II.GrammarandVocabulary

SectionA

Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblanksiomakethepassagecoherentand

grammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperfromof

ihegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useoneword(hatbestfitseachblank.

(A)

Theiconicsmileyfacemayseemlikeamodemsymbol,butthediscoveryofasmiley

face-likepaintingonanancientpieceofpotterysuggests(hatii(21)bemucholder.

DuringanexcavationofKarke-mish,anancientHittitecity(22)remainsarein

modern-dayTurkeyneartheSyrianborder,archaeologistscameacrossa3,700-year-oldpitcher

(罐子)thathasthreevisiblepainlstrokesonit:aswooshofasmileandtwodotsforeyes(23)

________it.

“The(24)(smile)faceisundoubtedlylhere.MNikoloMarchetti,anassociate

professorintheDepartmentofHistoryandCulturesattheUniversityofBolognainItaly,told

LiveScienceinanemail."Therearenoothertracesofpaintingonthepitcher.”

TheteamofTurkishandItalianarchaeologistsfoundihepitcher,which(25)(date)

backtoabout1700B.C.?in(26)wasaburialsitebeneathahouseinKarkemish.

Marchettisaid.Thepitcherwaslikelyused(odrinksherbet,asweetbeverage,hetoldIheAnadolu

Agency,aTurkishnewsoutlet.

Thearchaeologistsalsofoundothervasesandpois,aswellasmeialgoodsintheancienicity,

which(27)(measure；about135acres(55hectares),orslightlymorethan100football

fields.

ThenameKarkemishtranslatesto“Quayof(thegod)Kamis,"agodpopularatthatlimein

northernSyria.Thecitywasinhabitedfrom(hesixthmillenniumB.C.,untilthelateMiddleAges

(28)itwasabandoned,andpopulatedbyastringofdifferentcultures,includingihe

Hittites,NeoAssyriansandRomans,thearchaeologistssaidinastatemenl.Itwasusedoncemore

in1920asaTurkishmililaryoutpost,thearchaeologistsadded.

Britisharchaeologistsvisitedthesiteinthelate1800sandearly1900s,buttherewasstill

much(29)(uncover),sothenewteam,directedbyMarchetti,beganexcavatingitin

2003.Butitwasn'tuntilthispastfieldseason,whichbeganinMay,(30)the

archaeologistsunearthedthepitcherwiththeemoji-likepainling.

(B)

TheBattleofChancellorsville,oneofthemostfamousbattlesoftheCivilWar,tookplacein

Virginiainthespringof1863.Formonths,(hetwoarmieshadbeenstayingonoppositebanksofa

narrowriver.TheConfederate(南方聯(lián)盟)iroopswereledbyperhaps(31)(honored)

militarytactician(戰(zhàn)略家)inAmericanhistory,GeneralRobertE.Lee.TheUnion(北方聯(lián)盟)

soldieswereledby''Fighting”JueHooker.

Inappearance,personality,andlifestyle,thesemenwerenearlyperfectopposites.Lee.an

oldermaninpoorhealthwithagraybeard,hadasolemn,measuredcharacter.Hookerwasablond,

broad-shoulderedyoungmanwhoseprideoverisappearancewasbutoneaspectofhis

self-centeredness.WhereasLeewasloyalandprincipled,Hookerwasknown(32)his

rollickingenjoymentofbothwomenandwhiskey.

DespitethefactthattheConfederacy(33)(win)thelastfourmajorbattlesandthe

Unionsoldierswerestarving,：34)(exhaust),anddemoralized.Hookerproclaimed,

“Myplansareperfect.AndwhenIstarttocarrythemout,(35)Godhavemercyon

BobbyLee,forIshallhavenone/'WhywasHookersoconfident?

Hookerhadusedspies,analysts,andevenhotairballoonstocompileavastamountof

intelligenceaboutLee'sarmy.Hehadalreadybeenaware,forexample,(36)Leehad

only61.000menHooker'sown134,000.Supportedbyhissuperiornumbers.Hookersecretly

moved70,000ofhismenfifteenmilesupandacrosstheriver,andthenorderedthemtosneak

backdowntoposition(37)behindLee'sarmy.Ineffect.Hookerhadcutoffthe

Confederatesoldiersinfrontandbehind.Theyweretrapped.Satisfiedwithhisadvantage,Hooker

becameconvincedthatLee'sonlyoptionwastoretreattoRichmond,thus(38)(assure)

aUnionvictory.

YetLee,despitehisdisadvantagesofbothnumbersandposition,didnotretreat.Instead,he

movedhistroopsintopoisitiontoattack.UnionsoldierswhotriedtowarnHookerthatLeewas

ontheoffensive(39)(dismiss)ascowards.HavingbecomeconvincedthatLeehadno

choicebut(40)(retreat),Hookerbegantoignorereality.WhenLee'sarmyattackedthe

Unionsoldiersat5:00p.m.,theywereeatingsupper,completelyunpreparedforbattle.They

abandonedtheirriflesandfledasLee'stroopscameshriekingoutofthebrush,bayonetsdrawn.

Againstallodds,LeewontheBattleofChancellorsviHc,andHooker'sforceswithdrewindefeat.

SectionB

Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeused

onlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

(A)

A.assumedB.doublingC.misguidedD.extentE.appreciating

F.concentrationsG.underestimationH.negativeI.uncertainlyJ.revelation

K.consequences

Globalwarmingmaybefarworsethanthought,cloudanalysissuggests

Climatechangeprojectionshavevastlyunderestimatedtherole(hatcloudsplay,meaning

futurewarmingcouldbefarworsethaniscurrentlyprojected,accordingtonewresearch.

Researcherssaidthata(n)(41)ofcarbondioxideintheEarth\atmosphere

comparedwithprc-industrialtimescouldresukinaglobaltemperatureincreaseofupto5.3℃-

farwarmerthanthe4.6℃oldermodelspredict.

Theanalysisofsatellitedata,ledbyYaleUniversity,foundthatcloudshavemuchmore

liquidinthem,ratherthanice,(hanhasbeen(42)untilnow.Cloudswithicecrysials

reflectmoresolarlightthanthosewithliquidinthem,stoppingitreachingandheatingiheEarth's

surface.

The(43)of(hecurrentlevelofliquiddropletsincloudsmeansthatmodels

showingfuturewarmingare(44),saysthepaper,publishedinScience.Italsofound

thatfewercloudswillchangetoahcat-reflectingstateinthefuture-duetoCO.increases-than

previously(bought,meaningthatwarmingestimateswillhavetoberaised.

Suchhigherlevelsofwarmingwouldmakeitmuchmoredifficultforcountriestokeepthe

globaltemperaturerisetobelow2℃,astheyagreedtodoal(helandmarkParisclimatesummit

lastyear,toavoiddangerousextremeweatherand(45)effectsonfoodsecurity.The

world,hasalreadywarmedby1℃sincetheadventofheavyindustry,drivenbyCO,(46)

soaringbymorethan40%.

Alackofdataandcontinuing(47)overtheroleofcloudsistoblameforthe

confusionaboutwarmingestimates,saidIvyTan.agraduatestudentatYalewhoworkedonthe

researchwithacademicsfromYaleandtheLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory.

“Modelshavebeensystematicallyunderestimating(heamountofliquidinclouds,meaning

thatwearen'tfully(48)thefeedback,**shesaid."Ilcouldmeanourhigherlimitof

warmingisnowevenhigher,dependingonthemodel,whichmeansserious(49)forus

intermsofclimatechange.^^

“Thisisoneofthelargestuncertaintiesleftinclimatechange.Weneedtounderstandthese

feed-backsalotbelter.M

Scientistshavebeentryingtogettogripswiththe(50)towhichcloudsandwater

vaporwillinfluencethewarmingalreadyunderway.Apaperpublishedlastyearfoundthat

short-termfluctuationsincloudshavelargeimpactsonthenetraleofhealgainbytheEarth.

(B)

A.revealB.questionableC.occurD.closeE.witness

F.practiceG.accidentalH.delicateI.openJ.signK.exceptionalism

Weliketothinkthatthehumanmindisspecial.One(51)ofoursuperiorityis

self-awareness,whichisgenerallyseenasthepeakofconsciousness.Onlyaselectgroupof

specieshaspassedthetestofbengabletore-cognisethemselvesinamirror.

Themirrortestisa(n)(52)inpsychologythathasbeenusedsincetheearly1970s

todetermineifananimaloryounghumanchildpossessesalevelofinnateseit-awarenesswhen

heorsheseeshisorherreflectioninamirror.Formanydecades,themirrortestwasbelievedto

(53)thefactthatonlyhigherprimateshadtheabilitytobeself-awareonafundamental

level.Butnowalittlefish,thecleanerwrassehasbecomethefirstfishevertopassthemirrortests.

Whatarewotomakeofthis?

Admittedly,themirrortestisa(n)(54)wayofprobingthemindsofotheranimals.

Butthefindingdoesfitwithanewideathattheabilitytorecogniseoneselfismorerelatedtoan

animal'slifestylethantoitsbrainsize.Self-awarenessislikelyio(55)increatures

whosesurvivalisdependentonreadingthemindsofothers.Infac:,bythiswayofthinking,itis

nothingmorethana(n)(56)by-productofevolution,asimulation(模擬)createdbythe

brain,orevenjustahallofmirrorsgivingtheillusionofcomplexity.

Thecleanerwrasselivesoncoralreefsandprovidesaservicebybitingparasitesoffthe

scalesofbiggerfishgently,a(n)(57)relationshipthatmayrequireinsightintothe

mindsofi(sclients.Such^theoryofmind"haslongbeenseenasanothercornerstoneofhuman

menialsuperiority.Thepossibilitythatfishpossessitisnot.however,Iheonlythreattoourhuman

(58).Ilmaynotbelongbeforecomputersgiveusarunforourmoney,too.

Researchershavecreatedasetofteststolookfortheoryofmindinartificialintelligence-

andsomesystemsare(59)topassing.Weprobablydon'tneedtoworryaboutrobots

ihatcanrecognise(hemselvesit.mirrors.Butwemightwanttobemore(60)totheidea

ihaihumanintelligenceisn'tquiteasspecialasweliketothink.

HLReadingComprehension

SectionA

Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,

CandD.Fillineacliblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.

Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflife

canbe(61)anddamaged?JudgingfromtheexperimentofFrederickinthethirteenth

century,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifababyheardno

mother(62),theexperimentertoldthenursestokeepsilent.

Allthe(63)diedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackof

languagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyear

oflife(64),thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.

Todaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbytheexperimenter.(65)some

childrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotheris(66)

tothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.If

thesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimefor(67)skillspassesandtheymight

neverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyatrighttimebutthe

processisslowandhardoncethe(68)stagehaspassed.

Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandata(69)

age,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstarted(70)inachildwhoeventuallyturns

outtoheofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-Iikesounds;attwelve

monthsheanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimple(71);ateighteenmonthshe

hasavocabularyofthreeoffiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1.000wordswhichhecanpul

into(72),andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthan

grammar.

Recentevidencesuggestsihataninfantisbornwiththe(73)tospeak.Whaiis

specialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwith(hatofthemonkey,:s(hecomplexsystemwhich

enablesachildto(74)thesightandfeelof,say,atoybearwiththesoundpattern

“toy-bear”.Andevenmore(75)isiheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderin

languagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyse,tocombineandrecombinetheparts

ofalanguageinnewways.

61.A.constructedB.starvedC.spoiledD.exhausted

62.A.soundB.singingC.educatingD.tongue

63.A.parentsB.care-takersC.infantsD.investigators

64.A.randomlyB.originallyC.greatlyD.especially

65.A.ConsequentlyB.NeverthelessC.TheoreticallyD.Fortunately

66.A.unfamiliarB.inaccessibleC.insensitiveD.unaccustomed

67.A.acquiringB.practisingC.occupyingD.seizing

68.A.criticalB.temporaryC.contemporaryD.reasonable

69.A.pleasingB.troublesomeC.flexibleD.constant

70.A.IasiB.kueC.earlyD.lately

71.A.commandsB.necessitiesC.resolutionsD.directions

72.A.compositionB.dialogueC.languagesD.sentences

73.A.inspirationB.passionC.creativityD.capacity

74.A.justifyB.connectC.obligeD.devote

75.A.unpredictableB.incredibleC.uncountableD.unbearable

SectionB

Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassage.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsor

unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearelourchoicesmarkedA.B,CandD.Choosethe

onethatfitsbestaccordingtoiheinfonnationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

(A)

TheLife-changingAntiqueNavajoBlanket

ACaliforniamanandhisfamilywentfromragstorichesafterdiscoveringthattheblanket

giventohimbyhisgrandmotherwasworthasmallfortune.LorenKrylzerwaslivinginasmall

butandbarelygettingbyonhisdisabilitypayments.Oneday,hehappenedtobewatching

AntiquesRoadshowonTVwhenhelearnediha(theforgottenoldblanketinhisclosetmightbe

valuable.TheKrytzerfamilyheirloom(傳家寶)turnedouttobeanantiqueNavajoweavingfrom

ihe19thcenturythatfetchedUSSi.5millionatauction.

Kryizer'sblanketwasprizedformuchmorethanitsantiquity.AmongNativeAmericantribes,

theNavqjoarerecognizedasthemostskillfulweaversofblanketsandrugs.Theweavingstyleis

characterizedbyvivid,variedpatternsandexceptionaldurability.Fromshearingthesheep,

spinning,preparing,anddyeingihewoolto(heactualweavingprocess,itlakesaround345hours

tocreateoneblanket.

WomeniradilionallywoveNaviyoblanketswhilemenbuilttheweavingdevices.Tothisday,

Navajopeoplestillmakehighqualityblanketsandrugstosell.Theybelievethat,sinceonlyGod

isperfect,theircreationsshouldhavesomeimperfection.AnotherNavajobeliefisthat(heirsouls

aresewnintoeveryweaving,sotheyintentionallyincludeahiddenloosethreadintoeachpiece.

Thisensuresthatitisn'tlooperfect,andtheirsoulscanstillescapeintotheafterlife.

TheKrylzersalsohadaloosethreadontheirroadtorichesthatallowedthemtoescapethe

irapoffinancialruin.Inanunfonunaietwist,ihefamily'slife-changingwindfall(意外之財)came

withahugetaxbillfromthegovernmentandalotofimploringrelatives.Aftertakingafamily

vacationinMexico,buyinganewsportscarandacoupleofrealeslatepurchases,Krytzerlosthis

disabilitypaymentsandnowge:sbigbillsforpropertytaxesandinsuranceinstead.Ironically,the

familydecidedtorelocatetoalessexpensivestatetosavemoney.

76.HowdidiheKrytzerfamilygofromragstoriches?

A.Afamilymemberpurchasedawinninglolteiyticket.

B.LorenwasinvitedtohaveaninterviewonaTVshow.

C.Loren'sdisabilitypaymentswereunexpectedlyincreased.

D.Lorenauctionedoffabkinkelhisgrandmothergavehim.

77.AloosethreadwoveninaNavajoblanketindicatesthat.

A.God'screationisalsoimperfect.

B.peoplecanexitfromhorriblesituations

C.itsownerissuretohaveaneverlastinglife

D.theblanketsisreallymadebyhand

78.Whydidthefamilyfinallydecidetomovetoanotherstate?

A.Toreducethecostofliving.

B.Tobehiddenfromtheirrelatives.

C.Tochangeforabetterenvironment.

D.Toapplyfordisabilitypaymentsagain.

79.According(othearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementisTRUE?

A.Navajoblanketshavenicepatternsbutdon^lastlong.

B.LorenKrytzermademillionsofdollarsfromdisability.

C.Weavingablanketinvolvesmanyprocessesandskills.

D.Loren'slifewentfrombadtoworsebecauseofthewindfall.

(B)

Recycling

Recyclableitemsarewas:ematerialsthatcanbeprocessedtomakenewproducts.The

recycledmaterialsgothroughanintenseprocessofseparatingthematerialsandconvertinginto

reusableproducts.AiWasteConirol,weofferasuiteofon-siieandoff-siierecyclingservicesio

meettheneedsofourresidentialandbusinesscustomers.

ON-SITERECYCLINGSERVICES

AttheWasteControlfacility,wehaveDrop-offRecyclingandBuy-backRecyclingCenters.

Thedrop-offrecyclingcenterisafreeserviceandislocatednexttoiheTransferStationBuilding

entrance.TheBuy-BackRecyclingCenterislocatedonthenorthendofthefacilityandisfor

customerswishingtobereimbursed(報銷，償還)fortheirrecyclablematerialsalcurrenlmarket

rates.

OFF-SITERECYCLINGSERVICES

Wealsooffermanyoff-siterecyclingservicestomeetyournesds.Wemainlainfreedrop-off

recyclingsitesthroughoutthecjnimunityforcommonrecyclablematerialsandresidenlialwaste

oilandantifreeze.Wealsoofferoff-siteresidentialroadsiderecyclingandbusinessrecycling

services.

HOURS&DIRECTIONS

WasteTransferStation,Drop-offRecyclingCenter,&Buy-backRecyclingCenter:

7:30a.m.to5:30p.m.-7daysaweek

BusinessOffice:

8:00a.m.to5:00p.m.MondaythroughFriday

HolidayHours:

TheBusinessOfficeisclosedonallmajorholidays(NewYear'sDay.July4th.Memorial

Day,LaborDay,Thanksgiving,andChristmas).

TheTransferStationisopenforself-hauledwaste,drop-offrecycling,andbuy-back

recyclingforlimitedhoursduringholidays.ThefacilityisclosedChristmasDay,NewYear'sDay,

andJuly4th-ifitfallsonaweekend.Thefacilityclosesal12noononMemorialDay,LaborDay,

Thanksgiving,andJuly4th-ifilfallsonaweekday.Thefacilityisopenonallotherholidays.

Wastecollectionandroadsiderecyclingservicesareuninterruptedduringholidays,exceptfor

ChristmasDayandNewYearsDay.IfChristmasDayorNewYearsDayfallonaweekday,these

willbenopickupontheholidayandallgarbageandrecyclingserviceswillbemovedoneday

forwardfromyourregularlyscheduledpickuplortheremainderoftheweek.Forexample,if

ChristmasfallsonaWednesday,customerswithregularlyscheduledWednesdayservicewillbe

pickeduponThursday.CustomerswiihregularlyscheduledThursdayservicewillbepickedupon

Friday.CustomerswithregularlyscheduledFridayservicewillbepickeduponSaturday.Monday

andTuesdayfallpriorlotheholidayandwillbepickedupasregukirlyscheduled.

80.Ifyouwishtobepaidbackfortherecyclableitems,youshould.

A.checkthecurrenlmarketratesfirst

B.takethemtotheWasteControlfacility

C.pulthemintotheroadsiderecyclingsites

D.separatethemfromwasteoilandantifreeze

81.IfChristmasDayfallsonTuesday,customerswithregukirlyscheduledTuesdayservicewillbe

pickedupon.

A.TuesdayB.WednesdayC.ThursdayD.Friday

82.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.Off-siteservicesarenotofferedtocollectbusinessrecyclablematerials.

B.WasteTransferStationisopenonJuly4thmorningifitfallsonaweekend.

C.Thedrop-offrecyclingcenterisfarawayfromthebuy-backrecyclingcenter.

D.Thereisnoneedforresidentstopayfordroppingoffrecyclablematerials.

(C)

Thepurposeofamapisloexpressgraphicallytherelationsofpointsandfeaturesonthe

earth'ssurfacetoeachother.Thesearedeterminedbydistanceanddirection.Inearlytimes

distancewasoftenexpressedirunitsoflime,forexample“somanyhour'smarch”or"aday's

journeybyriver"，butsuchmeasurementsgavemoreinformationabouttherelativeeaseof

crossingthelocalterrainthantheydidaboutactualdistance.Theotherelementisdirection,but

fortheordinarytraveler,whosemainconcernwas''WheredoIgofromhere?”and"Howfar

awayistheacculraterepresentationofdirectionwasnotofprimaryimportance.Partlyfor

thisreason,writtenitinerariesforalongtimerivaledmaps.Eventcday,certaintypesofmaps,for

example,thoseshowingrailwaysystems,maymakelittleattemptloshowtruedirections.

Similarly,obviouslandmarksalongaroutewereatfirstindicatedbysigns,realisticor

conventional,andvariedinsizetoindicatetheirimportance.Clearlytheconventionsemployed

variedwiththepurposeofthemap,andalsofromplacetoplace,sothatinstudyingearlymaps

ihefirstessentialisiounderstandthepanicularconventionemployed.

Thehistoryofcartography(制圖)islargelythatofIheincreaseintheaccuracywithwhich

theseelementsofdistanceanddirectionaredeterminedandinihecomprehensivenessofthemap

content.Inthisdevelopment,cartographyhascalledinothersciencestoitsaid.Forexample,

insteadofdeterminingdirectionbyobservingthepositionofashadowatmidday,orofa

constellationinthenightsky,orevenofasteadywind,usewasmadeofterrestrialmagnetism

throughthemagneticcompass,andinstrumentswereevolvedwhichenabledhorizontalangleslo

becalculatedwithgreataccuracy.

Theapplicationofastronomicalconcepts,andtheextensionoftheknowledgeoftheworld

throughexplorationencouragedattemptstomaptheknownworld.Thenastronomersdiscovered

thattheearthisnotaperfectsphere,butisilatlenedslightlyatihepoles,whichintroducedfurther

refinementsintothemappingoflargeareas.Meanwhile,thedemandsbeingmadeofihemap

makerwereshiftingsignificantly.Thetravelerorihemerchantceasedtobethesoleuserofmaps.

Thesoldier,especiallyaftertheintroductionofartillery,andtheproblemsofrange,fieldoffire,

anddeadgroundwhichitraised,demandedanaccuraterepresentationofthesurfacefeatures,in

placeoftheearlierconvenlionilorpictorialdelineation（描繪）andasolulioninanydegree

satisfactorywasnotreacheduntilthecontour（等高線）wasinvented.

83.Whymightearlymapshavebeenmisleading?

A.Distancescouldnotbecalculatedreliably.

B.Theywerebasedonwrittenitineraries.

C.Theyweredrawnbyordinarytravelers.

D.Distancestendedtobeoverestimated.

84.Whatproblemdidearlymapsexhibitwhenshowinglandmarks?

A.Thesignsusedborelittlerelationtothelandmarks.

B.Theselectionoflandmarkswasfaulty.

C.Theyusedsymbolsthatwerenotstandardized.

D.Theysometimesincludedunimportantfeatures.

85.Inthesecondparagraph,thewritersaysthatmadebetterqualitymap-makingeasier.

A.agreaterunderstandingofclimaticfactor

B.greateraccuracydraughtsmanship（繪圖術(shù)）

C.moreaccuracyinmeasurement

D.moreintensivemapproduction

86.WhatencouragedIhesearchforamoreprecisemeansofmappingihephysicalgeographyof

ihelandscape?

A.Discover）'inastronomy.

B.Thegrowthofmathematicalscience.

C.Theactivitiesofthegreatexplorers.

D.Mililaryconsiderations.

SectionC

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.

Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.

A.Eveniftheemployeesmayhavehighdegreesincollege,theirknowledgeandskillsstillneed

improving.

B.Whenallofthishasbeencollected,itispossibletomakeatrainingspecification.

C.1(isalwaysdifficulttoevaluate(hecostsandsavingsofa(rainingprogram.

D.Stafftraininghelpstodevelopemployees'skillsandtoimproveihcweakpoints.

E.Therearcmanydifferenttrainingmethods,andtherearcadvantagesanddisadvantagesofallof

them.

F.Stafftrainingmusthaveapurpose.

Asweknow,itisveryimportantthatafirmshouldpayattentiontothetrainingofitsstaffas

thereexistmanyweakpartsini:svariousdepartments.87Itisdefinedwhena

firmconsidersitstrainingneeds,whichareinturnbasedonjobdescriptionsandjob

specifications.

Ajobdescriptionshouldgivedetailsoftheperformancethatisrequiredforaparticularjob,

andajobspecificationshouldgiveinformationaboutthebehavior,knowledgeandskillsthatare

expectedofanemployeewhoworksinit.88ThisspecifieswhattheTraining

Departmentmustteachforthesuccessfulperformanceofthejob.andalso(hebestmethodstouse

inthetrainingperiod.

89Successfultrainingprogramsdependonanunderstandingofthe

differencebetweenlearningaboutskillsandtraininginusingthem.Itisfrequentlysaidthatthe

learningaboutskillstakesplace“offthejob”intheclassroom,buttraininginusingtheseskills

takes“onthejob'\bymeansofsuchactivitiesaspracticeintheworkshop.

90Thesuccessofsuchaprogramdepend