2025年托?？荚囬喿x真題模擬模擬試卷：生物進(jìn)化生態(tài)平衡考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、選擇題要求：請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀每篇短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容選擇最合適的答案。每篇短文后有5道選擇題，每道題有4個(gè)選項(xiàng)，請(qǐng)將正確答案的字母填在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)位置。我在講臺(tái)上念題的時(shí)候，你們要特別集中注意力，看看我圈出的關(guān)鍵詞，比如“however”“therefore”這些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，它們往往藏著出題人故意挖的坑呢！記得啊，有些同學(xué)總愛(ài)憑感覺(jué)蒙答案，可我告訴你們，托福閱讀就像解謎，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都得像放大鏡一樣仔細(xì)端詳。1.ThepassagediscusseshowtheGalapagosfinchesevolveddifferentbeakshapes.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasafactorthatinfluencedthisevolution?A)ChangesinfoodavailabilityacrossdifferentislandsB)ThemigrationpatternsofrivalbirdspeciesC)ThepreferenceoflocalhumansforcertainbeaktypesD)Thegeneticdiversityofthefinchpopulation2.Accordingtothepassage,whatisakeycharacteristicofadaptiveradiation?A)ItoccursonlyinaquaticenvironmentsB)ItrequiresmillionsofyearstocompleteC)ItleadstothedevelopmentofidenticaltraitsD)Ithappenswhenasinglespeciesreplacesanother3.Theword"diversify"inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto:A)MultiplyrapidlyB)SpecializegraduallyC)DispersewidelyD)Competefiercely4.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestabouttheroleofnaturalselectioninevolution?A)ItisarandomprocesswithnopredictableoutcomesB)ItprimarilyaffectsthephysicalappearanceoforganismsC)ItfavorstraitsthatenhancesurvivalinspecificenvironmentsD)Itismosteffectiveinpopulationswithlimitedgeneticvariation5.Thepassagementionsthat"islandbiogeography"theorywasdevelopedby:A)CharlesDarwinduringhisvoyageontheBeagleB)AlfredRusselWallaceindependentlyofDarwinC)ModerngeneticistsusingDNAanalysisD)Ecologistsstudyingurbanbirdpopulations二、填空題要求：閱讀下面的短文，每道題留有一個(gè)空格，根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容填寫恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意，有些詞可能需要變換形式才能正確填入。我看見(jiàn)有些同學(xué)在填空題上特別頭疼，特別是第三段后面的題目，那幾個(gè)空格就像藏寶圖上的陷阱，一不小心就踩空了！來(lái)，我教你們個(gè)小技巧，先看上下文有沒(méi)有關(guān)鍵詞對(duì)仗，比如前一句是"benefits"，后一句空格里很可能就是"disadvantages"之類的反義詞。6.Thestudyofhowspeciesadapttodifferentenvironmentsisknownas________.（答案：ecologicaladaptation）7.Whenapopulation'ssizeislimitedbyavailableresources,ithasreachedits________.（答案：carryingcapacity）8.Thetermthatdescribestheprocessbywhichsimilartraitsevolveindependentlyindifferentspeciesis________.（答案：convergentevolution）9.A"keystonespecies"isonethathasadisproportionatelylarge________onitsecosystem.（答案：influence）10.Theconceptthatspeciesinanareaareconnectedthroughanetworkofpredator-preyrelationshipsiscalledthe________.（答案：foodwebtheory）11.Inevolutionaryterms,"niche"referstoanorganism's________initsenvironment.（答案：ecologicalrole）12.Thephenomenonwhereonespeciesbenefitswhileanotherisunaffectedisknownas________.（答案：commensalism）13."Biodiversityhotspots"areregionswithexceptionally________speciesrichness.（答案：high）14.Theprocessbywhichnewspeciesarisethroughgeographicseparationiscalled________.（答案：allopatricspeciation）15.A"sympatric"relationshipdescribesspeciesthatevolveandinteractinthe________.（答案：samearea）16.Thetermforthegradualaccumulationofgeneticchangesovergenerationsis________.（答案：macroevolution）17."Eutrophication"isaprocesswherewaterbodiesbecomeovernourished,oftenduetoexcessive________runoff.（答案：nutrient）18.TheconceptthatalllifeonEarthsharesacommonancestoriscalledthe________.（答案：theoryofcommondescent）19.A"metapopulation"referstoasystemof________populationsthatareconnectedbymigration.（答案：disjunct）20.The"islandeffect"inevolutionoftenleadsto________inisolatedpopulations.（答案：increasedspecialization）三、判斷題要求：閱讀下面的陳述，判斷其是否與文章內(nèi)容相符。如果陳述正確，請(qǐng)?zhí)睢癟”；如果錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)?zhí)睢癋”。我注意到有些同學(xué)在做判斷題時(shí)特別容易混淆，特別是那些看起來(lái)有點(diǎn)道理但細(xì)節(jié)不對(duì)的選項(xiàng)，我告訴你們個(gè)小秘訣：先看題干有沒(méi)有絕對(duì)化的詞語(yǔ)，比如“always”“never”，這些地方往往是陷阱！來(lái)，我們看看這幾道題，我念的時(shí)候你們好好體會(huì)。21.Thepassageexplicitlystatesthatadaptiveradiationalwaysresultsintheformationofnewspecies.（答案：F）22.Accordingtothepassage,islandbiogeographytheorywasprimarilydevelopedtoexplainwhyfincheshavedifferentbeakshapes.（答案：F）23.Theconceptof"keystonespecies"ismentionedasonereasonwhycertainecosystemsaremorevulnerabletodisturbances.（答案：T）24.Thepassagesuggeststhatconvergentevolutionoccurswhentwounrelatedspeciesdevelopsimilartraitsduetosimilarenvironmentalpressures.（答案：T）25.Accordingtothepassage,eutrophicationisprimarilyaproblemintropicalregionsbecauseoftheirhighrainfall.（答案：F）26.Theterm"metapopulation"isusedtodescribehowspeciesdiversityincreasesinisolatedareas.（答案：F）27.Thepassageimpliesthatsympatricspeciationislesscommonthanallopatricspeciationbecauseitrequiresmorespecificconditions.（答案：T）28.Thetheoryofcommondescentispresentedasacompetinghypothesistoislandbiogeographytheory.（答案：F）29.Thepassagementionsthatbiodiversityhotspotsarecreatedbyhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.（答案：F）30.Theconceptof"niche"isdescribedasafixedrolethataspeciescanneverchangethroughoutitsevolution.（答案：F）四、匹配題要求：將下面的概念（1-10）與其最恰當(dāng)?shù)亩x（A-J）進(jìn)行匹配。注意，有些定義可能對(duì)應(yīng)多個(gè)概念，但每道題只能選擇一個(gè)最佳答案。這種題我教你們個(gè)方法：先快速瀏覽定義，把明顯不對(duì)的排除掉，比如定義里提到的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度跟概念本身不符的，直接劃掉！然后集中精力在剩下的選項(xiàng)上，這時(shí)候就要看你平時(shí)的積累程度了。31.1.CarryingcapacityA)Theprocessbywhichnewspeciesarisethroughgeographicseparation32.2.AdaptiveradiationB)Anetworkofpredator-preyrelationshipsconnectingspeciesinanecosystem33.3.FoodwebtheoryC)Thegradualaccumulationofgeneticchangesovergenerations34.4.MacroevolutionD)Asystemofdisjunctpopulationsthatareconnectedbymigration35.5.MetapopulationE)Adisproportionatelylargeinfluenceaspecieshasonitsecosystem36.6.KeystonespeciesF)Thegradualaccumulationofgeneticchangesovergenerations37.7.ConvergentevolutionG)Theprocessbywhichsimilartraitsevolveindependentlyindifferentspecies38.8.CommensalismH)Aphenomenonwhereonespeciesbenefitswhileanotherisunaffected39.9.EutrophicationI)Thegradualaccumulationofgeneticchangesovergenerations40.10.AllopatricspeciationJ)Theprocessbywhichnewspeciesarisethroughgeographicseparation五、簡(jiǎn)答題要求：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，回答下面的問(wèn)題。注意，回答要簡(jiǎn)潔明了，抓住重點(diǎn)，不要寫太多無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容。我在批改這類題目時(shí)，特別能看出同學(xué)們的思維層次，有些答案就像記流水賬，完全沒(méi)有提煉重點(diǎn)，來(lái)，我教你們個(gè)小竅門：先在腦海里列出關(guān)鍵詞，然后圍繞這些關(guān)鍵詞展開(kāi)，這樣回答才不會(huì)偏題。41.Accordingtothepassage,whatarethemainfactorsthatdriveadaptiveradiation?Provideatleasttwoexamplesfromthepassagetosupportyouranswer.（答案：Adaptiveradiationisprimarilydrivenbygeographicisolationandvaryingenvironmentalconditions.Forexample,theGalapagosfinchesevolveddifferentbeakshapestoadapttodifferentfoodsourcesavailableoneachisland.AnotherexampleisthediversificationofHawaiianhoneycreepers,whichdevelopedvariousbeaktypestoexploitdifferentfoodresourceslikenectar,seeds,andinsects.)42.Thepassagementionsthat"islandbiogeography"theoryhasimportantimplicationsforconservationbiology.Explainhowthistheoryhelpsinidentifyingareasthatneedprotection,usingspecificconceptsfromthepassage.（答案：Theislandbiogeographytheoryhelpsconservationbiologistsbyidentifyingfactorsthatcontributetospeciesdiversity.Accordingtothepassage,islandswithlargerareaandgreaterdistancefrommainlandtendtohavehigherspeciesrichness.Thisknowledgeallowsconservationiststoprioritizeprotectingsuchbiodiversityhotspots.Additionally,thetheoryhighlightstheroleofkeystonespecies,whichhaveadisproportionatelylargeinfluenceontheirecosystems,makingtheirprotectioncrucialformaintainingecologicalbalance.)43.Thepassagediscussesbothpositiveandnegativeinteractionsbetweenspecies.Provideanexampleofeachtypeofinteractionmentionedinthepassage,andexplainhowtheseinteractionscaninfluenceecosystemdynamics.（答案：Apositiveinteractionmentionedinthepassageismutualism,wherebothspeciesbenefit.Forexample,certainplantsprovidenectartobirds,whichinreturnhelppollinatetheplants.Thisinteractionenhancesplantreproductionandcontributestobiodiversity.Ontheotherhand,anegativeinteractionisparasitism,whereonespeciesbenefitsattheexpenseofanother.Thepassagementionshowinvasivespeciescandisruptlocalecosystemsbyoutcompetingnativespeciesforresources.Theseinteractionsshapeecosystemstructureandfunctionbyinfluencingspeciesabundanceanddistribution.)44.Theconceptof"niche"iscentraltounderstandingspeciesadaptationandcoexistence.Basedonthepassage,explainhowtheconceptofoverlappingnichescanleadtocompetitiveexclusion,andhowthisprincipleappliestoreal-worldconservationefforts.（答案：Thepassageexplainsthatwhentwospecieshaveoverlappingniches,theycompeteforthesameresources,whichcanleadtocompetitiveexclusion.Thisprinciple,knownasGause'scompetitiveexclusionprinciple,suggeststhattwospeciescannotcoexistindefinitelyiftheycompeteforthesamelimitingresources.Inconservationefforts,thisconcepthelpspredictwhichspeciesmightbeatriskofdisplacement.Forexample,ifaprotectedareacanonlysupportalimitednumberofspecieswithsimilarresourcerequirements,managersmightneedtoimplementmeasurestoreducecompetitionorcreatehabitatdiversitytoaccommodatemultiplespeciescoexistence.)本次試卷答案如下一、選擇題答案及解析1.A解析：文章第二段提到，“Thevariationinfoodavailabilityacrossdifferentislandscreateddifferentselectivepressures,leadingtotheevolutionofvariousbeakshapesamongfinches.”（不同島嶼的食物可利用性差異造成了不同的選擇壓力，導(dǎo)致了雀類喙的進(jìn)化。）選項(xiàng)A正確概括了影響加拉帕戈斯雀喙進(jìn)化的關(guān)鍵因素。2.D解析：第三段定義adaptiveradiation為，“Theprocessbywhichasingleancestralspeciesdiversifiesintomultiplenewspecies,eachadaptedtoadifferentecologicalniche.”（一個(gè)祖先物種分化成多個(gè)新物種的過(guò)程，每個(gè)物種都適應(yīng)不同的生態(tài)位。）選項(xiàng)D準(zhǔn)確描述了這一過(guò)程的特點(diǎn)。3.B解析：根據(jù)上下文，“diversify”與“specializegradually”形成對(duì)比，前文提到finchesdevelopedspecializedbeaks，說(shuō)明它們逐漸適應(yīng)了特定食物來(lái)源。選項(xiàng)B與上下文邏輯一致。4.C解析：第四段明確指出，“Naturalselectionfavorstraitsthatenhancesurvivalandreproductioninaspecificenvironment,leadingtoadaptation.”（自然選擇傾向于那些能增強(qiáng)特定環(huán)境中的生存和繁殖能力的特征，從而導(dǎo)致適應(yīng)。）選項(xiàng)C直接表達(dá)了自然選擇的核心作用。5.B解析：第一段提到，“AlfredRusselWallaceindependentlydevelopedsimilarideasaboutnaturalselectionwhileworkingintheAmazon.”（阿爾弗雷德·Russel·華萊士在亞馬遜工作時(shí)獨(dú)立發(fā)展了關(guān)于自然選擇相似的思想。）隨后又提到Darwin和Wallace的理論相互印證，說(shuō)明Wallace是獨(dú)立于達(dá)爾文提出類似理論的。二、填空題答案及解析6.ecologicaladaptation解析：根據(jù)文章主題，“Thestudyofhowspeciesadapttodifferentenvironmentsisknownasecologicaladaptation.”（對(duì)物種如何適應(yīng)不同環(huán)境的研究被稱為生態(tài)適應(yīng)。）填入該詞使句子完整。7.carryingcapacity解析：第二段提到，“Whenapopulation'ssizeislimitedbyavailableresources,ithasreacheditscarryingcapacity.”（當(dāng)一個(gè)種群的大小因可用資源而受到限制時(shí)，它就達(dá)到了承載能力。）填入該詞符合句意。8.convergentevolution解析：第五段定義了該概念，“Convergentevolutionoccurswhensimilartraitsevolveindependentlyindifferentspecies.”（當(dāng)相似特征在不同物種中獨(dú)立進(jìn)化時(shí)，就會(huì)發(fā)生趨同進(jìn)化。）填入該詞使句子完整。9.influence解析：第三段提到，“A'keystonespecies'isonethathasadisproportionatelylarge________onitsecosystem.”（關(guān)鍵物種是指對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有不平衡影響的物種。）填入該詞符合句意。10.foodwebtheory解析：第四段提到，“Theconceptthatspeciesinanareaareconnectedthroughanetworkofpredator-preyrelationshipsiscalledthe________.”（物種通過(guò)捕食者-獵物關(guān)系的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接起來(lái)的概念被稱為_(kāi)_______。）填入該詞使句子完整。11.ecologicalrole解析：第六段定義了niche，“Inevolutionaryterms,'niche'referstoanorganism's________initsenvironment.”（從進(jìn)化的角度來(lái)看，'生態(tài)位'是指生物在環(huán)境中的________。）填入該詞使句子完整。12.commensalism解析：第七段定義了該概念，“Thephenomenonwhereonespeciesbenefitswhileanotherisunaffectedisknownas________.”（當(dāng)一個(gè)物種受益而另一個(gè)物種不受影響的現(xiàn)象被稱為_(kāi)_______。）填入該詞使句子完整。13.high解析：第八段提到，“Biodiversityhotspotsareregionswithexceptionally________speciesrichness.”（生物多樣性熱點(diǎn)是物種多樣性異常________的區(qū)域。）填入該詞符合句意。14.allopatricspeciation解析：第九段提到，“Theprocessbywhichnewspeciesarisethroughgeographicseparationiscalled________.”（新物種通過(guò)地理隔離產(chǎn)生的過(guò)程被稱為_(kāi)_______。）填入該詞使句子完整。15.samearea解析：第十段提到，“A'sympatric'relationshipdescribesspeciesthatevolveandinteractinthe________.”（'同域'關(guān)系描述了在________進(jìn)化和互動(dòng)的物種。）填入該詞符合句意。16.macroevolution解析：第十一段提到，“Theprocessbywhichnewspeciesarisethroughgeographicseparationiscalled________.”（新物種通過(guò)地理隔離產(chǎn)生的過(guò)程被稱為_(kāi)_______。）填入該詞使句子完整。17.nutrient解析：第十二段提到，“Eutrophicationisaprocesswherewaterbodiesbecomeovernourished,oftenduetoexcessive________runoff.”（富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化是一個(gè)水體變得過(guò)度營(yíng)養(yǎng)的過(guò)程，通常是由于過(guò)多的________徑流。）填入該詞符合句意。18.theoryofcommondescent解析：第十三段提到，“TheconceptthatalllifeonEarthsharesacommonancestoriscalledthe________.”（所有地球生命共享共同祖先的概念被稱為_(kāi)_______。）填入該詞使句子完整。19.disjunct解析：第十四段提到，“A'metapopulation'referstoasystemof________populationsthatareconnectedbymigration.”（'群落片斷'是指通過(guò)遷徙連接的________群落系統(tǒng)。）填入該詞符合句意。20.increasedspecialization解析：第十五段提到，“The'islandeffect'inevolutionoftenleadsto________inisolatedpopulations.”（進(jìn)化中的'島嶼效應(yīng)'通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致孤立群落中的________。）填入該詞符合句意。三、判斷題答案及解析21.F解析：文章第二段提到adaptiveradiationleadstodiversification,butdoesn'tguaranteenewspeciesformationinallcases.（適應(yīng)輻射導(dǎo)致多樣化，但不保證在所有情況下都形成新物種。）因此陳述錯(cuò)誤。22.F解析：文章并未將島生物地理學(xué)理論主要解釋為雀喙差異的原因，而是更廣泛地解釋物種多樣性與島嶼特征的關(guān)系。因此陳述錯(cuò)誤。23.T解析：第四段提到keystonespecieshavedisproportionateinfluenceontheirecosystems,makingthesesystemsvulnerabletodisturbanceswhentheyareremoved.（關(guān)鍵物種對(duì)其生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有不平衡的影響，當(dāng)它們被移除時(shí)，這些系統(tǒng)容易受到干擾。）因此陳述正確。24.T解析：第三段定義趨同進(jìn)化為相似特征在不同物種中獨(dú)立進(jìn)化，通常是由于相似環(huán)境壓力。因此陳述正確。25.F解析：文章未特別指出富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化主要問(wèn)題是熱帶地區(qū)，而是討論其普遍性和成因。因此陳述錯(cuò)誤。26.F解析：文章提到群落片斷是指由遷徙連接的離散群落系統(tǒng)，并未說(shuō)它描述物種多樣性增加。因此陳述錯(cuò)誤。27.T解析：第五段提到同域進(jìn)化的條件更嚴(yán)格，不如地理隔離的異域進(jìn)化常見(jiàn)。因此陳述正確。28.F解析：文章將共同祖先理論作為進(jìn)化基礎(chǔ)，未將其作為島生物地理學(xué)理論的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)假說(shuō)。因此陳述錯(cuò)誤。29.F解析：文章提到生物多樣性熱點(diǎn)是自然形成的，未說(shuō)是人類活動(dòng)創(chuàng)造的。因此陳述錯(cuò)誤。30.F解析：文章提到生態(tài)位是動(dòng)態(tài)變化的，并非固定不變。因此陳述錯(cuò)誤。四、匹配題答案及解析31.J解析：定義J描述地理隔離導(dǎo)致的新物種產(chǎn)生過(guò)程，與allopatricspeciation（異域進(jìn)化）概念一致。32.A解析：定義A描述物種適應(yīng)不同環(huán)境的過(guò)程，與adaptiveradiation（適應(yīng)輻射）概念一致。33.B解析：定義B描述捕食者-獵物關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)，與foodwebtheory（食物網(wǎng)理論）概念一致。34.C解析：定義C描述遺傳變化積累過(guò)程，與macroevolution（宏觀進(jìn)化）概念一致。35.D解析：定義D描述通過(guò)遷徙連接的離散群落系統(tǒng)，與metapopulation（群落片斷）概念一致。36.E解析：定義E描述物種對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的不平衡影響，與keystonespecies（關(guān)鍵物種）概念一致。37.G解析：定義G描述相似特征在不同物種中獨(dú)立進(jìn)化，與convergentevolution（趨同進(jìn)化）概念一致。38.H解析：定義H描述一個(gè)物種受益而另一個(gè)不受影響的現(xiàn)象，與commensalism（偏利共生）概念一致。39.I解析：定義I描述遺傳變化積累過(guò)程，與eutrophication（富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化）概念一致。40.J解析：定義J描述地理隔離導(dǎo)致的新物種產(chǎn)生過(guò)程，與allopatricspeciation（異域進(jìn)化）概念一致。五、簡(jiǎn)答題答案及解析41.Adaptiveradiationisprimarilydrivenbygeographicisolationandvaryingenvironmentalconditions.Forexample,theGalapagosfinchesevolveddifferentbeakshapestoadapttodifferentfoodsourcesavailableoneachisland.AnotherexampleisthediversificationofHawaiianhoneycreepers,whichdevelopedvariousbeaktypestoexploitdifferentfoodresourceslikenectar,seeds,andinsects.解析：回答首先點(diǎn)明適應(yīng)輻射的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)因素：地理隔離和不同環(huán)境條件。然后提供兩個(gè)例子：加拉帕戈斯雀的喙形進(jìn)化（適應(yīng)不同島嶼的食物來(lái)源）和夏威夷蜜鳥(niǎo)的多樣化（發(fā)展不同喙形以利用花蜜、種子和昆蟲(chóng)等不同食物資源）。這些例子直接支持了文章中的觀點(diǎn)。42.Theislandbiogeographytheoryhelpsconservationbiologistsbyidentifyingfactorsthatcontributetospeciesdiversity.Accordingtothepassage,islandswithlargerareaandgreaterdistancefrommainlandtendtohavehigherspeciesrichness.Thisknowledgeallowsconservationiststoprioritizeprotectingsuchbiodiversityhotspots.Additionally,thetheoryhighlightstheroleofkeystonespecies,whichhaveadisproportionatelylargeinfluenceontheirecosystems,makingtheirprotectioncrucialformaintainingecologicalbalance.解析：回答首先說(shuō)明島生物地理學(xué)理論如何幫助保護(hù)