UsinglanguageUnit4FriendsforeverLearningObjectivesPART.01UnderstandthedailystudyandlifeofBritishmiddleschoolstudentsbywatchingvideos.Basedonyourowndailystudyandlife,comparethestudyandlifeinChineseandBritishschools,andfindoutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwo.Talkaboutyourfirstimpressionofhighschoollife,andhaveapreliminaryperceptionofthestudyandlifeintheseniorhighschoolstage.LearningObjectivesUnderstandthestructureandfunctionofattributiveclauses,andbeabletoflexiblyapplytheminreallifecontexts.Masterandappropriatelyusedescriptivewordsandphrasestodepictfriends,behaviorsandqualities.Throughlisteningtrainingbroadenyourhorizonsinvariousaspects,andimprovethecomprehensivelanguageuseinrealcontexts.Recognizetheimportanceoffriendship,learnwaystogetalongwithothers,anddevelophealthyinterpersonalrelationships.UnderstandthedailystudyandlifeofBritishmiddleschoolstudentsbywatchingvideos.Basedonyourowndailystudyandlife,comparethestudyandlifeinChineseandBritishschools,andfindoutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwo.Talkaboutyourfirstimpressionofhighschoollife,andhaveapreliminaryperceptionofthestudyandlifeintheseniorhighschoolstage.TeachingFocusesandAnticipatedDifficultiesStudentscanunderstandthestructureandfunctionofattributiveclausesandbeabletoapplythem.Anduseappropriatevocabularyandexpressionstodescribefamilymembers’appearances.Accuratelygraspinformationfromgeneral-topicconversationswhilelisteningandexpressreasonablesuggestions.Recognizingtheimportanceoffriendshipandlearninghowtobuildhealthyinterpersonalrelationships.GrammarPART.02Lookatthesentencesfromthereadingpassageandanswerthequestions.1.Whatdoes“that”refertoinsentence(a)?“That”refersto“thepeople”insentence(a).2.Whatdoes“who”refertoinsentence(b)?“Who”refersto“people”insentence(b).Comparethemwiththefollowingsentencesandanswerthequestions.3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthetwogroupsofsentences?Sentences(a)and(b)bothcontainaclausedefininganounineachsentence.Sentences(c)and(d)areeachconstructedwithapairofsimplesentences,withonedefininganounthatappearsintheothersentenceineachpair.Comparethemwiththefollowingsentencesandanswerthequestions.4.Whydoestheauthorchoosetousesentences(a)and(b)inthereadingpassage?Becausethereisacloserlinkandconnectionbetween“people”andtheclausedefiningitinsentences(a)and(b).Italsomakesthepassageclearer,andcreatesanemphaticeffectonthepeopleorthingsbeingdefined.Comparethemwiththefollowingsentencesandanswerthequestions.5.Whatotherwordsareusedtointroduceattributiveclauses?Whatdotheyreferto?Otherwordsusedtointroduceattributiveclausesinclude“which”,“whom”and“whose”.Theycanrefertoanobjectorathing,apersonastheobjectofanactionandtherelationshipofbelonging.Nowlookformoresentenceswithattributiveclausesinthereadingpassage.Whatiftheonlywayofgettingnewsfromfarawayfriendswaswritinglettersthattookagestobedelivered?Whateverourhobbies,theInternetcanconnectuswithotherswhoalsoenjoydoingthem,eveniftheyliveontheothersideoftheworld.Onsocialmediasites,peopletendtopostonlypositiveupdatesthatmakethemappearhappyandfriendly.Attributiveclauses(1)(定語(yǔ)從句)定語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中用來(lái)限制、描繪或說(shuō)明主句中某一名詞或代詞而起定語(yǔ)作用的從句。先行詞：定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫作先行詞。先行詞可以是人、物，也可以是整個(gè)句子或者句子的一部分，先行詞一般位于定語(yǔ)從句之前。Sheisakindteacherwhooftenhelpsstudentswiththeirproblems.Tomdecidedtostarthisownbusiness,whichamazedhisparents.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫作關(guān)系詞。按照關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所作的成分，可將關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。Thebeautifulcitywhich/thatwevisitedlastsummerisHangzhou.ThisistheplacewhereImetmybestfriend.關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞先行詞充當(dāng)?shù)某煞株P(guān)系代詞that指人、物主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)which指物、句子主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)who指人主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)whom指人賓語(yǔ)whose指人、物定語(yǔ)as指人、物或句子主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)關(guān)系副詞when表示時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)where表示地點(diǎn)的名詞地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)why表示原因的名詞原因狀語(yǔ)一、定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)1.限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾、限制作用，是句中不可缺少的部分，主句和從句關(guān)系非常緊密，不能用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。Heboughtthebookthat/whichisrecommendedbytheteacher.2.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句往往是對(duì)先行詞或整個(gè)主句進(jìn)行附加說(shuō)明，主從句的關(guān)系并不十分密切，若將其去掉，主句的意義仍然完整清楚。從句和主句之間往往用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。除了that以外，其他的關(guān)系代詞及關(guān)系副詞都和限制性定語(yǔ)從句用法相同，只是所有關(guān)系詞都必須寫(xiě)上，不能省略。Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,hasalonghistory.二、關(guān)系代詞1.thatthat只可用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，既可以指代人又可以指代物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略，但不能作介詞賓語(yǔ)。指人時(shí)相當(dāng)于who/whom，指物時(shí)相當(dāng)于which。Themanthat/whoisstandingoverthereismyuncle.2.which指代物或句子或句子的一部分，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。作介詞的賓語(yǔ)且介詞提前時(shí)which不可省略。Thebuilding,whichwasbuiltinthe19thcentury,isnowamuseum.Theproject,whichwehavebeenworkingonformonths,willbecompletednextweek.3.whowho指代人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略，但介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前，不能用who。在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中who可用that代替，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可與whom替換。Sheisthegirlwhowonthefirstprizeinthesingingcompetition.4.whomwhom指代人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可用who或that代替。介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前，從句只能用“介詞+whom”引導(dǎo)。ThewomanwhomyoutalkedtojustnowismyEnglishteacher.Theboy,whomweinvitedtoourparty,isverytalentedinpainting.5.whosewhose指人或物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。當(dāng)從句中含有與先行詞有所屬關(guān)系的詞的時(shí)候，我們就用whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于ofwhom或ofwhich。Thehousewhoseroofwasdamagedinthestormneedstoberepaired.除了用whose表所屬關(guān)系以外,在whom和which之前加of也可以表示所屬關(guān)系(即ofwhom,ofwhich)。這時(shí)名詞需要特指,應(yīng)加定冠詞,放在ofwhom,ofwhich之前或之后均可。Ihaveafriendwhosefatherisafamousscientist.→Ihaveafriend,thefatherofwhomisafamousscientist.→Ihaveafriendofwhomthefatherisafamousscientist.Thestudents,someofwhoseparentsaredoctors,areveryhardworking.→Thestudents,someoftheparentsofwhomaredoctors,areveryhardworking.→Thestudents,theparentsofsomeofwhomaredoctors,areveryhardworking.6.as①用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句。指人或物且在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。例：Bookssuchasthoseyoumentionedareveryhelpfulforourstudy.②用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。指代整個(gè)主句或主句中的一部分。Ascanbeseen,theenvironmentisgettingbetterwithourefforts.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的常見(jiàn)表達(dá)asweallknow眾所周知

asIcanremember正如我所記得的asoftenhappens這經(jīng)常發(fā)生

asweexpect正如我們預(yù)料的那樣asyousee這一點(diǎn)你明白

ashasbeensaidbefore如前所述asiswellknown眾所周知

aswasexpected正如預(yù)料的那樣ascanbeseen看得出來(lái)

ashasbeensaidabove如上所述關(guān)系代詞that與which指物時(shí)?？苫Q，以下情況用that：1.先行詞是all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等不定代詞；IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?2.先行詞被theonly,thevery,any,every,no,all,few,little,much等修飾；Sheistheonlygirlthatcanplaythisdifficultpieceofmusic.3.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾；ThisisthefirstmoviethatI'vewatchedinthetheaterthisyear.4.先行詞既有人又有物。Wetalkedaboutthepeopleandthingsthatwerememberedinourhometown.Attention關(guān)系代詞用who不用that的情況：1.當(dāng)先行詞為人稱(chēng)代詞he,she,they或one(s),anyone,nobody等指人的不定代詞時(shí)。Anyonewhowantstojointheclubcansignuphere.2.當(dāng)指人的先行詞是those，或先行詞被those所修飾時(shí)。Thosewhoarekind-heartedalwaysliketohelpothers.3.當(dāng)指人的先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。Thesecondpersonwhocameintotheroomwasmyteacher.Attention關(guān)系代詞用who不用that的情況：4.當(dāng)指人的先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句被其他成分分隔時(shí)。Themanisinthegardenwhoyoumetatthepartylastweek.5.當(dāng)指人的先行詞由兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾(即雙重定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句只能用who/whom引導(dǎo),不能用that。第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞不可省略。HeistheexcellentstudentIadmire

whowonthefirstprizeinthecompetition.6.therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中先行詞指人時(shí)。Thereisakind-heartedmanwhooftenhelpsthepoor.關(guān)系代詞用that不用who的情況：1.在特殊疑問(wèn)句中，如果開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)代詞是who,為了避免重復(fù)，定語(yǔ)從句宜使用that引導(dǎo)，而不用who。Whoisthegirlthatissingingonthestage?2.當(dāng)先行詞為疑問(wèn)代詞who,which時(shí)。Whothathasadreamdoesn'twanttomakeitcometrue?3.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句也不用who引導(dǎo)，而用that，或者省略關(guān)系代詞that。這一般是確認(rèn)性表語(yǔ)。Hehasbecomethepersonthathealwayswantedtobe.(that在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ))4.當(dāng)先行詞同時(shí)包含人和物時(shí)。Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthattheyvisitedlastsummer.AttentionRewritetheunderlinedsentenceswiththat,which,who,whomorwhose.1.Lucyismyfriendwho/thathasahearingproblem.2.SoIlearntanewlanguagewhich/thatallowsmeto“speak”withmyhands.3.Lucyisasmartgirlwhoseideasarealwaysinspiring.4.Isometimeshaveproblems(that/which)Ican’tsolve.5.Lucyisagoodlistener(whom/who/that)Ienjoysharingmomentsofmylifewith.Completetheonlineforumpostwiththat,which,who,whomorwhose.that/whichwhosewho/thatwhich/thatwhom/whoReadtherecipeandworkoutthemeaningofthewordsinbold.twocupsoftrust,onespoonofencouragement,threespoonsofhelpfulness,threecupsofgoodconversation,onepackofsimilarinterests,oneglassofcomfort,twodropsofpatience,onebagofpassion,onepieceofgenerosity,…andasliceofhumour!Likeanygoodsoup,thiswon’tfailtomakeyousmilewhenyou’refeelingdown.Allyouneedtogetstartedisaboxoflove.Pouritintoapotandmixitwithfivegramsofsmiles.Next,add:FriendshipsoupMatchthewordsinboldinActivity4tothedictionaryentries.generositytrustpassionhelpfulnesscomforthumourencouragementpatienceWorkinpairs.Talkaboutthekeywordsofyour“Friendshipsoup”andcreateyourownrecipe.Comeupwithmorewordsifyoucan.FriendshipsoupgenerositypassionabilityencouragementattractionbraverycarefulnessconfidencecooperationcreativitydedicationdiligencetrustdutyenergysincerityhelpfulnesscomfortpatiencehumourListeningPART.03Theword“friend”comesfromtheOldEnglishword“freond”,meaning“thelovedone”.AccordingtoastudyfromYaleUniversityandtheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanDiegoin2014,goodfriendsareoftengeneticallysimilar.Infact,goodfriendscanshareupto1%ofthesamegenes–asmuchaswemightsharewithourgreat-great-greatgrandparents!DidYouKnow?Listentotheconversationandnumbertheeventsinthecorrectorder.425316Listenagainandcompletethetable.SuggestionCommentWecouldsendhim1_________oftheplaceswevisit.Thatmightmakehim2_______________.Howaboutsendinghim3________________fromeveryplacewevisit?Theymay4_________toarrive.Howabouthavinga(n)5____________withhimatdifferentplaces?Theyaren’t6_________insomeplaces.WecanprintMatt’sphotoona7_____________cardboardcutoutandtakephotoswithiteverywherewego.Itwillfeellikehe’stherewithusandMattwill8_______atthephotos.photosfeelevenworsefunnypostcardstakedaysvideochatallowedlife-sizedlaughNowtalkabouthowAndyandClaragivesuggestions.Listenagainifnecessary.Workinpairs.Actouttheconversationtosolveaproblembetweenfriends.

studentAOneofyourfriendshasbeenavoidingyouallweek.He/Shedoesn’ttalktoyouandrefusestotextorphoneyouback.AskStudentBforsuggestionsandgivecommentson

them.

studentBStudentAhasaproblemandneedsyourhelp.Findoutwhattheproblemisandgivehim/hersomesuggestionsas

tohowtosolveit.Workinpairs.Actouttheconversationtosolveaproblembetweenfriends.Workinpairs.Thinkaboutaproblemthathascomeupbetweenyouandyourfriendsandhaveasimilarconversation.Vocabulary1.inspiringinspiresb.

todosth.激勵(lì)某人做某事inspiresb.withsth.

=

inspiresth.

insb. 用……激發(fā)某人;激發(fā)某人的某種情感例題：Theteacher’spassionforliteratureinspiredthestudents__________(explore)classicnovelstheyhadneverconsideredreadingbefore.toexploreVocabulary2.comfortturntosb.forcomfort 向某人尋求安慰beagreatcomforttosb. 是某人的巨大安慰take/drawcomfortfrom 從……獲得安慰incomfort 舒適地comfortableadj.舒服的；自在的例題：Shesettledintothearmchair,wrappedinawarmblanket,andreadherbook____comfort.inVocabulary3.patiencepatientadj.耐心的

n.病人patientlyadv.耐心地bepatientwith 對(duì)……有耐心beimpatientwith 對(duì)……不耐煩haveno/littlepatiencewith 不能容忍……lose/runoutofpatience(withsb.) (對(duì)某人)失去耐心withpatience(=patiently) 耐心地例題：Parentsneedtobepatient____youngchildrenastheylearntoexpresstheiremotions.withVocabulary4.generositygenerousadj.慷慨的，大方的generouslyadv.慷慨地，大方地begeneroustosb. 對(duì)某人慷慨begenerouswithsth. 在某方面大方，不吝嗇某物one’sgenerosityto/towards... 某人對(duì)……的慷慨例題：Thecompanyisgenerous_______itsemployees,offeringcompetitivesalariesandexcellentbenefits.toVocabulary5.anxiousbeanxiousforsb./aboutsth. 為……擔(dān)心/擔(dān)憂(yōu)beanxiousforsth. 渴望……beanxioustod