Systemofthebody(partII:thenervoussystem)teachingprogrammeChapter1Organizationofthenervoussystem【Aimsandrequirements】1．Knowwellaboutthemicrostructureofcerebralcortex,cerebellarcortexandspinalcord.②knowthemicrostructureandfunctionofblood-brainbarrier.2．Knowthebasiccomponentsofcentralnervoussystemandperipheralnervoussystem.3．Knowtherelationshipbetweennervoustissueandnervoussystem;knowthemicrostructureofmeninges.【Teachinghours】2(100min)【Teachingcontents】1.summary：explainindetailaboutthebasiccomponentsofnervoussystem.1.incentralnervoussystem,puttheemphasisonthemicrostructureofcerebralcortex,cerebellarcortexandgraymatterofspinalcord.2.inperipheralnervoussystem,introducesimplyaboutthemicrostrucureofcerebrospinalandautonomicganglia.3.introducethemicrostructureofmeninges.4.toexplainindetailaboutthemicrostructureandfunctionofblood-brainbarrier.5.tointroducethemicrostructureandcompositionofchoroidplexus.Chapter2Developmentofnervoussystem【Aimsandrequirements】1.toknowwellaboutthedevelopmentandearlydifferentiationofneuraltubeandneuralcrest;toknowwellaboutcommonmalformationsofnervoussystem2.theknowwellaboutthedevelopmentofbrain,cerebellumandspinalcord.3toknowthedevelopmentofganglionandperipheralnerve.【Teachinghours】2(100min)【Teachingcontents】1.reviewofthenervoussystem.2.toexplainindetailaboutthedevelopmentandearlydifferentiationoftheneuraltubeandneuralcrest.3.incentralnervoussystem,wefocuseontheoccurrenceofcerebralcortex,cerebellarcortexandspinalcordtissue.Chapter3Developmentofeyeandear【Aimsandrequirements】1.toknowwellaboutthedevelopmentofcornealandretinaltissue;toknowwellaboutthedevelopmentofinnerandmiddleear.2.toknowthedevelopmentofiris,lens,vitreous,ciliarybodyandopticnervetissue;toknowthedevelopmentofexternalear.3.toknowthedevelopmentofthelidandlacrimalgland;toknowthehistogenesisofauricle.【Teachinghours】2(100min)【Teachingcontents】1.developmentofeyeball：formationofopticvesicle,opticcupandlensvesicle；developmentofretina,opticnerve,lensandtunicavasculosaandsclera.2.congenitalmalformationsofeye.3.developmentofinnerear:formatioofoticplacodeandoticvesicle.4.developmentofmiddleear:formationofprimarytympaniccavityandtympaniccavity，developmentofthe3earbones。5.developmentofexternalear:thehistogenesisoftheexternalacousticmeatusandauricle。6.congenitalmalformationsofear.Chapter4ElementsofCellularandMolecularNeuroscience【Aimsandrequirements】Tomastertheclassificationandcharacteristicsofchannels.Tobefamiliarwiththemethodforbioelectricalphenomenaresearch,includingtherecordingmembranepotential，theresearchingofionbasisofmembranepotential，theelectrochemicalequilibriumandNernstequation.Tomasterthedefinitionofrestingmembranepotential,polarization,depolarization,reverpolarization,repolarization,hyperpolarization.Tomasterthedefinitionofactionpotential.Tomasterthemechanismgeneratingactionpotentialofnerve.Tobefamiliarwiththewaveformofnervousactionpotentialrecordedbyaintracellularelectrodeinanervousfiber,includingtheevidencestoshowdepolarizationofnervousactionpotentialisduetoNa+inflowandrepolarizationisduetoK+outflow.Tomasterthemechanismofpropagationofactionpotential.Tomasterthecharacteristicsofactionpotential.Tomasterthedefinitionandcharacteristicsoflocalpotential.Tounderstandthepropagationofactionpotentialsalongamyelinatednervefiber.Tounderstandthechangeofcellexcitabilityduringoneactionpotential.【Teachinghours】:6hours【Teachingcontents】1.Thestructure,functionandpropertiesofdifferentionchannels2.Thepropertyandmechanismofrestingpotential3.Thepropertyandprocessofactionpotential4.Thecellularandmolecularmechanismunderlyingtheinitiationofactionpotential.Thevoltageclamprecordingandpatchclamprecording..5.Thelocalresponse(excitation)onthemembrane.6.Thepropagationofactionpotentialonthecellmembrane.Chapter5Synaptictransmission【Aimsandrequirements】1.Tomastertheprocessofsynaptictransmission,whichincludestheeventsoccurresatpresynapse,cleftandpostsynapse.2.TounderstandtheEPSPandIPSP.3.Tomasterclassificationofreceptorsonpostsynapseandthemechanisms.【Teachinghours】:2hours【Teachingcontents】Theclassificationofsynapse,andcharactersofchemicalsynapse.Signaltransductionofchemicalsynapse,whichincludestheneurotransmittersynthesis,storageandrelease,bindingofpostsynapticreceptors,andinactivationofneurotransmitter.Excitatorypostsynapticpotential(EPSP)andInhibitorypostsynapticpotential(IPSP).Synapticintegration-sptialsummationofEPSPs,temporalsummationofEPSPs.Synapticinhibitionandsynapticplasticity.

Chapter6Neurotransmitter【Aimsandrequirements】Tomasterthedefinitionandclassificationofneurotransmitter.Tomasterthedifferencesbetweenclassicalneurotransmittersandthenon-classicalneurotranmitters.Tomasterthechemicalchangesofspecificneurotransmitter(ACh,NE,DA,5-HT,Glutamate,GABA),whichincludessynthesisofneurotransmitter,storageofneurotransmitter,releaseofneurotransmitterandinactivationofneurotransmitter,postsynaptictransmission.Tounderstandtheclassificationofpostsynapticreceptorsandfunctionalmechanisms.【Teachinghours】:2hours【Teachingcontents】Theconceptofneurotransmitter.Theclassificationofneurotransmitters.Thesynthesisofneurotransmitter,storageofneurotransmitter,releaseofneurotransmitterandinactivationofneurotransmitter,postsynapticreceptors.Severalclassicalneurotransmitters.1)ACh-;Thekeyenzymesforitssynthesisanddegradation;MreceptorsandNreceptors,andtheirfunctionalmechanisms.2)catecholamineneurotransmitters;thecommonprecursorTyr;ThekeyenzymesforNE,DAsynthesis;inactivationismainlybyreuptake;3)5-HT;inactivationismainlythroughreuptake.4)aminoacidneurotransmitters-a.excitatoryaminoacid,glutamate;itsrececptorsAMPAandNMDA,andtheircharacters.b.inhibitoryaminoacid-GABA,itsmechanismandreceptorcharacters.Chapter7Introductiontopharmacologyofefferentnervoussystem【Aimsandrequirements】1.Toknowwellclassificationofefferentnervoussystem(ENS)accordingtotheneurotransmitters,thephysiologicalactionsofENS,aswellasreceptorstructureandmolecularmechanism.2.Tomasterthebiosynthesis,storage,releaseandterminationofneurotransmitters,aswellasthereceptorsubtypesandtheireffect.3.TomasterthebasicmechanismsofactionsofENSdrugsandtheirclassification.【Teachinghours】:0.5hour【Teachingcontents】1.ReviewtheanatomicclassificationofENS.2.NeurotransmittersofENS:thedevelopmentofneurotransmittertheory,synapticstructureandimpulsetransmission,aswellasthebiosynthesis,storage,releaseandterminationofNEandAch.3.ReceptorsofENS:acetylcholinereceptors(M-R,N-Randsubtypes),adrenoceptors(-R,-Randsubtypes),andtheirdistributionandfunction.4.TheclassificationofENSaccordingtotheneurotransmitters:cholinergicnerveandnoradrenergicnerve.5.ThebiochemicalprocessofENSeffect:Ligand-gatedreceptorandG-protein-coupledreceptor.6.ThephysiologicalactionsofENS.7.ThebasicmechanismsofactionsofENSdrugsandtheirclassification.Chapter8Parasympathomimetics【Aimsandrequirements】1.ToknowwelltheMactionsandNactionsofAch.2.Tomastertheeffectsandusesofpilocarpineoneye.3.Tomasterthepharmacologicaleffects,clinicalusesandadversereactionsofneostigmine.4.Toknowwellthemechanism,pathway,manifestation,preventionandtreatmentoforganophosphatesintoxication.Tomasterthemechanismsofcholinesterasereactivator.【Teachinghours】:1.5hour【Teachingcontents】1.TheMactionsandNactionsofAch.2.Theeffectsandusesofpilocarpineoneyeandglands:miosis,decreaseintraocularpressure,spasmofaccommadationandincreaseglandssecretion.3.PharmacologicaleffectsofChEI.trueCholinesterase(AChE)andpseudocholinesterase,thepharmacologicalpropertyandclinicalusesofcommonusedagents(neostigmine,pyridostigmine,physostigmine,etc.)4.Themechanism,pathway,manifestation,preventionandtreatmentoforganophosphatesintoxication.acuteintoxication,chronicintoxication,cholinesterasereactivator.Chapter9Cholinoceptorblockingdrugs【Aimsandrequirements】1.Tomasterthepharmacologicaleffects,clinicalusesandadversereactionsofatropine.Tomasterthepharmacologicalpropertyofscopolamine.2.Toknowwellthecharacteristicsandusesofsyntheticatropinesubstitutes.3.Toknowwellthecharacteristicsandusesofganglionicblockingdrugs.4.Tomasterthecharacteristics,mechanism,usesandadversereactionsofbothneuromuscularblockingdrugs.【Teachinghours】:2hour【Teachingcontents】1.atropine,scopolamine,anisodamine:pharmacologicaleffects,clinicalusesandadversereactions.2.syntheticatropinesubstitutes:syntheticmydriatics,syntheticantispasmatics,SelectiveM1Antagonists.3.ganglionicblockingdrugs:NN-Rblockers.4.neuromuscularblockingdrugs:NM-Rblockersincludingdepolarizingskeletalmusclerelaxantsuchassuccinylcholine,aswellasnondepolarizingskeletalmusclerelaxantssuchasD-tubocurarine.Chapter10Painandanalgesia【Aimsandrequirements】1.Tomasterthedefinitionofpain,nociceptors,referredpainandgatecontroltheory.2.Tomasterthepathwaysbywhichnociceptiveinformationistransmittedfromtheperipherytothecortex.3.Tomasterthemainmechanismswherebynociceptivetransmissioncanbemodulatedatthespinalandsupraspinallevels.4.Tomasterthecharacteristics,mechanism,usesandadversereactionsofopioidanalgesicdrugs.5.Toknowwellthecharacteristicsofopioidantagonist-naloxone.6.Toknowwellthemodeofadministrationofopioids.7.Tomastermechanism,usesandadversereactionsofNASIDS.8.Toknowwelltheapproachestopainmanagement.【Teachinghours】:4hours【Teachingcontents】1.Thedefinitionandthesignificanceofpain.

2.Thenociceptorsandpainpathways:thecharacteristicsofnociceptors;theascendingpathwaysandtheirrolesintheformationofcomplexexperienceofpain.3.Thedefinitionandmechanismofreferredpain.4.Themodulationofpaininthespinalcord:gatecontroltheory.Theapplicationsofthistheoryinlife.5.Theinvolvementofbrainareasindescendinganalgesia.Themechanismsandtheapplicationsofdescendinganalgesia.6.Opioidanalgesicdrugs:mechanisms(opioidpeptides,opioidreceptors),effects,clinicaluses,adversereactions.7.Commonusedopioidanalgesics:suchasmorphine,codeine,pethidine,methadone,fentanyl,tramadol,andsoon.8.Opioidantagonists.9.Themodeofadministrationofopioids.10.ThemechanismofNSAIDS.11.CommonusedNSAIDS:aspirin,paracetamol,ibuprofen12.Theapproachestoneuropathicpain,migraine,trigeminalneuralgia.Chapter11MotorsystemsII:thebasalgangliaandparkinson’sdisease【Aimsandrequirements】1.Tounderstandtheorganizationofthebasalgangliaandtheirconnectionswithothercentralnervoussystemregions.2.Tounderstandthemainsymptomsanddiseasesassociatedwithdysfunctionofthebasalganglia,andtheirpathophsiology.3.Tomasterthepharmacologicaleffects,mechanismofaction,clinicalusesandadversereactionofcommonanti-Parkinsondrugs.3.ToknowthepathogenesisofParkinson’sdisease【Teachinghours】:2hours【Teachingcontents】1.Thebasalganglia:structureandorganization2.Parkinson’sdisease(1)Symptoms(2)PathophysiologyofParkinson’sdisease(3)CausesofofParkinson’sdisease(4)TreatmentDopaminergicmedicationL-DOPA:DopaminergicagonistsMonoamineoxidaseBinhibitorsNon-dopaminergicmedicationAnticholinergicagentsAmantadineChapter12Learningandmemory【Aimsandrequirements】1.Tomasterthedefinitionoflearning,memory,declarativelearning,procedurallearning,anterogradeamnesia,retrogradeamnesia,long-termpotentiation,long-termdepression.2.TomasterthemolecularmechanismofLTP.【Teachinghours】:4hours【Teachingcontents】1.Thedefinitionandtheclassificationoflearningandmemory.

2.Theinvolvementofthebrainareasinlearningandmemory.3.Thedefinitionandthemolecularmechanismoflong-termpotentiation.4.Thedefinitionandmechanismoflong-termdepression.Chapter13Anti-Alzhemier’sdiseasedrugs【Aimsandrequirements】1.TounderstandthegeneticsandpathophysiologyandAlzhemier’sdisease2.Tomasterthemainclassesofdrugsandtheirpharmacologicalactions,clinicalusesandadversereactionofAnti-Alzhemier’sdiseasedrugs【Teachinghours】:2hours【Teachingcontents】1.Alzhemier’sdiseaseGeneticsofAlzhemier’sdiseaseNeuropathologyofAlzhemier’sdisease:2.TreatmentofAlzhemier’sdisease(1)Cholinesteraseinhibitors(2)Glutamatergicagents(3)Antioxidants(4)Non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrugs(5)othersChapter14Sedative-hypnoticsandanti-epileptic,anti-seizuredrugs【Aimsandrequirements】1.Tomasterthepharmacologicalaction,mechanismandclinicalusesofBenzodiazepines2.Toknowwellthepharmacologicalaction,clinicalusesandtherescueofintoxificationofBartibuturates.3.Toknowthecharacteristicsofothersedative-hypnoticdrugs.4.Tomasterthepharmacologicalaction,mechanismandclinicaluses,adversereactionsofPhenytoinsodium,carbamazepine,Phenobarbitalandethosuximide.5.Toknowtheanti-convulsanteffectandclinicalusesofMgSO4【Teachinghours】:2hours【Teachingcontents】1.Thefunctionofsleepandthesleepstages2.Theclassificationofsedative-hypnoticdrugsandtheircharacteristics(1)Benzodiazepines:pharmacologicalaction,mechanism,clinicaluses,mainadversereactions(2)Barbiturates:structure-activityrelationship,classification,mechanismofaction,clinicaluses,adversereactionsandrescueofacuteintoxification.(3)Otherdrugs:chloralhydrate,meprobamateandmelatonin3.Anti-epilepticdrugsThemaintypesofepilepsy,epidermiology,neurobiologyandmechanismofanti-epilepticdrugsMainanti-epilepticdrugs:(1)phenytoinsodium(2)carbamazepine(3)ethosuximide(4)sodiumvalproate(5)benzodiazepine4.Anti-convulsantdrugs:MagnesiumsulfateChapter15InfectionsandTumorsofCentralNervousSysten【Aimsandrequirements】Tomasterthepathologicalchangesandclinicalfeaturesofepidemicbacterialmeningitis,epidemicencephalitisBandpoliomyelitisBefamiliarwiththemainpathologicfindingsofastrocytoma,meningiomaandneuilemmomaToknowthecommoncomplicationsofcentralnervoussystemdieses.【Teachinghours】:4hours【Teachingcontents】IntroductionofcentralnervoussystemincludingnormalcellsandbasicpathologicalchangesInfectionsincentralnervoussystemincludingepidemicbacterialmeningitis,typeBepidemicencephalitis,poliomyelitisCommoncomplicationsofcentralnervoussystemdiesesincludingincreasedintracranialpressureandherniationofbrain,edema,hydrocephalusandmeningealirritationTumorsofcentralnervoussystemincludingastrocytoma,meningioma,neuilemmoma,medulloblastomandneurofibroma.Chapter16Schizophrenia【Aimsandrequirements】1.Toknowwellthemainsymptomsandaetiologyofschizophrenia.2.Toknowwelltheneurobiologyofschizophrenia.3.Tomastertheclassification,effects,usesandadversereactionsofantipsychoticdrugs.4.Toknowwellthemanagementofschizophreniaandthelong-termprognosis.【Teachinghours】:2hour【Teachingcontents】1.Symptomsandaetiologyofschizophrenia.2.Theneurobiologyofschizophrenia:structure,functionalandneruopathologicalstudies,psychophysiologicalchanges,corticolimbiccircuits,andneurotransmitters.3.Theclassification,effects,usesandadversereactionsofantipsychoticdrugs.4.Commonuseddrugs:chlorpromazine,fluphenazine,haloperidol,sulpiride,etc.5.Themanagementofschizophreniaandthelong-termprognosis.6.Otherpsychosedandschizophrenia-likesyndromes.Chapter17Depressionandanxiety【Aimsandrequirements】1.Tomastertheclassification,mechanismofactionandcharacteristicofanti-depressantdrugs.2.Tounderstandthemechanismandantimanicactionoflithiumcarbonate.3.Tounderstandtheneurobiologyofdepression.【Teachinghours】:2hours【Teachingcontents】1.Introductionofdepression,andsymptoms,epidermiologyandneurobiology.2.TreatmentofDepression—Pharmacologicalmanagenment(1)TCAs:mechanismofactionandcharacteristics(2)MAOIs:mechanismofactionandcharacteristics(3)SSRIs:mechanismofactionandcharacteristics(4)SNRIs:mechanismofactionandcharacteristics3.Treatmentofmania(1)Pathologyandsymptomsofmania(2)Themechanismoflithiumcarbonateinthetreatmentofmaniaandcautions4.Treatmentofanxiety(1)Introductionofanxiety(2)Benzodiazepines:mechanismofactioninthetreatmentofanxietyChapter18StrokeandTreatment【Aimsandrequirements】1.Tomastertheactions,mechanisms,indicationsandadversereactionofnimodipine,aspirinandtissue-typeplasminogenactivator(tPA)inthetreatmentofischemiacerebrovasculardisease.2.Tomasterthepathophysiologicalmechanismsofischemiacerebrovasculardisease.3.Toknowwellthecharacteristicsofotherdrugsforthetreatmentofischemiacerebrovasculardisease.4.Toknowwelltheprogressofthedrugsinthetreatmentofischemiacerebrovasculardisease.5.Tounderstandtheharmoftheischemiacerebrovasculardisease(stroke).【Teachinghours】:2hours【Teachingcontents】1.Thepathophysiologicalmechanismsofischemiacerebrovasculardiseaseandthepreparationoftheanimalmodels.(1)Thepathophysiologicalmechanismsofischemiacerebrovasculardiseasea.Energydisturbanceb.Excitotoxicityc.Calciumoverloadd.Oxygenfreeradicalinjurye.Renin-angiotensinsystemdisorderf.Arachidonicacid（AA）metaboliamdisorderg.NOh.inflammationandadhesionmoleculesandischemiccerebrovasculardisease(2)Thepreparationofthebrainischemiaanimalmodels.(3)Thedeterminationofcerebralbloodflow(4)Themethodsforstudyingblood-brainbarrier2.Thedrugsinthetreatmentofacutebrainischemia(1)Thedrugsinthetreatmentofbrainedema(2)Calciumantagonists(3)Vasculardilators(4)Anti-plateletdrugsa.Cyclo-oxygenaseinhibitors（COXI）Aspirinandotherdrugs.(5)ThrombolyticdrugsTheaction,indicationsandadversereactionsofstreptokinase(SK),urokinase(UK)andtissue-typeplasminogenactivator(tPA)inthetreatmentofischemiacerebrovasculardisease.3.Drugsinthetreatmentofchronicischemiacerebrovasculardiseaseanditssequelae.Ergots,ginkgobilabaextracts.4.DrugsunderstudyingFreeradicalscavengers,receptorantagonistsofexcitatoryaminoacids、drugsontheRAS.Chapter19Drugdependenceandabuse【Aimsandrequirements】1.Masterthemechanismsandharmofdrugsthatcommonlyabusedsuchasopioids,cocaine,marijuana,nicotine,alcohol.2.Mastertheaddictionofdrugandtreatment.3.Familiarwiththeadministrationregulationofthedrugsthathavedependence-potential.4.Toknowwelltheterms:drugs,dependence,tolerance,addictionandabstinencesyndrome.5.Familiartheclassificationofthedependence-potentialdrugsandadministrationregulation.【Teachinghours】:2hours【Teachingcontents】1.Termsrelateddrugabuseanddrugdependence.Dependence，physiologicaldependenceandpsychologicaldependence,addictiondrugabuse.2.Theharmofthedrugabuse.3.Classificationsofthedependence-potentialdrugs.(1)Narcotics:opioids,cocaine,marijuana,nicotine,alcohol.(2)Psychologicaldrugs:centralsimulants,hallucinogensandothers.3.Themanifestationofdrugdependence.4.brainrewardsystemanddrugdependence.(1)Reinforcementandreward(2)Thebiologyofdrugreinforcement.(3)Receptormechanismofdrugreinforcement.5.Themechanismsofdrugdependence.(1)Opioidsandreceptors(2)Cocaineandtransportofmonoamines.(3)Alcoholandsedative-hypnoticsaffectGABA.(4)Marijuanaanditsreceptors.(5)Hallucinogens(lysergicaciddiethylamide,LSD)activate5-HT2Areceptors.。6.Thetreatmentofdrugdependence(1)Opioids：Thegoalsoftreatment：fromdependencetodetoxification,maintenanceofdetoxification.Maintenancetherapyinvolvestheuseofadrugsuchasmethadonetocontinueopioiddependencewhilepsychological,social,andvocationaltherapiesareusedtosupporttheuserduringabstinence.Detoxificationisusedtotreatphysicaldependenceandconsistsinreducingthedrugdosesadministered.Realopioidde-addictionincludes:de-addictionorcontrolabstinencesyndrome;physicalandpsychologicalrecovery；Preventionofrelapse:naltrexone,along-actingorallyactivepurenarcoticantagonist,toblocktheactionofself-administeredopiates.Substitutionofalonger-acting，orallyactive,pharmacologicallyequivalentfortheabuseddrug：Long-actingmethadoneanalog,levo-methadyl,maintenanceforheroinaddicts(active72h