《安全員》TheSecurity第五章基礎(chǔ)工程施工安全技術(shù)Chapter5ConstructionSafetyTechniquesforFoundationWorks土石方開挖施工前，工程技術(shù)部應(yīng)依據(jù)工程地質(zhì)、水文地質(zhì)、氣象條件、環(huán)境因素等勘測資料，結(jié)合現(xiàn)場的實(shí)際情況，制定具體的專項(xiàng)施工方案。施工中應(yīng)遵循各項(xiàng)安全技術(shù)規(guī)程和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，嚴(yán)格按照施工方案組織施工，在施工過程中注重加強(qiáng)對人、機(jī)、物、料、環(huán)境因素的安全控制，搞好工序穿插，提高工效和施工速度，遇到較大的暴風(fēng)雨天氣應(yīng)停止施工，確保作業(yè)人員、設(shè)備的安全。

Beforeearthworkexcavationconstruction,theEngineeringTechnologyDepartmentshoulddevelopaspecificspecialconstructionplanbasedonsurveydatasuchasengineeringgeology,hydrogeology,meteorologicalconditions,andenvironmentalfactors,combinedwiththeactualsituationonsite.Duringconstruction,varioussafetytechnicalregulationsandstandardsshouldbefollowed,andconstructionshouldbestrictlyorganizedaccordingtotheconstructionplan.Duringtheconstructionprocess,attentionshouldbepaidtostrengtheningthesafetycontrolofpersonnel,machinery,materials,andenvironmentalfactors,doingagoodjobinprocessinterweaving,improvingworkefficiencyandconstructionspeed.Incaseofmajorstormweather,constructionshouldbestoppedtoensurethesafetyofoperatorsandequipment.一、土石方施工基本安全措施1、Basicsafetymeasuresforearthworkconstruction開挖施工前，應(yīng)根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)文件復(fù)查地下構(gòu)造物（光纜、電纜、管道等）的埋設(shè)位置和走向，并采取防護(hù)措施或避讓措施。施工中如發(fā)現(xiàn)危險(xiǎn)物品及其它可疑物品時(shí)，應(yīng)立即停止開挖，報(bào)請項(xiàng)目部相關(guān)部門處理。Beforeexcavationconstruction,theburialpositionanddirectionofundergroundstructures(opticalcables,cables,pipelines,etc.)shouldberecheckedaccordingtothedesigndocuments,andprotectivemeasuresoravoidancemeasuresshouldbetaken.Ifdangerousorothersuspiciousitemsarefoundduringconstruction,excavationshouldbeimmediatelystoppedandreportedtotherelevantdepartmentsoftheprojectdepartmentforhandling.開挖程序應(yīng)遵循自上而下的原則，并采取有效的安全措施合理安排施工工序，確定開挖邊坡坡比，邊坡開挖每一梯段開挖完成后，應(yīng)進(jìn)行一次安全處理，并由工程技術(shù)部及時(shí)制定邊坡支護(hù)方案。

Theexcavationprocedureshouldfollowtheprincipleoftop-down,andeffectivesafetymeasuresshouldbetakentoreasonablyarrangetheconstructionprocess.Theexcavationsloperatioshouldbedetermined.Aftereachexcavationstepoftheslopeiscompleted,asafetytreatmentshouldbecarriedout,andtheengineeringtechnologydepartmentshouldpromptlydevelopaslopesupportplan.土方開挖時(shí)，應(yīng)防止周邊臨近的建筑和構(gòu)筑物、道路管線等發(fā)生下沉和變形，必要時(shí)與設(shè)計(jì)甲方協(xié)商采取防護(hù)措施，并在施工中加強(qiáng)觀測；相關(guān)軸線引樁、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)等要注意防護(hù)，挖運(yùn)土?xí)r不得碰撞，以免影響測量精度。施工中若發(fā)現(xiàn)文物或古墓等，應(yīng)妥善保護(hù)，并應(yīng)立即報(bào)請當(dāng)?shù)赜嘘P(guān)部門處理后，方可繼續(xù)施工。Duringearthworkexcavation,settlementanddeformationofnearbybuildings,structures,roadpipelines,etc.shouldbeprevented.Ifnecessary,protectivemeasuresshouldbetakeninconsultationwiththedesignparty,andobservationshouldbestrengthenedduringconstruction;Attentionshouldbepaidtotheprotectionofrelevantaxisguidepiles,standardbenchmarks,etc.Duringexcavationandtransportationofsoil,collisionisnotallowedtoaffectthemeasurementaccuracy.Ifculturalrelicsorancienttombsarefoundduringconstruction,theyshouldbeproperlyprotectedandimmediatelyreportedtotherelevantlocaldepartmentsforhandlingbeforecontinuingconstruction.需加強(qiáng)對各類人員的培訓(xùn)教育，加強(qiáng)雨季安全施工常識的學(xué)習(xí)，提高自我防范能力和應(yīng)急反應(yīng)能力。嚴(yán)格遵守施工時(shí)間，盡可能夜間不施工，減小噪聲污染，若需夜間連續(xù)作業(yè)，需辦好夜間施工許可證。Itisnecessarytostrengthenthetrainingandeducationofvariouspersonnel,enhancethelearningofsafetyconstructionknowledgeduringtherainyseason,andimproveself-protectionandemergencyresponsecapabilities.Strictlyobservetheconstructiontime,andtrynottoconstructatnighttoreducenoisepollution.Ifcontinuousoperationatnightisrequired,anightConstructionpermitshallbeissued.開挖由專人指揮，嚴(yán)格遵循“分層開挖、嚴(yán)禁超挖”及“大基坑小開挖”的原則。開挖作業(yè)人員之間，必須保持足夠的安全距離；橫向間距不小于2m。縱向間距不小于3m；開挖必須自上而下的順序放坡進(jìn)行，嚴(yán)禁采用挖空底腳的操作方法。Theexcavationiscommandedbyadedicatedpersonandstrictlyfollowstheprinciplesof"layeredexcavation,strictprohibitionofoverexcavation"and"smallexcavationoflargefoundationpits".Adequatesafetydistancemustbemaintainedbetweenexcavationworkers;Thehorizontalspacingshallnotbelessthan2m.Thelongitudinalspacingshallnotbelessthan3m;Excavationmustbecarriedoutinatop-downsequencebysloping,anditisstrictlyprohibitedtousethemethodofhollowingoutthebottomfoot.二、人工開挖的安全技術(shù)措施2、Safetytechnicalmeasuresformanualexcavation（1）作業(yè)人員必須綁系安全帶；(1)Operatorsmustwearsafetybelts;（3）開挖工作應(yīng)與裝運(yùn)作業(yè)面相互錯(cuò)開，嚴(yán)禁上、下雙重作業(yè)；(3)Excavationworkshouldbestaggeredfromtheloadingandunloadingoperationsurface,anddualoperationsofupanddownarestrictlyprohibited;（2）邊坡開挖中如遇地下水涌出，應(yīng)先排水，后開挖；(2)Ifgroundwatergushesoutduringslopeexcavation,drainageshouldbecarriedoutfirstbeforeexcavation;高陡邊坡處施工必須遵守下列規(guī)定：

Theconstructionathighandsteepslopesmustcomplywiththefollowingregulations:（1）作業(yè)人員必須綁系安全帶；(1)Operatorsmustwearsafetybelts;（3）開挖工作應(yīng)與裝運(yùn)作業(yè)面相互錯(cuò)開，嚴(yán)禁上、下雙重作業(yè)；(3)Excavationworkshouldbestaggeredfromtheloadingandunloadingoperationsurface,anddualoperationsofupanddownarestrictlyprohibited;（2）邊坡開挖中如遇地下水涌出，應(yīng)先排水，后開挖；(2)Ifgroundwatergushesoutduringslopeexcavation,drainageshouldbecarriedoutfirstbeforeexcavation;高陡邊坡處施工必須遵守下列規(guī)定：

Theconstructionathighandsteepslopesmustcomplywiththefollowingregulations:（1）作業(yè)人員必須綁系安全帶；(1)Operatorsmustwearsafetybelts;（3）開挖工作應(yīng)與裝運(yùn)作業(yè)面相互錯(cuò)開，嚴(yán)禁上、下雙重作業(yè)；(3)Excavationworkshouldbestaggeredfromtheloadingandunloadingoperationsurface,anddualoperationsofupanddownarestrictlyprohibited;（2）邊坡開挖中如遇地下水涌出，應(yīng)先排水，后開挖；(2)Ifgroundwatergushesoutduringslopeexcavation,drainageshouldbecarriedoutfirstbeforeexcavation;高陡邊坡處施工必須遵守下列規(guī)定：

Theconstructionathighandsteepslopesmustcomplywiththefollowingregulations:（4）棄土下方和有滾石危及范圍內(nèi)的道路，應(yīng)設(shè)警告標(biāo)志，作業(yè)時(shí)坡下嚴(yán)禁通行；(4)Warningsignshallbesetupunderthespoilandontheroadswithintherangeofrollingstones.Itisforbiddentopassundertheslopeduringoperation;（5）坡面上的操作人員對松動的土、石塊必須及時(shí)清除；嚴(yán)禁在危石下方作業(yè)、休息和存放機(jī)具。(5)Theoperatorsontheslopemustpromptlyremoveloosesoilandstones;Itisstrictlyprohibitedtowork,rest,andstoreequipmentunderdangerousrocks.高陡邊坡處施工必須遵守下列規(guī)定：

Theconstructionathighandsteepslopesmustcomplywiththefollowingregulations:（4）棄土下方和有滾石危及范圍內(nèi)的道路，應(yīng)設(shè)警告標(biāo)志，作業(yè)時(shí)坡下嚴(yán)禁通行；(4)Warningsignshallbesetupunderthespoilandontheroadswithintherangeofrollingstones.Itisforbiddentopassundertheslopeduringoperation;（5）坡面上的操作人員對松動的土、石塊必須及時(shí)清除；嚴(yán)禁在危石下方作業(yè)、休息和存放機(jī)具。(5)Theoperatorsontheslopemustpromptlyremoveloosesoilandstones;Itisstrictlyprohibitedtowork,rest,andstoreequipmentunderdangerousrocks.高陡邊坡處施工必須遵守下列規(guī)定：

Theconstructionathighandsteepslopesmustcomplywiththefollowingregulations:（6）各施工人員嚴(yán)禁翻躍護(hù)身欄桿，基坑內(nèi)人員休息時(shí)遠(yuǎn)離基坑邊，不得在坡底和坡頂休息，以防不測；基坑外施工人員不得向基坑內(nèi)亂扔雜物，向基坑下傳遞工具時(shí)要接穩(wěn)后再松手；基坑施工期間需設(shè)警示牌，夜間加設(shè)紅色燈標(biāo)志。(6)Allconstructionpersonnelarestrictlyprohibitedfromflippingoverprotectiverailings.Personnelinsidethefoundationpitshouldstayawayfromtheedgeofthepitwhileresting,andshouldnotrestatthebottomandtopoftheslopetopreventaccidents;Constructionpersonneloutsidethefoundationpitarenotallowedtothrowdebrisintothepit,andwhentransferringtoolstothebottomofthepit,theymustfirmlyconnectandthenreleasetheirhands;Duringtheconstructionofthefoundationpit,warningsignsshouldbesetupandredlightsignsshouldbeaddedatnight.大型機(jī)械進(jìn)場前，應(yīng)查清所通過道路、橋梁的凈寬和承載力是否足夠，否則應(yīng)先予拓寬和加固。

機(jī)械在危險(xiǎn)地段作業(yè)時(shí)，必須設(shè)明顯的安全警告標(biāo)志，并應(yīng)設(shè)專人站在操作人員能看清的地方指揮，駕機(jī)人員只能接受指揮人員發(fā)出的規(guī)定信號。

Beforelargemachineryentersthesite,itisnecessarytocheckwhetherthenetwidthandbearingcapacityoftheroadsandbridgesitpassesthrougharesufficient.Otherwise,itshouldbewidenedandreinforcedfirst.Whenthemachineryisoperatingindangerousareas,obvioussafetyWarningsignmustbesetup,andspecialpersonnelshouldbeassignedtostandattheplacewheretheoperatorcanseeclearlytocommand.Thepilotcanonlyacceptthespecifiedsignalssentbythecommander.三、機(jī)械開挖的安全技術(shù)措施3、Safetytechnicalmeasuresformechanicalexcavation

機(jī)械在邊坡、邊溝作業(yè)時(shí)，應(yīng)與邊緣保持必要的安全距離，使輪胎（履帶）壓在堅(jiān)實(shí)的地面上。配合機(jī)械作業(yè)的清底、平地、修坡等輔助工作應(yīng)與機(jī)械作業(yè)交替進(jìn)行，機(jī)上、機(jī)下人員必須密切配合，協(xié)同作業(yè)，若必須在機(jī)械作業(yè)范圍內(nèi)同時(shí)進(jìn)行輔助工作時(shí)，應(yīng)停止機(jī)械運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)后，輔助人員方可進(jìn)入。Whenmachineryoperatesonslopesandditches,necessarysafetydistancesshouldbemaintainedfromtheedgestoensurethatthetires(tracks)arepressedontoasolidground.Auxiliaryworksuchasbottomcleaning,leveling,andsloperepairthatcooperatewithmechanicaloperationsshouldbecarriedoutalternately.Personnelonandoffthemachinemustcloselycooperateandcooperateintheoperation.Ifauxiliaryworkmustbecarriedoutsimultaneouslywithinthescopeofmechanicaloperations,theoperationofthemachineshouldbestoppedbeforeauxiliarypersonnelcanenter.三、機(jī)械開挖的安全技術(shù)措施3、Safetytechnicalmeasuresformechanicalexcavation

施工機(jī)械一切服從指揮，人員盡量遠(yuǎn)離機(jī)械，如有必要先通知操作人員后方可接近。在挖土機(jī)工作范圍內(nèi)，不許進(jìn)行其它作業(yè)。挖掘機(jī)和載重車輛的停機(jī)點(diǎn)必須留有足夠的安全距離，杜絕坡道停機(jī)、停車，坡道挖掘應(yīng)由專人指揮。

Allconstructionmachineryshouldfollowthecommand,andpersonnelshouldtrytostayawayfromthemachineryasmuchaspossible.Ifnecessary,operatorsshouldbenotifiedbeforeapproaching.OtheroperationsarenotallowedwithintheworkingrangeoftheExcavator.Sufficientsafetydistancemustbeleftatthestoppointsofexcavatorsandheavy-dutyvehiclestopreventstoppingorparkingonslopes.Slopeexcavationshouldbecommandedbyadedicatedperson.機(jī)械挖土與人工清槽要采用輪換工作面作業(yè)，確保配合施工安全。挖機(jī)回轉(zhuǎn)范圍內(nèi)不得站人，尤其是土方施工配合人員；在機(jī)械挖出支護(hù)坡面后，要求人工及時(shí)修整邊坡，基坑圍護(hù)緊隨上方開挖進(jìn)行。Mechanicalexcavationandmanualtrenchcleaningshoulduserotatingworkingfacestoensuresafeconstructioncooperation.Nooneisallowedtostandwithintheturningrangeoftheexcavator,especiallytheearthworkconstructioncooperationpersonnel;Afterthemechanicalexcavationofthesupportingslopesurface,itisrequiredtomanuallyrepairtheslopeinatimelymanner,andthefoundationpitenclosureiscarriedoutcloselyfollowingtheexcavationabove.四、雨季施工安全技術(shù)措施4、Safetytechnicalmeasuresforrainyseasonconstruction土方工程受雨水影響較大，如不采取有關(guān)防范措施，將可能對施工安全及建筑物質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響，因此在雨期施工時(shí)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：Earthworkisgreatlyaffectedbyrainwater,andifrelevantpreventivemeasuresarenottaken,itmayhaveaseriousimpactonconstructionsafetyandbuildingquality.Therefore,duringrainyseasonconstruction,thefollowingpointsshouldbenoted:（1）挖土前要在沿渠邊坡頂部設(shè)擋水埂、排水溝等截水排水設(shè)施及防洪和排水機(jī)械設(shè)備，減少邊坡匯水，防止邊坡被雨水沖塌及基坑（槽）進(jìn)水泡槽。土方開挖宜從上到下分層分段依次進(jìn)行，同時(shí)做成一定坡勢，以利集水外排；基底成型時(shí)宜在基層同時(shí)做好排水溝、集水井等抽排系統(tǒng)，下雨時(shí)及時(shí)排除落雨。

(1)Beforeexcavation,waterblockingridges,drainageditches,andotherwaterinterceptionanddrainagefacilities,aswellasfloodcontrolanddrainagemachineryandequipment,shouldbeinstalledatthetopoftheslopealongthecanaltoreducethewatercollectionontheslopeandpreventtheslopefrombeingwasheddownbyrainwaterandthefoundationpit(groove)frombeingsoakedinwater.Earthworkexcavationshouldbecarriedoutinlayersandsectionsfromtoptobottom,andacertainslopeshouldbeformedtofacilitatewatercollectionanddrainage;Whenformingthebase,itisadvisabletoestablishdrainageditches,watercollectionwells,andotherdrainagesystemsatthesametimeasthebaselayer,andtimelyeliminatefallingrainwhenitrains.（2）基坑挖好后要迅速協(xié)調(diào)組織好釬探、驗(yàn)槽等工作時(shí)間。(2)Aftertheexcavationofthefoundationpit,itisnecessarytoquicklycoordinateandorganizetheworktimeofdrilling,trenchinspection,etc.（3）如有需要，基坑上口四周做20cm高擋水墻，往外做好排水坡度，保證排水暢通，防止地表水流入基坑內(nèi)或大量滲入坑邊土體影響邊坡的穩(wěn)定。

(3)Ifnecessary,a20cmhighwaterretainingwallshouldbebuiltaroundtheupperopeningofthefoundationpit,andadrainageslopeshouldbemadeoutwardtoensuresmoothdrainageandpreventsurfacewaterfromenteringthefoundationpitorinfiltratingalargeamountofsoilnearthepit,whichmayaffectthestabilityoftheslope.（4）雨期開挖基槽（坑）時(shí)，應(yīng)注意邊坡穩(wěn)定。必要時(shí)可適當(dāng)放緩邊坡度或設(shè)置支撐。施工時(shí)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對邊坡和支撐的檢查控制，防止滑坡及塌方事故；對于已開挖好的基槽（坑）要設(shè)置支撐；正在開挖的要放緩邊坡。(4)Whenexcavatingfoundationtrenches(pits)duringrainyseasons,attentionshouldbepaidtoslopestability.Ifnecessary,theslopeoftheedgecanbeappropriatelysloweddownorsupportcanbesetup.Strengthentheinspectionandcontrolofslopesandsupportsduringconstructiontopreventlandslidesandcollapseaccidents;Supportshouldbeprovidedfortheexcavatedfoundationtrench(pit);Slowingdowntheslopewhileexcavating.（5