命題點(diǎn)3主旨大意題·提煉歸納【考向研析】考向1段落大意題每個段落都有一個中心思想,且中心思想通常會在段落的首句或尾句體現(xiàn)出來,這個句子就是常說的段落主題句。沒有給出明顯的主題句時,要根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容概括出段落大意考向2文章大意題考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力,即考查考生的歸納概括能力考向3標(biāo)題歸納題概括出文章的中心思想,并對中心思想再次加以提煉,擬定出文章的標(biāo)題。文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞、短語,也可以是句子【真題研磨】【考向1】段落大意題【典例展示】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·D篇節(jié)選)Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbeecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.WhatisParagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.【解題思維】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,Paragraph2,is...mainlyabout第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbeecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(第二段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,第一段引出了“群體智慧”效應(yīng),并解釋什么是“群體智慧”效應(yīng),即大量人獨(dú)立做估計,如果把這些獨(dú)立估計平均起來,得到的平均數(shù)還是很準(zhǔn)確的。緊接著,第二段分析為什么會這樣,原因是有些人會高估,有些人會低估,如果足夠多的高估和低估做一下平均,高估和低估引起的誤差就會相互抵消,而最終導(dǎo)致一個比較準(zhǔn)確的結(jié)果。第二段的內(nèi)容其實是“群體智慧”效應(yīng)運(yùn)作的一個深層次的邏輯,故選__B__。

【易錯警示】解題時,考生很容易誤選A項。文章第二段中多次提到有關(guān)“估計”的概念,有的是“高估”,有的是“低估”,還有“精確估計”等,其目的是分析“估計的準(zhǔn)確性”,可見本段并不是介紹方法,故排除A項。【考向2】文章大意題【典例展示】(2023·浙江高考·B篇)Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.

IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,asIwaslivingwithmyparents,andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband,asheisnotpletelyzerowastelikeme.I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanotalwayssupportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson,sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadmentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom,soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn’tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品),Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften,soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges,youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifothersmentonwhatyou’redoing,whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard,yourwordsprobablywon’tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B.Howtohaveone’sownpersonalspaceathome.C.Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D.Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.【解題思維】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,thetext,is...mainlyabout第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.(第一段)I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanotalwayssupportivehousehold.(第二段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提出問題的具體情形,第二段提出了問題解決的可能性,下文敘述了具體的做法,據(jù)此可知文章主要講述了作者如何在家庭中過零浪費(fèi)的生活方式。故選__C__。

【易錯警示】解題時,考生很容易誤選A項。文章中涉及處理和家庭成員的關(guān)系,但是確實是圍繞著文章主題展開的,也就是作者如何讓家人能夠配合過一種零浪費(fèi)的健康生活,這樣A項明顯是錯誤的,需要排除?！究枷?】標(biāo)題歸納題【典例展示】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·B篇)Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlowineschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallyetoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theyetousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehandsonexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flowerandseeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey’reeatingdifferently,”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram’sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside,”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.RescuingSchoolGardensB.ExperiencingCountryLifeC.GrowingVegetableLovers D.ChangingLocalLandscape【解題思維】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,titleforthetext第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.(第一段);Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores....(第二段)...Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens....(第五段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,第一段以及下文內(nèi)容講述了為了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的科學(xué)技能、環(huán)保意識以及養(yǎng)成健康的生活方式,AbbyJaramillo和另外一位老師在低收入學(xué)校發(fā)起UrbanSprouts菜園項目,這個項目讓學(xué)生體驗菜園生活,對學(xué)生影響深遠(yuǎn)。因此推斷B項“體驗鄉(xiāng)村生活”符合文意,最適合作為本文標(biāo)題。故選__B__。

【易錯警示】解題時,考生很容易誤選A項,因為文章中提到thegarden,grocerystores等信息,但是這些信息都是幫助介紹活動內(nèi)容,文章主旨是介紹“體驗鄉(xiāng)村生活”的情況,故排除A項?！究紙黾挤ā考挤?段落大意題:“一定、二找、三歸納”技法2文章大意題:“速讀、識別、再總結(jié)”技法3標(biāo)題歸納題:“速瀏覽、定主題、巧概括”【多維演練】Test體裁:說明文詞數(shù):341話題:動物保護(hù)建議用時:7分鐘AteamofresearchersfromseveralinstitutionsintheUKandoneinEstoniahascreatedatypeofbuoy(浮標(biāo))thathasproventobeeffectiveatfrighteningseabirds,thuspreventingthemfromgettingcaughtingillnets—atypeofverticalfishingnetthatismadeofamaterialthatmakesitnearlyinvisibleunderwater.Everyyear,hundredsofthousandsofseabirdsdiewhentheygetcaughtingillnets.Someestimatessuggestthatuptoahalfmillionbirdsarecaughtinthemeachyear.Overtheyears,researchershavecreateddevicestopreventthebirdsfromtryingtocatchfishnearoringillnets,butthosedidn’tworkwell.Tofindawaythatwouldworkforallseabirds,theresearchersfirststudiedseabirdsinageneralsense,lookingtofindthingsthattheywouldavoid.Theynotedthatseabirdsavoidedeyecontactwithothercreatures.Thentheresearcherscameupwithasimpleidea—theyputasmallpoletoaregularbuoyandthenattachedapairofgooglyeyes(金魚眼)tothetopofit.Theymadetheeyesbigenoughsothatevenbirdswithpooreyesight,suchasgeese,wouldseethem.Addingtotheeffectivenessofthedevice,wavesmadetheeyesmovebackandforth.Andthewindmadethebuoyspinveryslowly,makingsurethatbirdsfromeverydirectionwouldgetagoodlookattheeyes.Totesttheiridea,theresearchersselectedseveralsitesneargillnetsandcountedhowmanybirdsapproachedandhowmanyattemptedtocatchfishnearthenets.Theythensetuptheirgooglyeyedbuoysandonceagaincountedbirds.Overthecourseof62days,theyfoundthenumberofbirdsthattriedtocatchfishnearthegillnetsdroppedbyapproximately25%foradistanc