托福閱讀詞匯題

我們的大腦會(huì)在遇到特定的情況時(shí)，非常自然的去遵循某種模式，比如說(shuō)，打噴嚏的時(shí)候，人們會(huì)自

然的說(shuō)：“有人想你了。”當(dāng)打碎玻璃杯子的時(shí)候，人們會(huì)安慰：“碎碎平安。”這些不斷重復(fù)的事件積累起

來(lái)，被人們牢記于心，而且在又一次出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，被人們?cè)俅巫駨倪@些現(xiàn)象。

對(duì)于記憶詞匯的人們來(lái)說(shuō)也存在同樣的過程。我們抱著一本單詞書和一本雞血書（或是視頻、男/女神

照片……），縈繞著信誓旦旦奮斗的情緒，恨不得早些搞定托福來(lái)彌補(bǔ)曾今腦子進(jìn)過的水和回饋?zhàn)约毫鬟^的

汗水，因?yàn)橹貜?fù)積累記憶是最有效的背誦方式，不斷的重復(fù)背誦各種詞匯書就成為了雞血生活的一部分。

在雞血了一段時(shí)間后，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己能夠?qū)⒃~匯書中的詞匯記下來(lái)的數(shù)量少之又少，久而久之，干脆養(yǎng)成了看

那些已經(jīng)明白了的單詞，而忽略那些怎么也記不下來(lái)的單詞，這樣的學(xué)習(xí)效果實(shí)在是慘不忍睹。

有同學(xué)說(shuō)，背單詞就是重復(fù)嘛，我重復(fù)了許多遍就記下來(lái)了；有同學(xué)說(shuō)，背單詞就是重復(fù)嘛，但我重

復(fù)了許多遍還是記不下來(lái)。重復(fù)的確是能夠塑造記憶的方式，而對(duì)于記不下來(lái)的同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，要清楚你所重

復(fù)的內(nèi)容是否為有意義的信息。就像你只重復(fù)記憶那些已經(jīng)背好的單詞，沒有背過的單詞自然就不會(huì)和你

產(chǎn)生緣分。每天試著多看一些你不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞吧，就像讀了《葵花寶典》，不去揮刀自宮還是練不成。

背單詞有兩個(gè)方向：一個(gè)是不斷去重復(fù)記憶新的單詞，另一個(gè)是不斷實(shí)踐使用已經(jīng)記下來(lái)的單詞。對(duì)

于后者來(lái)說(shuō)，《托福閱讀詞匯題》這個(gè)文檔存在的意義就是利用托福真題中的詞匯題來(lái)讓你實(shí)踐。這里收錄

了目前所能拿到的托福真題文章中所有的詞匯題，每道題有一個(gè)被考察的詞匯以及四個(gè)可供選擇的詞匯，

并且還附上了被考察的詞匯在原文當(dāng)中的段落，便于理解這個(gè)詞匯在原文當(dāng)中的意思。

如果你是正打算學(xué)習(xí)托福，正等著托福培訓(xùn)班開課，卻還沒有實(shí)際下手的同學(xué)，請(qǐng)把這個(gè)文檔中所有

的題目做完吧。

如果你的托福恰好敗在了詞匯上，請(qǐng)把這個(gè)文檔中所有的題目做完吧。

如果你在托福/SAT/GRE/GMAT的作文上遇到了詞窮的困境，請(qǐng)把這個(gè)文檔中所有的題目做完吧。

請(qǐng)大家點(diǎn)擊word文檔中的顯示/隱藏按鈕進(jìn)行顯示/隱藏答案，或者使用快捷鍵

ctrl+shift+8。

如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤且有空的話，或者你認(rèn)為文檔中哪個(gè)地方需要修改，請(qǐng)發(fā)郵件告訴我們吧：

和本資料相關(guān)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)資料（托福機(jī)經(jīng)等），美國(guó)大學(xué)的簡(jiǎn)介，以及申請(qǐng)美國(guó)的信息等，請(qǐng)大家

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目錄

OG2

TOP-111

TPO-314

OnlineTest19

TPO-422

OfficialModelExam26

TPO-528

TPO-632

TPO-737

TPO-841

TPO-945

OGTest250

TPO-1055

TPO-1159

TPO-1264

TPO-1368

TPO-1473

TPO-1577

TPO-1682

TPO-1787

TPO-1892

TPO-1996

TPO-20101

TPO-21106

TPO-22110

TPO-23114

TPO-24118

TPO-25122

OG

Paragraph3：Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupofancestors

ofmoderncetaceans.Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetailsonthe

originsofcetaceans.Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspacethatisfilledwith

fatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.Pakicetusprobablydetectedsound

throughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.Theskullalsolacksablowhole,anothercetacean

adaptationfordiving.Otherfeatures,however,showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalform

betweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingmammals,themesonychids,andcetaceans.Ithasbeensuggested

thatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobably

bredandgavebirthonland.[OG-TheOriginsofCetaceans]

3.Theword“precious"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oexact

□scarce

ovaluable

oinitial

Paragraph4:AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsofanotherearly

whale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSahara

desert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicetus.Manyincomplete

skeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthat

featuresafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe

50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossibly

nonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.[OG-TheOriginsofCetaceans]

6.Theword“exposed"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oexplained

ovisible

oidentified

□located

Paragraph5:Anevenmoreexcitingfindwasreportedin1994,alsofromPakistan.Thenowextinct

whaleAmbulocetusnatans(nthewalkingwhalethatswam")livedintheTethysSea49millionyearsago.

Itlivedaround3millionyearsafterPakicetusbut9millionbeforeBasilosaurus.Thefossilluckily

includesagoodportionofthehindlegs.Thelegswerestrongandendedinlongfeetverymuchlikethose

ofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainlyfunctionalbothonlandandatsea.Thewhaleretaineda

tailandlackedafluke,themajormeansoflocomotioninmoderncetaceans.Thestructureofthe

backboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodemwhalesbymovingtherearportionofits

bodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsionin

water.Onland,whereitprobablybredandgavebirth,Ambulocetusmayhavemovedaroundverymuch

likeamodernsealion.Itwasundoubtedlyawhalethatlinkedlifeonlandwithlifeatsea.[OG-The

OriginsofCetaceans]

11.Theword“propulsion”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ostayingafloat

□changingdirection

odecreasingweight

omovingforward

Paragraph1：Thedeserts,whichalreadyoccupyapproximatelyafourthoftheEarth'slandsurface,

haveinrecentdecadesbeenincreasingatanalarmingpace.Theexpansionofdesert-likeconditionsinto

areaswheretheydidnotpreviouslyexistiscalleddesertification.Ithasbeenestimatedthatanadditional

one-fourthoftheEarth'slandsurfaceisthreatenedbythisprocess.[OG-DesertFormation]

1.Theword“threatened"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

orestricted

oendangered

oprevented

orejected

Paragraph5:Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresultsprimarilyfrom

humanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.Thesemiaridlandsborderingthedesertsexistina

delicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedintheirpotentialtoadjusttoincreasedenvironmental

pressures.Expandingpopulationsaresubjectingthelandtoincreasingpressurestoprovidethemwith

foodandfuel.Inwetperiods,thelandmaybeabletorespondtothesestresses.Duringthedryperiods

thatarecommonphenomenaalongthedesertmargins,though,thepressureonthelandisoftenfarin

excessofitsdiminishedcapacity,anddesertificationresults.[OG-DesertFormation]

3.Theword“delicate"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

?fragile

opredictable

ocomplex

□valuable

Paragraph6:Fourspecificactivitieshavebeenidentifiedasmajorcontributorstothedesertification

processes:overcultivation,overgrazing,firewoodgathering,andoverirrigation.Thecultivationofcrops

hasexpandedintoprogressivelydrierregionsaspopulationdensitieshavegrown.Theseregionsare

especiallylikelytohaveperiodsofseveredryness,sothatcropfailuresarecommon.Sincetheraisingof

mostcropsnecessitatesthepriorremovalofthenaturalvegetation,cropfailuresleaveextensivetractsof

landdevoidofaplantcoverandsusceptibletowindandwatererosion.[OG-DesertFormation]

5.Theword“progressively"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oopenly

oimpressively

oobjectively

oincreasingly

7.Thephrase“devoidof'inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oconsistingof

□hiddenby

oexceptfor

clackingin

Paragraph3:Exhibitors,however,wantedtomaximizetheirprofits,whichtheycoulddomore

readilybyprojectingahandfuloffilmstohundredsofcustomersatatime(ratherthanoneatatime)

andbycharging25to50centsadmission.AboutayearaftertheopeningofthefirstKinetoscopeparlor

in1894,showmensuchasLouisandAugusteLumiere,ThomasArmatandCharlesFrancisJenkins,and

OrvilleandWoodvilleLatham(withtheassistanceofEdison'sformerassistant,WilliamDickson)

perfectedprojectiondevices.Theseearlyprojectiondeviceswereusedinvaudevilletheaters,legitimate

theaters,localtownhalls,makeshiftstorefronttheaters,fairgrounds,andamusementparkstoshowfilms

toamassaudience.[OG-EarlyCinema]

4.Theword“readily"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ofrequently

oeasily

ointelligently

oobviously

5.Theword“assistance"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ocriticism

oleadership

ohelp

oapproval

Paragraph6:Withtheadventofprojection,theviewer'srelationshipwiththeimagewasnolonger

private,asithadbeenwithearlierpeepshowdevicessuchastheKinetoscopeandtheMutoscope,which

wasasimilarmachinethatreproducedmotionbymeansofsuccessiveimagesonindividual

photographiccardsinsteadofonstripsofcelluloid.Itsuddenlybecamepublic—anexperiencethatthe

viewersharedwithdozens,scores,andevenhundredsofothers.Atthesametime,theimagethatthe

spectatorlookedatexpandedfromtheminusculepeepshowdimensionsof1or2inches(inheight)tothe

life-sizeproportionsof6or9feet.【OG-EarlyCinema]

11.Theword“expanded"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

owasenlarged

owasimproved

owasvaried

owasrejected

Paragraph5:ThePsychodynamicApproach.Theoristsadoptingthepsychodynamicapproach

holdthatinnerconflictsarecrucialforunderstandinghumanbehavior,includingaggression.Sigmund

Freud,forexample,believedthataggressiveimpulsesareinevitablereactionstothefrustrationsofdaily

life.Childrennormallydesiretoventaggressiveimpulsesonotherpeople,includingtheirparents,

becauseeventhemostattentiveparentscannotgratifyalloftheirdemandsimmediately.Yetchildren,

alsofearingtheirparents*punishmentandthelossofparentallove,cometorepressmostaggressive

impulses.TheFreudianperspective,inasense:seesusas"steamengines."Byholdinginratherthan

venting"steam,“wesetthestageforfutureexplosions.Pent-upaggressiveimpulsesdemandoutlets.

Theymaybeexpressedtowardparentsinindirectwayssuchasdestroyingfurniture,ortheymaybe

expressedtowardstrangerslaterinlife.【OG-Aggression]

3.Theword“inevitable"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ounavoidable

oregrettable

ocontrollable

ounsuitable

4.Theword“gratify”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

□identify

omodify

osatisfy

osimplify

Paragraph8:Onecognitivetheorysuggeststhataggravatingandpainfuleventstriggerunpleasant

feelings.Thesefeelings,inturn,canleadtoaggressiveaction,butnotautomatically.Cognitivefactors

intervene.Peopledecidewhethertheywillactaggressivelyornotonthebasisoffactorssuchastheir

experienceswithaggressionandtheirinterpretationofotherpeople'smotives.Supportingevidence

comesfromresearchshowingthataggressivepeopleoftendistortotherpeople'smotives.Forexample,

theyassumethatotherpeoplemeanthemharmwhentheydonot.【OG-Aggression]

10.Theword“distort”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

omistrust

omisinterpret

ocriticize

oresent

Paragraph3：Thefactorychangedthat.Goodsproducedbyfactorieswerenotasfinishedorelegant

asthosedonebyhand,andprideincraftsmanshipgavewaytothepressuretoincreaseratesof

productivity.Thenewmethodsofdoingbusinessinvolvedanewandstrictersenseoftime.Factorylife

necessitatedamoreregimentedschedule,whereworkbeganatthesoundofabellandworkerskept

machinesgoingataconstantpace.Atthesametime,workerswererequiredtodiscardoldhabits,for

industrialismdemandedaworkerwhowasalert,dependable,andself-disciplined.Absenteeismand

latenesshurtproductivityand,sinceworkwasspecialized,disruptedtheregularfactoryroutine.

Industrializationnotonlyproducedafundamentalchangeinthewayworkwasorganized;ittransformed

theverynatureofwork.[OG-ArtisansandIndustrialization]

3.Theword“disrupted"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oprolonged

oestablished

ofollowed

oupset

Paragraph5:Inthisnewlyemergingeconomicorder,workerssometimesorganizedtoprotecttheir

rightsandtraditionalwaysoflife.Craftworkerssuchascarpenters,printers,andtailorsformedunions,

andin1834individualunionscametogetherintheNationalTrades*Union.Thelabormovement

gatheredsomemomentuminthedecadebeforethePanicof1837,butinthedepressionthatfollowed,

labor'sstrengthcollapsed.Duringhardtimes,fewworkerswerewillingtostrike興orengageincollective

action.Andskilledcraftworkers,whospearheadedtheunionmovement,didnotfeelaparticularly

strongbondwithsemiskilledfactoryworkersandunskilledlaborers.Morethanadecadeofagitationdid

finallybringaworkdayshortenedto10hourstomostindustriesbythe1850's,andthecourtsalso

recognizedworkers*righttostrike,butthesegainshadlittleimmediateimpact.[OG-Artisansand

Industrialization]

7.Theword“spearheaded"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oled

oaccepted

ochanged

oresisted

Paragraph1:Tunas,mackerels,andbillfishes(marlins,sailfishes,andswordfish)swimcontinuously.

Feeding,courtship,reproduction,andeven"rest"arecarriedoutwhileinconstantmotion.Asaresult,

practicallyeveryaspectofthebodyformandfunctionoftheseswimming"machines”isadaptedto

enhancetheirabilitytoswim.【OG-SwimmingMachines]

1.Theword“enhance”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ouse

oimprove

ocounteract

obalance

Paragraph4:Tunas,mackerels,andbillfisheshaveevenmoresophisticatedadaptationsthanthese

toimprovetheirhydrodynamics.Thelongbillofmarlins,sailfishes,andswordfishprobablyhelpsthem

slipthroughthewater.Manysupersonicaircrafthaveasimilarneedleatthenose.[OG-Swimming

Machines]

4.Theword“sophisticated"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ocomplex

oamazing

□creative

opractical

Paragraph7:Onepotentialproblemisthatopeningthemouthtobreathedetractsfromthe

streamliningofthesefishesandtendstoslowthemdown.Somespeciesoftunahavespecializedgrooves

intheirtongue.Itisthoughtthatthesegrooveshelptochannelwaterthroughthemouthandoutthegill

slits,therebyreducingwaterresistance.[OG-SwimmingMachines]

8.Theword“channel"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oreduce

oremove

odirect

oprovide

Paragraph1:ThedevelopmentofthemodernpresidencyintheUnitedStatesbeganwithAndrew

Jacksonwhoswepttopowerin1829attheheadoftheDemocraticPartyandserveduntil1837.During

hisadministration,heimmeasurablyenlargedthepowerofthepresidency."ThePresidentisthedirect

representativeoftheAmericanpeople/*helecturedtheSenatewhenitopposedhim."Hewaselectedby

thepeople,andisresponsibletothem."Withthisdeclaration,Jacksonredefinedthecharacterofthe

presidentialofficeanditsrelationshiptothepeople.[OG-Nineteenth-CenturyPoliticsintheUnited

States]

1.Theword“immeasurably"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ofrequently

ogreatly

orapidly

oreportedly

Paragraph4:WhigsandDemocratsdifferednotonlyintheirattitudestowardthemarketbutalso

abouthowactivethecentralgovernmentshouldbeinpeople'slives.DespiteAndrewJackson's

inclinationtobeastrongPresident,Democratsasarulebelievedinlimitedgovernment.Government's

roleintheeconomywastopromotecompetitionbydestroyingmonopolies*andspecialprivileges.In

keepingwiththisphilosophyoflimitedgovernment,Democratsalsorejectedtheideathatmoralbeliefs

werethepropersphereofgovernmentaction.Religionandpolitics,theybelieved,shouldbekeptclearly

separate,andtheygenerallyopposedhumanitarianlegislation.【OG-Nineteenth-CenturyPoliticsinthe

UnitedStates]

6.Theworduinclination??inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oargument

otendency

oexample

owarning

Paragraph5:TheWhigs,incontrast,viewedgovernmentpowerpositively.Theybelievedthatit

shouldbeusedtoprotectindividualrightsandpublicliberty,andthatithadaspecialrolewhere

individualeffortwasineffective.Byregulatingtheeconomyandcompetition,thegovernmentcould

ensureequalopportunity.Indeed,forWhigstheconceptofgovernmentpromotingthegeneralwelfare

wentbeyondtheeconomy.Inparticular,WhigsinthenorthernsectionsoftheUnitedStatesalso

believedthatgovernmentpowershouldbeusedtofosterthemoralwelfareofthecountry.Theywere

muchmorelikelytofavorsocial-reformlegislationandaidtoeducation.[OG-Nineteenth-Century

PoliticsintheUnitedStates]

8.Theword“concept”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

opower

oreality

odifficulty

oidea

Paragraph1:Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthow

canwetellwhenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?Itturnsoutthattheexpressionofmany

emotionsmaybeuniversal.Smilingisapparentlyauniversalsignoffriendlinessandapproval.Baring

theteethinahostileway,asnotedbyCharlesDarwininthenineteenthcentury,maybeauniversalsign

ofanger.Astheoriginatorofthetheoryofevolution,Darwinbelievedthattheuniversalrecognitionof

facialexpressionswouldhavesurvivalvalue.Forexample,facialexpressionscouldsignaltheapproachof

enemies(orfriends)intheabsenceoflanguage.[OG-TheExpressionofEmotions]

1.Theword“despondent"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ocurious

ounhappy

othoughtful

ouncertain

Paragraph2：Mostinvestigatorsconcurthatcertainfacialexpressionssuggestthesameemotionsin

allpeople.Moreover,peopleindiverseculturesrecognizetheemotionsmanifestedbythefacial

expressions.InclassicresearchPaulEkmantookphotographsofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,

disgust,fear,happiness,andsadness.Hethenaskedpeoplearoundtheworldtoindicatewhatemotions

werebeingdepictedinthem.ThosequeriedrangedfromEuropeancollegestudentstomembersofthe

Fore,atribethatdwellsintheNewGuineahighlands.Allgroups,includingtheFore,whohadalmostno

contactwithWesternculture,agreedontheportrayedemotions.TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacial

expressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledfor

basicemotionalresponses.Ekmanandhiscolleaguesmorerecentlyobtainedsimilarresultsinastudyof

tenculturesinwhichparticipantswerepermittedtoreportthatmultipleemotionswereshownbyfacial

expressions.Theparticipantsgenerallyagreedonwhichtwoemotionswerebeingshownandwhich

emotionwasmoreintense.【OG-TheExpressionofEmotions]

3.Theword“concur”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oestimate

oagree

oexpect

ounderstand

Paragraph4:Psychologicalresearchhasgivenrisetosomeinterestingfindingsconcerningthe

facial-feedbackhypothesis.Causingparticipantsinexperimentstosmile,forexample,leadsthemto

reportmorepositivefeelingsandtoratecartoons(humorousdrawingsofpeopleorsituations)asbeing

morehumorous.Whentheyarecausedtofrown,theyratecartoonsasbeingmoreaggressive.[OG-The

ExpressionofEmotions]

9.Thewordrateinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ojudge

oreject

odraw

owant

Paragraph6:Ekman'sobservationmayberelevanttotheBritishexpression“keepastiffupperlip”

asarecommendationforhandlingstress.Itmightbethata“stiff'lipsuppressesemotionalresponse—as

longasthelipisnotquiveringwithfearortension.Butwhentheemotionthatleadstostiffeningthelip

ismoreintense,andinvolvesstrongmuscletension,facialfeedbackmayheightenemotionalresponse.

[OG-TheExpressionofEmotions]

10.Theword“relevant"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ocontradictory

oconfusing

odependent

□applicable

Paragraph1:Mostpeopleconsiderthelandscapetobeunchanging,butEarthisadynamicbody,

anditssurfaceiscontinuallyaltering-slowlyonthehumantimescale,butrelativelyrapidlywhen

comparedtothegreatageofEarth(about4,500billionyears).Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthat

shapetheterrain:constructiveprocessessuchasuplift,whichcreatenewlandscapefeatures,and

destructiveforcessuchaserosion,whichgraduallywearawayexposedlandforms.[OG-Geologyand

Landscape]

2.Theword“relatively"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ounusually

ocomparatively

ooccasionally

onaturally

Paragraph2：Hillsandmountainsareoftenregardedastheepitomeofpermanence,successfully

resistingthedestructiveforcesofnature,butinfacttheytendtoberelativelyshort-livedingeological

terms.Asageneralrule,thehigheramountainis,themorerecentlyitwasformed;forexample,thehigh

mountainsoftheHimalayasareonlyabout50millionyearsold.Lowermountainstendtobeolder,and

areoftentheerodedrelicsofmuchhighermountainchains.About400millionyearsago,whenthe

present-daycontinentsofNorthAmericaandEuropewerejoined,theCaledonianmountainchainwas

thesamesizeasthemodernHimalayas.Today,however,therelicsoftheCaledonianorogeny

(mountain-buildingperiod)existasthecomparativelylowmountainsofGreenland,thenorthern

AppalachiansintheUnitedStates,theScottishHighlands,andtheNorwegiancoastalplateau.[OG-

GeologyandLandscape]

4.Theword“relics”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oresemblances

oregions

oremains

orestorations

Paragraph5:Theweather,initsmanyforms,isthemainagentoferosion.Rainwashesawayloose

soilandpenetratescracksintherocks.Carbondioxideintheairreactswiththerainwater,forminga

weakacid(carbonicacid)thatmaychemicallyattacktherocks.Therainseepsundergroundandthe

watermayreappearlaterassprings.Thesespringsarethesourcesofstreamsandrivers,whichcut

throughtherocksandcarryawaydebrisfromthemountainstothelowlands.[OG-Geologyand

Landscape]

7.Theword“seeps"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

odriesgradually

oflowsslowly

ofreezesquickly

owarmsslightly

TPO-1

Paragraph1：Groundwateristhewordusedtodescribewaterthatsaturatestheground,fillingallthe

availablespaces.Byfarthemostabundanttypeofgroundwaterismeteoricwater;thisisthe

groundwaterthatcirculatesaspartofthewatercycle.Ordinarymeteoricwateriswaterthathassoaked

intothegroundfromthesurface,fromprecipitation(rainandsnow)andfromlakesandstreams.There

itremains,sometimesforlongperiods,beforeemergingatthesurfaceagain.Atfirstthoughtitseems

incrediblethattherecanbeenoughspaceinthe“solid”groundunderfoottoholdallthiswater.[TPO1-

Groundwater]

3.Theword“outofsight"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ofaraway

ohidden

opartlyvisible

odiscovered

Paragraph4:Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebed

ofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil;iftheyarenowbelowthewater'suppersurface(thewater

table),thegravelsandsandsoftheformerriverbed,anditssandbars,willbesaturatedwithgroundwater.

[TPOi-Groundwater]

7.Theword“overlie"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ocover

ochange

oseparate

osurround

Paragraph5:Somuchforunconsolidatedsediments.Consolidated(orcemented)sediments,too,

containmillionsofminutewater-holdingpores.Thisisbecausethegapsamongtheoriginalgrainsare

oftennottotallypluggedwithcementingchemicals;also,partsoftheoriginalgrainsmaybecome

dissolvedbypercolatinggroundwater,eitherwhileconsolidationistakingplaceoratanytimeafterwards.

Theresultisthatsandstone,forexample,canbeasporousastheloosesandfromwhichitwasformed.

[TPOi-Groundwater]

9.Theword“plugged"inthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoowashed

odragged

ofilledup

osoakedthrough

Paragraph1：Inseekingtodescribetheoriginsoftheater,onemustrelyprimarilyonspeculation,

sincethereislittleconcreteevidenceonwhichtodraw.Themostwidelyacceptedtheory,championedby

anthropologistsinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies,envisionstheaterasemergingoutof

mythandritual.Theprocessperceivedbytheseanthropologistsmaybesummarizedbriefly.Duringthe

earlystagesofitsdevelopment,asocietybecomesawareofforcesthatappeartoinfluenceorcontrolits

foodsupplyandwell-being.Havinglittleunderstandingofnaturalcauses,itattributesbothdesirable

andundesirableoccurrencestosupernaturalormagicalforces,anditsearchesformeanstowinthefavor

oftheseforces.Perceivinganapparentconnectionbetweencertainactionsperformedbythegroupand

theresultitdesires,thegrouprepeats,refinesandformalizesthoseactionsintofixedceremonies,or

rituals.[TPOi-TheOriginsofTheater]

1.Theword“championed"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

ochanged

odebated

□created

osupported

2.Theword“attributes”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

□ascribes

oleaves

olimits

ocontrasts

Paragraph2：Stories(myths)maythengrowuparoundaritual.Frequentlythemythsinclude

representativesofthosesupernaturalforcesthattheritescelebrateorhopetoinfluence.Performersmay

wearcostumesandmaskstorepresentthemythicalcharactersorsupernaturalforcesintheritualsorin

accompanyingcelebrations.Asapersonbecomesmoresophisticated,itsconceptionsofsupernatural

forcesandcausalrelationshipsmaychange.Asaresult,itmayabandonormodifysomerites.Butthe

mythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup'soraltraditionandmay

evencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs,thefirststephas

beentakentowardtheaterasanautonomousactivity,andthereafterentertainmentandaestheticvalues

maygraduallyreplacetheformermysticalandsociallyefficaciousconcerns.[TPOi-TheOriginsof

Theater]

6.Theword“autonomous"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oartistic

oimportant

oindependent

oestablished

Paragraphi:Thetransitionfromforesttotreel