Glossary

ScopePrefaceContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefits2Urbangrowthandever-increasingconsumptionpatternsareputtingpressureonourplanet’sresourceslikeneverbefore.Thisischallengingthetraditionalmethodsemployedbyanincreasingnumberofclimate-consciouslocalgovernmentsandinfluentialstakeholderswithintheconstructionindustry.Thesestakeholdersencompassmaterialproducers,developers,designers,andarchitectswhoareactivelyengagedinresearchingandimplementingdiversebiobasedconstructionmaterials

andarelookingtoexplorethepotentialofthesematerialstoserveasaviablesolutionformitigatingthelargecarbonfootprintoftenassociatedwithconstruction

projects.Tokeeppace,itisestimatedthattwobillionsquaremetresofnewbuildingstockwillberequiredeveryyearbetween2023and2028alone.Theclimateimpactofsuchdevelopmentwillbesignificantintermsofbothembodiedandoperationalemissions.

Toreduceimpactonclimateandpromotehealthylivingplaceswemustfocusontheconsequencesofourmaterial,design,andfabrication

choices.ToensurethatthebuildingsandconstructionsectorisontracktomeettheParisAgreementgoals,weneedtoacknowledgethebuiltenvironmentasasysteminwhich

allactorsintheconstructionmaterialsupplychainhavearoleandresponsibilitytoreduceemissionsacrossthefulllifecycleofbuiltassets.Carbonperformanceneedstobecomeanintegralpartoftheassessmentduringeverytransactionallalongthevaluechainandcitiesareuniquelyplacedtodemandthisandintegratecarbonperformanceintoprocurementandregulations.Spaceandresourceconstraints,climatechangemitigationandresilience,andagreaterfocusonhumanwell-being,amongotherfactors,havestimulatednewsolutionsandencouraged

innovation.Forsomethishasmeantareturntovariousbiobasedbuildingmaterials.Thepotential

oftheseversatilematerialsisimmense,withbenefitsincludingreducedenergyconsumption,reducedCO2emissions,healthierspaces,andaroutetosustainableforest,spatialandagricultural

management—all

keytenetsoftheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoals

(SDGs).Appropriatelydiverseandwellmanagedbiobasedsupplychainsandmodelsofconstructioncanhelptoreducenetcarbonemissionsbylockingcarbonintothe

buildingfabric.Itisencouragingtowitnessasignificantincreaseintheuseofwoodenbuildingsinrecentyears.Thisshifttowardstimberconstructionreflectsagrowingrecognitionofthebenefitsassociatedwithbiobasedmaterials.Thistrendisnotlimitedtoanyspecificregion;itisaglobalphenomenon.Aswestrivetoaddressthechallengesposedbyurbanization,climatechange,andthepursuitofhealthier,moresustainablelivingenvironments,theadoptionofbiobasedbuildingmaterials,suchaswood,isgainingmomentum.Toacceleratethistransformationandmakeameaningfulimpactonourbuiltenvironment,wemustcontinuetopromoteandexpandtheuseofthesematerialsonalarger

scale.Coverimage?antonellabozzini/AlamyStock

PhotoGlossary

Scope

Context

BiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefits3AcknowledgementsThefollowinghavesharedtheirinsights

inthemakingofthe

report:Simone

MangiliExecutiveDirector,CarbonNeutral

CitiesAllianceIrene

GarciaBuiltEnvironmentLead,CarbonNeutralCities

AlliancePeter

VangsboAssociateDirectorforClimate

andSustainabilityServices,

ArupMagnusEgelundThomsenSustainabilityConsultant,

ArupBruna

FrydmanSeniorMaterialsEngineer,

ArupMarina

SaezSustainabilityConsultant,

ArupAyoe

SkotteJuniorSustainabilityConsultant,

ArupSean

LockieDirectorIntegratedCityPlanning,

ArupLean

DoodyDirectorforCitiesplanningandDesign,

ArupEmily

WalportSeniorMaterialsEngineer,

ArupCNCAknowledge

partnersEuropean

municipalitiesDesiréeBernhardt,Amsterdam

MunicipalityStefanRigter,Amsterdam

MunicipalityRemySpiewak,BordeauxMétropoleEmmaMorton,Glasgow

MunicipalityRossHocknull,CityBuilding(Glasgow)

LLPAdamWadsten,Lund

MunicipalityLenaNordenbro,LundsKommunsFastighets

ABTanjaTyvimaa,Tampere

MunicipalityNorthAmericanmunicipalitiesCarolynElam,

BoulderLaurenZimmermann,PortlandFernandoCarou,TorontoJamesNowlan,TorontoPatrickEnright,VancouverConnorRattey,Washington

DCStephanieMyles,Washington

DCDisclaimerThispublicationispartoftheCNCA′sproject“DramaticallyReducingEmbodiedCarboninEurope’sBuiltEnvironment”,fundedbyLaudesandBuiltbyNature.Arupisresponsibleforits

content.AboutCNCATheCarbonNeutralCitiesAlliance(CNCA)

isacollaborationofleadingglobalcitiesworkingtoachievecarbonneutralityinthenext10-20years–themostaggressiveGHGreductiontargetsundertakenanywherebyany

city.CNCA’smissionistomobilise

transformativeclimateactionincitiesinordertoachieveprosperity,socialequity,resilienceandbetterqualityoflifeforallonathrivingplanet.CNCAiscommittedtoajustcarbonneutralfuturethatrecognisesandredressesthedisproportionateburdensandthedisproportionatebenefitsofthefossilfueleconomybyprioritizingclimateactionthatadvancesthewell-beingoflow-incomepeople,IndigenousPeoples,communitiesofcolour,immigrantsandrefugeesandotherhistoricallymarginalised

communities.AboutArupArupisaglobalcollectiveofdesigners,consultantsandexpertsdedicatedtosustainabledevelopment.Weusetechnology,imaginationandrigourtoshapeabetter

world.Arup’sprimarygoalistodevelopatrulysustainablebuiltenvironment.Thismeansthatinallourwork,weaimtoidentifyabalancebetweentheneedsofagrowingworldpopulationandthefinitecapacity

andhealthofour

planet.Glossary

Scope

Context

BiomaterialsTableof

ContentsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsGlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsin

constructionBenefitsoftheapplicationofbio-based

constructionRenewableLow-embodied

carbonLowtoxicityLocalsocialvalue

generationResource

useMisconceptionsandknowledgegapsfortheapplicationofbio-based

constructionAvailabilityof

dataFire

performanceMoisture

regulationRodentsand

insectsDurabilityAvailability,scalabilityand

costOpportunitiesandrecommendationsforcitiestoincreaseuptakeofbio-based

materialsKnowledgeand

collaborationPolicyFinanceRegulationsKeyEUregulationsMaterials

handbookHowtousethis

handbookStructureTimberBambooHemp

BrickInsulationHempFibre

BattsHempcreteStrawPanelsand

BoardsRicePanelsand

BoardsHempPanelsand

BoardsWoodFibre

InsulationSheepWool

InsulationExpanded

CorkMyceliumInsulation

BoardsSeagrass

InsulationLiningHemp

BoardsCompressedStrawBoards

(CSB)WoodWool

BoardsOSB–

WoodBio-basedconstructionmaterial

casesCertificatesinthebuilding

sectorIntroductionofcarbonregulationsin

DenmarkMunichsubsidyprogrammefortimberhousing

constructionsWoodBuildingProgrammein

FinlandSupportingtimberconstructioninTamperethroughsubsidygrantsIncreasinguseofbio-basedmaterialsthroughbuildingcodesandprocurementguidelinesinWashington

DCBigwoodInterregprojectovercomesresistanceagainst

theuseoftimberinhigh-volume

constructionInnoRenewCoEresearchinstitute–Slovenia’slargest

woodenbuildingTimberinnovationinsocialhousingin

BarcelonaSocialhousinginRovereto(Italy)utilisingrecovered

woodfromstorm

VaiaReferences4Glossary

ScopeGlossaryContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsTermExplanationA1-A3

(LCA)The“productstage”ofacomponent'slifecycle.A1referstorawmaterialextractionandprocessingandprocessingofsecondarymaterialinput(e.g.,recyclingprocesses).A2referstotransporttothemanufacturer.

A3referstomanufacturing.BinderA

binder

is

a

substance

that

causes

two

ormore

materials

to

bond

together

or

blend.Biogenic

carbonBiogeniccarboniscarbonthatissequesteredfromtheatmosphereduringgrowthofbiomassandmaybereleasedbacktotheatmospherelaterduetocombustionofthebiomassordecomposition.Theprinciplesforbiogeniccarbonaccountingaredefinedintheinternationalstandard,ISO21930.StandardEN16785-1determinesthecontentofbiobasedelementsthrougharadiocarbonandanelementary

analysis.BiomaterialsBiomaterialsarematerialsthathavenon-specificbiologicalassociationandincludesawidearrayofmaterials(suchasnaturalmaterialse.g.,timberthroughtobio

synthetics).

All

biomaterials

are

bio-based

andare

generally

used

to

describe

an

end-product,

afinished

material

inthe

built

environment.Biotic

materialBiotic

material

is

defined

by

materials

madefrom

living

organisms

without

further

modification.Bio-based

materialBio-basedmaterialsaremadefromsubstancesderivedfromlivingorganisms.Thesekindsofmaterialsmightgothroughaprocessbeforereachingtheproductstate.WhenthetermbiobasedmaterialisusedasitisdefinedbythestandardEN16575:2014,weconsiderthepartoftheproductthatcomesfromthebiomass.This

origin

can

be

total

orpartial,

the

minimum

rate

that

should

contain

a

material

tobenefit

fromthis

designation

is

not

mentioned

byany

standards.Bio-fabricated

materialAnybiological

product

made

bymicro-organisms

such

as

yeast,

mycelium,algae,

and

bacteria.CO2-eqCO2-equivalent(CO2-eq)isacomparablewaytomeasuretheemissionsfromvariousGHGbasedontheirGWP,byconvertingamountsofothergasestotheequivalentamountofcarbondioxidewiththesame

GWP.Embodied

carbonEmbodiedcarbonisthetotalGHGemissionsassociatedwiththeproductionofamaterial/product/asset.Thisincludesemissionscausedbyextraction,manufacture/processing,transportationandassemblyofeveryproductandelementinamaterial/product/asset.Insomecases,itmayalsoincludethemaintenance,replacement,deconstruction,disposalandend-of-lifeaspectsofthematerialsandsystemsthatmakeupthematerial/product/asset.ISO16745,Sustainability

in

buildings

and

civil

engineering

works

–Carbon

metric

of

an

existing

building

during

use

stage,

Parts

1

and

2,

will

provide,

ina

simple

way,a

set

ofmethodsforthecalculation,reporting,communicationandverificationofacollectionofcarbonmetricsforGHGemissionsarisingfromthemeasuredenergyuseduring

the

activityof

an

existing

building,

themeasured

user-related

energy

use,

and

other

relevant

GHG

emissions

and

removalsEnd-of-lifeEnd-of-life

refers

tothe

final

stagesof

a

products

life

when

it’s

no

longer

in

the

stages

of

being

used.5Glossary

ScopeGlossaryContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefits6TermExplanationEndocrine-disruptingchemical

(EDC)Endocrine-disruptingchemicals(EDCs)aresubstancesintheenvironmentthatinterferewiththenormalfunctionofthehumanbody’sendocrinesystem.Theendocrinesystemworksthroughhormonesandwithothersystemstoregulatethebody’shealthydevelopmentandfunctionthroughoutlife.EDCscanbefoundin

everydayproducts

such

as

plastics,

pesticides,

flame

retardants,

personal

care

products,

and

certain

industrial

chemicals.Environmental

productdeclarations

(EPD)Athird-partyverified,standardiseddocumentthatprovidestheenvironmentalimpactofaproduct,basedonthedatafromalifecycleassessment(LCA).AnEPDisusuallyvalidforfiveyearsandisgeneratedaccordingtotherelevantstandards.ConstructionEPDsarebasedontheISO14040/14044,ISO14025,EN15804orISO21930

standards.Globalwarming

potential(GWP)GWPisanumericalvalueusedtomeasuretherelativecontributionofGHGstoglobalwarming.ItcomparesthewarmingeffectofaparticulargastothatofCO2overa

specific

time

period,

usually

100

years.

GWP

values

help

inassessing

the

overall

climate

impact

ofdifferent

GHGs.Greenhousegases

(GHG)GHGisacommonnameforthegassesintheatmospherethattrap

heatintheatmosphere.Hygroscopic

bufferingHygroscopic

buffering

refers

to

a

protective

barrier

thatprevents

a

solid

substance

from

absorbing

moisture

from

the

surroundings.Lifecycleassessment

(LCA)LCArefers

toa

method

of

evaluatingthe

impactthat

a

material,

product

oran

asset

has

on

the

environment

during

its

whole

life

cycle.MyceliumMycelium

isthe

root-like

network

of

fine,branching

threads

called

hyphaethat

make

up

thevegetativepart

of

a

fungus.Sequestered

CO2Sequestered

carbon

dioxide

(CO2)

is

the

removal

andlong-term

storage

of

CO2thatoriginally

comesfrom

the

atmosphere.Soil

permeabilizationSoilpermeabilizationistheprocessallowingpenetrationthroughthemembraneinthecells.Thisprocessallowsnewpropertiestobeaddedtothesoilwithoutthesoilbeingbroken

down.Vapour

permeabilityVapour

permeability

refers

to

a

material's

ability

to

allow

water

to

pass

through

it.Volatileorganiccompounds

(VOC)VOCsareorganicchemicalsthateasilyevaporateintotheairatroomtemperature.Theyareemittedbyvarioussourcessuchasindustrialprocesses,solvents,paints,

and

cleaning

products.

VOCs

can

contribute

to

air

pollution,

impacthuman

health,

and

play

a

role

inthe

formationof

ground-levelozoneand

smog.Controlling

VOCemissions

is

importantforimproving

air

quality

and

reducing

environmental

and

health

risks.GlossaryScopeContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsScopeWithsupportfromtheLaudesFoundationandBuiltByNature,in2021theCarbonNeutralCitiesAlliance(CNCA)launchedthe“DramaticallyReducingEmbodiedCarboninEurope”projectwhichaimstofosterwidespreadadoption

ofambitiouslocal,nationalandregionalpoliciesthatwillreduceembodiedcarbonandincreasetheuptakeofbio-basedmaterialsinthebuiltenvironmentin

Europe.In2022,CNCAcommissionedAruptodevelopa“CityHandbookforBuildingCarbonNeutralBuildings”specificallytosupportcitiesinevaluatinghowtoreducewholelifecarboninconstruction,usingbio-basedbuildingmaterials.ThehandbookhasbeendevelopedinclosecollaborationwithCNCAtosupportpolicymakersandplannerswithtechnicalinformationonthebenefitsofbio-basedmaterials,challenges,misconceptionsandknowledgegapsfortheapplicationofbiobasedconstruction,aswellasregulationandgoodpracticestogrowtheopportunityforcitiestoaccessandutilisebio-basedbuilding

materials.Thehandbookincorporatesthefindings

of:InterviewscarriedoutwithprocurementofficialsacrossCNCAmember

cities,Interviewswithkeystakeholdersalongtheprocurementchain(procurementleads,lawmakers,investors,developers,designers,insurers,consultants,

contractors,material

suppliers),Engagement

workshops,Reviewofcommerciallyviablebio-basedbuildingmaterials,Currentbestpractice,regulatorycontextandstateoftheartinrelationto3selectedexemplaryEuropean

countries.LimitationsItis

importanttohighlightthatthishandbookdoesnotprovideanexhaustivelistofbiomaterialsormanufacturerscurrentlyavailableonthe

market.Aruphasnotcarriedoutatechnicalduediligence

oftheproductsdescribedinthe

handbook.iStock?

Hispanolistic7Glossary

ScopeContextContextBiomaterialsMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookBenefitsItisestimatedthatonebillionnewhomesneedtobebuiltincitiesaroundtheworldbetween2020to2025.Therewillbetwiceasmanybuildingsonearthby2050thantherearetoday.Withoutlow-carbonconstruction,thosebuildingsaregoingtolockinhugeamountsofgreenhousegasemissionsandacceleratetheclimatecrisis.Deliveringacarbonnetzerobuiltenvironmentisoneofthemostcriticalchallengesofour

times.Thebuiltenvironmentandconstructionindustrycontributessignificantlytoglobalgreenhousegasemissionsand

broaderenvironmentalimpacts,e.g.impactstobiodiversity,wastegenerationanddepletionofnon-renewableresources.Ascitiesaroundtheworldincreasinglyrecognisetheroleof

thisindustry,weareseeingtrendsacrossallactorsinthesupplychaintowardsmoresustainableapproaches,withimprovementstothewaywedesign,usematerialsandoperateassets.Tomakeameaningfulcontribution,theconstructionindustrymustaimnotonlytosignificantlyreducenegativeimpact,butalsostriveformoreplanetandpeoplepositiveandregenerative

outcomes.8Citiesareuniquelyplacedtodemandthatcarbonperformancebecomeanintegralpartoftheassessmentduringeverytransactionalongtheentirevaluechainand

thatitisintegratedinbothprocurementandbuildingregulations.In2020CNCAoutlined52detailedpoliciestoreduceembodiedcarbonaspartoftheCityPolicyFrameworkforDramaticallyReducingEmbodiedCarbon[1].ThiscurrentworkbuildsupontheCNCA’spreviousguidanceforpolicymakers,emphasizingtheimportanceofaddressingthefullcarbonfootprinttomeettheParisAgreement’sgoalofachievingnetzeroembodiedcarbonby

2050.Materialsarerarelyinherentlysustainable;evenmaterialsthatarepurportedtobelow-carbonorlow-impactmaycauseharmwhenusedinappropriately.Environmentalimpactisnotjustdefinedbythetypeofmaterialorwhereitcomesfrom,buthowitisused,howlongitisusedfor,andwhathappenstoitattheendofitsusefullife.Forexample,engineeredtimberisoftenconsideredasustainablestructuralmaterial.Despitethis,ifresponsibleforestrypracticesarenotfollowedand/orthetimberisusedinappropriately(throughinefficientdesignoruseforashortlifeapplication),theglobalnetcarbonimpactcanbeunfavourable,inadditiontowidernegativeimpactsfromdeforestation.Therightmaterialmustbeselectedforeachapplicationandscenario;thelowestimpactmaterialforoneapplication,willoftenbecompletelydifferentfrom

another.Thistechnicalhandbookshowcasesproductsavailableonthemarket,providinginformationabouttechnicalperformance,healthandsafety,responsiblesourcing,circularityandnamesofspecificmanufactures,tosupportcityofficialsandpublicprocurementofficersindevelopinglowcarbonconstructiontenders.TheHandbookalsooutlineschallenges,misconceptionsandknowledgegapsfortheapplicationofbiobasedconstructionmaterialsfromappliedcasesinEuropeandNorth

America.iStock?

fstop123Glossary

Scope

Context

Biomaterials

BenefitsBiomaterialsin

constructionMisconceptionsOpportunitiesRegulationsHandbookThetermbio-basedmaterialisbroad,coveringallmaterialsthataretosomedegreederivedfromlivingorganismssuchasplants,whichhavebeenprocessedintoafunctionalproduct.Bio-basedconstructionreferstotheuseofsuchmaterialsinconstructionofthebuiltenvironment.Buildingstructurescanbeconsideredpredominantlymadeupoffourconstituent

parts:Examplesofbio-basedmaterialsinconstructioninclude:timber(usedformultipleapplicationsincludingthestructureandexternalcladding),bamboo(usedforlightweightconstruction,ingeographicalregionswherebambooisprevalent),hemp(asaplant-basedaggregateandinsulativematerial),straw(typicallywheatstraw,thestalkofwhichisawastematerial),wood-fibre(usedassheathingandinsulationboard),cork(usedasinsulationandasaninternalfinish),wool(asinsulation)andmycelium(asinsulationandinterior

finishes).1The

structureWhichcanbeeitheraframeoraseriesloadbearing

walls2The

insulationWhichgivesthebuildingitsthermaland/oracoustic

performance3The

liningWhichformstheinternalsurfaces4The

envelopeWhichformstheouterskinofthebuilding9Glossary

Scope

Context

Biomaterials

Benefits

Misconceptions

Opportunities

RegulationsBenefitsoftheapplicationofbio-based

constructionHandbookFormanyapplications,theuseofbiomaterialscandeliverseveralbenefitsascomparedtotraditionalconstructionmaterialsandapproaches..Thebenefitsassociatedtobio-basedmaterialsaswellasthelimitsoftheseare

highlightedbelow.RenewableWhensustainablyandresponsiblysourced,bio-basedconstructionmaterialscanbedescribedas

renewable.Theycanbeharvestedandregeneratedwithinyearsor

decades.Whilebio-basedmaterialsarederivedfrombiologicalsources,somemightcontainnon-degradablecompounds.Insuchcases,separatingthebiologicalcontentfromnon-biodegradablematerialsisnecessaryfor

biodegradation.Low-embodied

carbonConstructionmaterialsmadefrombiologicalcomponentsrequiresignificantlylessenergyintheirproductionthanmoreconventionalmaterials,suchasaluminium,concrete,andsteel,whichoftenrequirehightemperaturesduringprocessing.Furthermore,bio-basedmaterialscanactivelyabsorbcarbondioxide(CO2)whiletheconstituentelementsaregrowing.ThissequesteredCO2,alsoreferredtoasbiogeniccarbon,isthentrappedinthematerialwhenitis

harvested.Inotherwords,byincludingbio-basedcontentinourbuildingandconstructionproducts,specificallyrenewableplant-basedmaterials,wecankeeppreviouslyabsorbedcarbonfromre-enteringtheatmosphere.Andbydoingso,

wesignificantlyreducethecarbonfootprintofthoseproductssincecarbonfootprintismeasuredasthegreenhousegas(GHG)emissions.Theuseofbio-basedbuildingmaterialhasarippleeffectaswell.Loweringthecarbonfootprintofproductsmeansreducingthecarbonfootprintsoftheconsumerswhobuythem.Aswebetterunderstandtheseverityoftheclimatecrisis,moreandmoreconsumersandcompaniesaretakingstridestoreducetheirenvironmentalimpact.Thisincludestakingadeeperlookintohowtheproductsandmaterialstheyconsumeare

made.Ifthematerialissenttolandfillorburntforenergy,thesequesteredCO2willbereleased.Thereuseorrecyclingofbio-basedmaterialstoextendtheirlife-cycleandCO2storingcapacitythereforepresentsanopportunitytolowerthecarbonfootprintevenfurtherover

time.Finally,ifbio-basedmaterialscanbesourcedlocally,i.e.at

aregionallevel,theirusecanalsoreducethecarbonimpactassociatedwithtransportation,furtherreducingtheenvironmental

impact.10本報(bào)告來源于三個(gè)皮匠報(bào)告站（）,由用戶Id:866864下載,文檔Id:618696,下載日期:2025-03-23Glossary

Scope

Context

Biomaterials

Benefits

Misconceptions

Opportunities

RegulationsBenefitsoftheapplicationofbio-based

constructionHandbookLowtoxicityOnefactorinfluencingbuildingindoorairqualityiscontaminantsintroducedbymaterialsandfittings,includingvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)andEndocrineDisruptingChemicals(EDCs).ThepresenceofVOCsandtheassociatedhealthrisksinresidentialandpublicbuildingsarewellreported.VOCsarewidelyusedinconstructionandbuildingproducts

like

paints,

varnishes,

adhesives,

solvents

and

flameretardants.Bio-basedmaterialstypicallywillbelow-emitting

andcreateahealthierindoor

environment.Bio-based