝置，起重機動力由汽車發(fā)動機供給。Thetruckcraneismountedontheautomobilechassis,theliftingboomismadeofhigh-strengthsteelplateintoabox-shapedstructure,theboomcanautomaticallyexpandandtelescopicsectionbysectionasneeded,andisequippedwithvariouslimitandalarmdevices,andthecranepowerissuppliedbytheautomobileengine.1.自行式起重機——汽車式起重機1.Self-propelledcrane–truckcrane行走速度快，轉(zhuǎn)向方便，具有使用靈活、機動性高、轉(zhuǎn)移迅速、對路面破壞小、可高速和遠距離行駛、自動控制靈敏、安全可靠Fastwalkingspeed,convenientsteering,flexibleuse,highmobility,rapidtransfer,smalldamagetotheroadsurface,high-speedandlong-distancedriving,sensitiveautomaticcontrol,safeandreliable行走時需要路面堅實平坦。吊裝構(gòu)件時，不能行走，車體需在固定的位置上工作。Whenwalking,theroadsurfaceneedstobefirmandflat.Whenhoistingcomponents,itcannotbewalked,andthecarbodyneedstoworkinafixedposition.優(yōu)點advantages缺點disadvantages一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery2.塔式起重機2.Towercrane塔式起重機(塔吊)是把起重臂和起重機構(gòu)裝在金屬塔架上，整個起重機沿鋼軌道行走，工作時，只限制在軌道和起重臂的長度范圍內(nèi)作固定吊裝或行走吊裝，有行走式、固定式、附著式和內(nèi)爬式幾種。Towercrane(towercrane)istheliftingboomandliftingmechanismmountedonthemetaltower,thewholecranealongthesteeltrackwalking,whenworking,onlylimitedtothelengthrangeofthetrackandliftingboomforfixedliftingorwalkinghoisting,therearewalking,fixed,attachedandinternalclimbingtype.一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery2.塔式起重機2.Towercrane塔式起重機一般應(yīng)用于多高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)施工現(xiàn)場的材料和構(gòu)件的吊裝和運輸。Towercranesaregenerallyusedintheliftingandtransportationofmaterialsandcomponentsattheconstructionsiteofmulti-high-risebuildingstructures塔式起重機優(yōu)點Towercraneadvantages安裝空間和半徑大，覆蓋空間大，吊裝效率高，構(gòu)件布置可較為靈活，吊裝構(gòu)件方便，起重臂可以轉(zhuǎn)向，安裝屋面板、支撐等構(gòu)件時，臂桿在使用范圍內(nèi)不受已安裝構(gòu)件的影響。Theinstallationspaceandradiusarelarge,thecoveragespaceislarge,theliftingefficiencyishigh,thecomponentlayoutcanbemoreflexible,theliftingcomponentsareconvenient,theliftingarmcanbesteered,andwheninstallingroofpanels,supportsandothercomponents,theboomisnotaffectedbytheinstalledcomponentswithinthescopeofuse.2.塔式起重機2.Towercrane塔式起重機缺點Towercranedisadvantages只能直線行走或移動，工作面受到限制，起重機轉(zhuǎn)移搬運、拆卸和組裝不方便，較費工費時，吊裝場地利用率低。Itcanonlywalkormoveinastraightline,theworkingsurfaceisrestricted,thecranetransferhandling,disassemblyandassemblyareinconvenient,morelabor-intensiveandtime-consuming,andtheutilizationrateoftheliftingsiteislow.一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery3.起重桅桿3.Liftingmast

起重桅桿可根據(jù)安裝現(xiàn)場的具體情況，安裝工件的品種規(guī)格、重量、吊裝高度等要求來確定。分類：固定式，移動式。Theliftingmastcanbedeterminedaccordingtothespecificconditionsoftheinstallationsite,thevarietyandspecifications,weight,liftingheightandotherrequirementsoftheinstallationworkpiece.Classification:fixed,mobile.一起重機械

FirstLiftingmachinery二簡易起重機械

SecondSimpleliftingmachinery1.千斤頂安裝作業(yè)時，千斤頂常常用來頂升工件或設(shè)備、矯正工件的局部變形。千斤頂有液壓式、螺旋式、齒條式三種型式。1.JackDuringinstallationoperations,jacksareoftenusedtoliftworkpiecesorequipmentandcorrectlocaldeformationofworkpieces.Therearethreetypesofjacks:hydraulictype,spiraltypeandracktype.二簡易起重機械

SecondSimpleliftingmachinery1.千斤頂1.Jack

齒條式千斤頂一般承載能力不大，起重量較小，因而不常用。Rackjacksgenerallyhavelittlebearingcapacityandsmallliftingcapacity,sotheyarenotcommonlyused螺旋式千斤頂起重能力較大，可達100t(1000kN)，最為常用Spiraljackshavealargeliftingcapacity,upto100t(1000kN),andarethemostcommonlyused液壓千斤頂起重能力最大，可達320t(3200kN)，最為常用Hydraulicjackshavethelargestliftingcapacity,upto320t(3200kN),andarethemostcommonlyused2.卷揚機2.Winch卷揚機是吊裝作業(yè)中常用的動力裝置，分為手動卷揚機和電動卷揚機。Thewinchisacommonlyusedpowerunitinliftingoperations,whichisdividedintomanualwinchandelectricwinch.手動卷揚機：由卷筒、鋼絲繩、摩擦止動器、止動棘輪裝置、齒輪組、變速器、手柄等部件組成Manualwinch:Itiscomposedofdrum,wirerope,frictionstopper,stopratchetdevice,gearset,transmission,handleandothercomponents電動卷揚機：電動卷揚機由卷筒、減速器、電動機、電磁抱閘等部件組成Electricwinch:Theelectrichoistiscomposedofreel,reducer,motor,electromagneticbrakeandothercomponents二簡易起重機械

SecondSimpleliftingmachinery3.絞磨3.Grinding

絞磨是一種采用最為普遍的由人力牽引的起重工具。它由中心軸、支架和推桿等組成。絞盤是依靠摩擦力驅(qū)動繩索的，繩索圍繞在鼓輪上(一般是4～6圈)。工作時，一端使繩索拉緊(用來牽引)，另一端又把繩索放松(用手拉住)。為防止倒轉(zhuǎn)而產(chǎn)生事故，在鼓輪中心軸上裝有制動齒輪裝置。Grinding,whichisthemostcommonlyusedliftingtoolpulledbyhumanpower,isused.Itconsistsofacentralshaft,bracketandpusher,etc.Thewinchreliesonfrictiontodrivetherope,andtheropeiswrappedaroundthedrum(generally4~6turns).Whenworking,oneendtightenstherope(forpulling)andtheotherendrelaxestherope(pullsbyhand).Inordertopreventaccidentsduetoreversal,abrakegeardeviceisinstalledonthec