CATALOGUnit1WhatisLiteratureUnit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

Chapter11Science-TechnologyLiteratureSearchChapter11Science-TechnologyLiteratureSearchUnit1IntroductiontoLiterature（一）DefinitionofLiterature（二）KindsofLiterature（三）TheReasonstoDoaLiteratureSearch（一）DefinitionofLiterature

Literatureisdefinedasacarrierthatrecordsknowledge,whichincludesthebodyofknowledge,symbolofinformationandthematerialcarrier.

1、Knowledgeandinformation

ItisthebasicfunctionforaliteraturetoconveyinformationandrecordknowledgeUnit1IntroductiontoLiterature2、

Objectivity.

Informationandcontentrepresentedinaliteraturemustresorttosomesymbolofinformationaswellassomematerialcarrier,bywhichtheliteraturecanbepreservedandtransportedforalongtime.3.ManualRecording.

Theinformationrepresentedinaliteratureisrecordedmanuallyratherthanadheredinartificially.

Unit1IntroductiontoLiterature

4.Development.

Withtheprogressoftheabilityformankindtorecordinformation,therearehugevolumesofliteraturesandtheircategoriesarediversified.Atthesametime,someoftheliteratureshavebeenoutofdateandthewholelifeisreduced,whichcausesregularmovementsofliteratures.Unit1IntroductiontoLiterature（二）KindsofLiterature

Therearemanywaystoclassifyliteratures.Inthissection,theliteratureisdividedintotwoclasses:Primarysources,secondarysources.Unit1IntroductiontoLiterature(1)TheScientificJournal

Modernprimaryjournalscontainarticles,whicharereportsresearchororiginalobservations.Thejournalarticlemayhaveevolvedfromthepaperpreparedfororaldeliveryatmeetingsofscholarlysocieties,orperhapsfromprizeessayswhichearlysocietiesdevelopedtostimulatescientificresearch.Themodernscientificjournalarticleoftenhasasetofformat.Theremayormaynotbeasummary,orabstract,atthebeginningofarticle.Thereisusuallyanintroductionwhichstatestheproblemexaminedinthearticle.Thediscussionbringstheresultstogether,evaluatesthem,andinterpretstheminthelightofotherresearch.Thereisusuallyareferencesectionattheendofthearticlelistingtheliteraturecitedinwork.1.Primarysources(2)TradeJournals

Practicalinformationrelatedtopersonsinindustryisconveyedinthetradejournal.Thecontentincludesbusinessnews,productinformation,advertising,andtradearticles.Thejournalscanprovideagreatdealofinformationoncurrenttrendsintechnology,andareusefultopersonsseekingorientationtoavocation.(3)TheTechnicalReport

Technicalreportsareaccountsofworkdoneonresearchprojects;theyarewrittentoprovideinformationtoemployeesandotherresearchworks.Areportmayemanatefromcompletedresearchoron-goingresearchprojects.Privatecompaniesandassociationsusereportsinternallyforcommunicationwithintheorganization,andoccasionallyforcommunicationwithintheorganization,supportmanytechnicalreportsbymeansofgrantsandgovernmentcontracts.Unit1IntroductiontoLiterature(4)Proceedings

Scientistspresentoriginalresearchfindingsandreviewarticlesatprofessionalmeetings.Oftenthesearepublishedanddistributedinvariousforms.Themeetingsmaybereferredtoassymposia,conferences,institutes,workshops,orcolloquia.Theyprovideanimportantchannelofcommunicationforscientistsandanimportantchannelofcommunicationforscientistsandanimportantsourceofinformationforresearchers.(5)AbstractsofResearchinProgress

Abstractsmaybeprimarysourceswhentheyareusedtoreportresearchinprogresspresentedatameetingbeforethejournalresearcharticleappears.Unit1IntroductiontoLiterature(6)Dissertations

Doctoraldissertationsareanotherprimarysourceofscientificpublication.Inthescience,theawardingofaPh.D.degreeusuallyrequirescompletionofamajormonographincludingextensiveexperimentation,reportingontheresults,andsuggestingfutureimplications.Thedissertationsarekeptinlibrariesatthehomeschoolsofthedoctoralcandidates,andwecangetthefulltextfromthenetworkdigitalresourceinmostofuniversitylibrariesweb.Unit1IntroductiontoLiterature(7)Patents

Patentsarerightsgrantedbylawforprotectionofinventionsordiscoveries.Patentspecificationsdescribedesigns,methodsandprocessesoftheinvention,andare,therefore,animportantsourceofinformationfortheengineer,physicist,chemist,andotherresearchers.TolocatepatentstherearecommercialindexingservicessuchasChemicalAbstractsthatincludepatents,andgovernmentpatentindexes.Recently,databasesearchinghasbecomeusefulinexaminationofpatentliterature.Unit1IntroductiontoLiterature(8)Standards

Standardsarerequirementsforthequalityorsizeorshapesofindustrialproducts.Theyalsocompriserecommendationsformethodsandprocessesinmanufacturing.Standardsarepreparedbyavarietyoftradeassociation,nationalandinternationalbodies.Sometypesofstandardsincludequalityandmeasurerecommendations,testingmaterials,anddefinitionsoftradeterms.Unit1IntroductiontoLiterature(1)Abstracts.Therearemanyserviceswhichabstractandindextechnicalpublicationssothatresearcherscanselectimportantpapersquicklyintheirfieldofinterest.(2)Reviews.Reviewarticlesdistilltheexistingknowledgerelevanttoaparticularsubjectintoacompact,accessibleform.Atypicalreviewarticlefocusesonimportantadvanceswhichhavebeenmadeinaspecialty,evaluateresearch,indicateswheregapsinknowledgeexist,andprovidesacomprehensivebibliographyonthesubject.(3)SpecializedBooks.Therearemanyimportantbooksthatcontainauthoritativeinformationandareconsideredtobebasicinthefield.(4)Referencebooks.Inmanycases,specificfactorsorasummaryofatopicareallthatisrequired.Handbooks,manuals,encyclopedias,anddictionariesperformthisfunction.2.SecondarySources

Forthescientistsandresearchers,theproblemofkeepingupwiththegrowingvolumesofnewknowledgethreatensbothproductivityandresearchquality.Forastudent,yourliteraturereviewformsthecentralcoreuponwhichyouhangtheargumentofyourthesis.Itisintendedtopresentandsynthesizethebackgroundtoyourresearch,todemonstratethatyouhavereadappropriatelywithinyoursubjectarea,andtoshowwhereyourworkfitsintoexistingknowledge.Forthepaperpublished,itwillformthefirstchapterofyourpaper,andwithoutit,whatyouwritewillnotfulfilltherequirementsforapaper.Youwillalsoneedtobeabletoidentifypapersforassignmentsandprojectwork.Therefore,thefollowingaresomemainaimstodoaliteraturesearch.（三）TheReasonstoDoaLiteratureSearchIncreasesyourownknowledgeofthesubjectarea.Helpsyouidentifyworkalreadydoneorinprogressthatisrelevanttoyourown.Preventsyoufromduplicatingworkalreadydone(andhelpstoavoidaccusationsofplagiarism).Helpsyouavoiderrorsofpreviousresearch.Helpsyouchooseordesignyourownmethodology.Enablesyoutofind‘gaps’inexistingresearchandfindauniqueareaforyourown.Unit1IntroductiontoLiteratureUnit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

（一）EssenceofLiteratureSearch/Retrieval（二）TheToolstoDoaLiteratureSearch（三）FormulatingaBasicSearchStrategy（四）EvaluationofthePerformance（五）ElectronicDatabasesforaLiteratureSearch（一）EssenceofLiteratureSearch/Retrieval

Aliteraturesearchisasystematicandthoroughsearchofalltypesofpublishedliteratureinordertoidentifyasmanyitemsaspossiblethatarerelevanttoaparticulartopic1.Inessence,literatureretrievalcanbedefinedasthesearchingforinformationonandqueryingofdatabases.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

（二）TheToolstoDoaLiteratureSearch

Thetoolsofliteraturesearch/retrievalaremadeupofdescription,Bibliographic,indexandappendix.Description

Itisaninstructingpartforusertousetheretrievaltools,whichincludestheaimtoorganizethetools,scopes,dateandretrievalmethodologies,etc.Asearchershouldreadthisdescriptionbeforedoingasearch.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

2.Bibliographic

Itismadeupofthename,author,etc.,whichismainbodytotoolsofsearch.Eachliteraturehasanitemofbibliographic,themoreliteraturestobestored,themoretheitemsofbibliographichas,whichmakeuptheliteraturewarehouse.Literatureretrieval'saimistosearchtherelevantrecordsinliteraturewarehouseandgetssomeinformationfromtheoriginaltextandcluesofsearchedliterature.Therefore,thebibliographicisthemainbodyofretrievaltools.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

4.Appendix

Appendixissupplementarytoretrievaltools,whichincludesthecategoriesofjournals,acronyms,interpretation,terminology,etc.Atpresent,thetoolsofretrievalareclassifiedcatalogue,title,andabstractandindexbythewaytocompilethetoolsofretrieval.3.Indexes

Inordertoimprovetheefficiencyofretrieval,variousindexesareused,suchassubjectindex,classificationindex,authorindex,company/orgindex,etc.Althoughitisanassistantwaytoretrieveliteratures,indexesplayagreatroleinpractice.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

(1)Catalogue

Catalogueiscomposedbyitemsonthebaseofarrayingrules,whichmainlyincludes:ThenameofthebookorthejournalsAuthorItemofpublicationAccessoryAbstractUnit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

(2)Subject

Subjectmainlydescribestheexternalcharactersofaliterature,suchasthetitle,author,publication,numberofpage,date,thekindofaliteratureandlanguage,etc.

(3)Abstract

Accordingtotheaimsandthedegreeofdetail,abstractcanbemainlyclassifiedthreekinds:informativeabstract,indicativeabstractandinformative-indicativeabstract.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

(4)Index

Therearefourkindsofindex,thefirstissubjectindex,thesecondisclassificationindex,thethirdisauthorindex,andthefourthisnumber/codeindex.Subjectindex:Thesubjectcanrepresentthemainideaofaliteratureinessential.Classificationindex:theclassificationisthatthenumberofclassificationisarrayedaccordingtothebodyofaliterature,andthenamesofclassificationaregiveninaccordingtothenumberofclassification.Authorindex:thisindexisarrayedbythenamesofliterature'sauthors,andtheabstractnumberisprovidedfollowingtheauthors.Number/codeindex:itismainlyusedinscience-technologyreports,patentliteratures,standardliterature,etc.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

（三）FormulatingaBasicSearchStrategy

Inimplementingaresearchproject,onemustsuccessfullyanalyzeaquestionappropriatetothetopicandmethodstosolvethequestion.TheprocessofdoingabasicsearchreferstotheFigure11.1.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

Figure11.1TheProcessofDoingaLiteratureSearch

1.Definitionoftermsrelatedtoatopic

Anunderstandingofthechosensubjectisprerequisitetosearchinginbibliographicsources.Dictionariescontainingscientificandtechnicaltermscanclarifybasicterminology.2.Preliminarybackgroundinformation

Togaingeneralbackgroundinformationandtounderstandhowasubjectrelatestothevariousfieldsofknowledge,anencyclopediaand/ortextbookcanprovideagoodintroductiontothesubject.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

3.Materialsfrombasicindexes

Journalarticlesprovidemostoftheoriginalinformation.Indexesandabstractsguidetheresearchertojournalarticles;sometimesreviewarticles,andsymposia.Indexesmayalsoincludelistingofbooks,reports,orevendissertations.4.Materialsfromspecializedindexes—currentinformation

Currentawarenessjournalsandindexesareimportantbecausetheycovermaterialstoorecenttobeindexedinthemorecomprehensiveabstractsandindexes.Agoodpaperorthesisshouldincludeasearchforthemostcurrentmaterials.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

5.Materialsfromspecializedindexes—reviewsandmeetings

Sincethereviewandsymposiapapersarenotasvitalasoriginalresearchinjournals,theirindexesareplacedinstep5ofthefirstsearchstrategydiagram.Amoreexperiencedsearchermaywishtosearchforreviewsandsymposiafirst.6.Materialsfromspecializedindexes—dissertations

Itisprobablynotnecessarytolookfordissertationswhenwritingatermpaper.Dissertationcanbeusefulifthetopicneedscomprehensivecoverage.Ifthematerialisimportant,itwillusuallyappearinjournalliterature.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

7.Informationfromgovernmentmaterials

TheChinagovernmentisanexampleofpublishersofspecializedgovernmentalmaterialswhichprovideinformationtosomeonewritingapaperordoingresearch.Governmentpublicationsareparticularlyimportantinthefieldofagriculture.Statisticsarealsofoundingovernmentpublications,sincegovernmentagenciescollectmanystatistics.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

8.Specificpointsofinformation

Thelibraryuseroccasionallyneedsonefactorstatisticalinformationderivedfromatable.Manyreferencebookscontainshortexplanationsorcollectionsoffactsanddata.9.Computerretrieval—database

Ifthemajorpartofthesignificantmaterialiswithinthelasttenyears,theresearchermaywishtoutilizeadatabasesearch.Adatabasesearchmaysavemuchsearchingtimeinlibrary.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

(四)EvaluationofthePerformance1.CharacteristicsofGoodMeasures

Measuresarebasedontheperformancecriteriaidentified.Agoodmeasureisonethatreflectstheessenceofthecriterionandthatimpliesaunitforquantification.Validityandreliabilityarethetwomostimportantqualitiesofmeasures.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

Validityrelatestotheaccuracyandrepresentativenessofthedatameasured.Itisthepropertylinkingwhatisactuallymeasuredtowhattheconceptpurportstomeasure.Inotherwords,themeasureshouldreflecttherealmeaningoftheconcepttobemeasured.Reliabilityisthedegreeofstabilityorconsistencyofthedatacollectedovertime.Thatis,ifthesamedatacollectionprocedureisrepeatedunderthesameconditions,wouldthesamescoresbeobtained?Itisthepropertyofstabilityinrecordingtheresultsofmeasuring.Itisdirectlyconcernedwiththeaccuracyandprecisionofthemeasuringinstrument.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

2.Measureunits

Thetwomostwellknownperformancemeasuresarerecallandprecision.Recallmeasurestheproportionoftherelevantdocumentsactuallyretrieved.Thatis,assumingthatthecollectioncontains100itemsonthesubjectbeingsought,howmanyofthe100havebeenretrieved?Precisionrelatestothepercentageofrelevantdocumentscontainedintheretrievedset.Inotherwords,whenoneretrieves50citations,howmanyoftheseareactuallyrelevant?Naturally,itisassumedthatrelevancehasbeenestablishedbysomeoneorsomeyardstick.Nomatterhowlimitedthesemeasuresare,recallandprecisionhavebecomethestandardsusedbymostevaluationexperimentsUnit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

Inprobabilisticterms,recallisanestimationoftheconditionalprobabilitythatanitemwillberetrievedgiventhatitisrelevanttothequery.Precisionisanestimationoftheconditionalprobabilitythatanitemwillberelevantgiventhatitisretrieved5.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

Totakeaccountofthesizeofthecollectionfromwhichretrievalisconducted,specificitywasanothermeasureproposedbyaWesternReserveUniversityresearchgroupinthe1960s.Specificitymeasureshowwellthesystemsareabletorejectnon-relevantdocumentswithrespecttothesizeofthecollection.Fallouthasalsobeensuggestedasanotherparameterofasearch.Itistheprobabilityofafalsedrop.Itisanothermeasureattemptingtoincorporatetheeffectsofthefilesize.Unfortunately,bothspecificityandfalloutarefairlyinsensitivemeasureswhentheretrievedsetisquitesmallincomparisonwithlargefiles.

Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

Finally,efficiencywasproposedasasinglemeasureofsystemeffectivenessonretrievingrelevantandonlyrelevantdocuments.

Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

Oneofthemajorsourcesthatcometomindwhendoingaliteraturesearchiselectronicdatabases.Takingoverfromtheprintedindex,therearemanydatabasesavailable.SomedatabasesareavailablefreelyontheInternet,whileothersareavailablebysubscriptiononlyandyoushouldexploretheiravailabilityatyourlibrary.SomekeydatabasesincludeEBSCOHostResearchDatabase,ElsevierDatabase,ScienceOnline,SpringerLink,Online,CnkiDatabaseandVipDatabase.Kluwer

WhenwedoaliteratureSearchbydatabase,weshouldmastersomeofthefollowingtechniques,whichincludesKeyword,Booleanlogic,Truncation/wildcard,SpellingandalternativetermsandFocusingasearch.（五）ElectronicDatabasesforaLiteratureSearchUnit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

1.Keywords

Itisimportanttohavekeywordsinmindbeforestartingyoursearch.Itisbesttothinklaterallyaboutthesearchtopicandconsiderallthepossiblesynonymsandrelatedareasofyoursearchtopic.Iftherearenokeywordsinthethesaurusappropriatetoyourtopic,thenitisbesttousefreetextsearching.Thisiswherewordsareretrievedanywhereinthereferenceincludingtheabstract.Itmaythereforemeanthatsomeirrelevantrecordsareretrievedthatmaymerelymentionthetermyouarelookingfor.Inordertocaptureasmanyrecordsaspossibleitisbesttosearchusingkeywordsfromthethesaurusaswellasfreetextsearching.Unit2HowtoDoaLiteratureSearch?

2.Booleanlogic

Booleanlogicisimportantforjoining,wideningorexcludingtermswhenconductingasearch:(1)ANDshoul