1.IntroductionCulture-loadedwordspermeateeverycornerofourlife.Theyplayaninestimableroleinourlifeinauniqueandartisticway.Culture-loadedwordsarenotonlytheornamenttolifebutalsoawayofspreadingChineseculturetotheworld.Owingtodifferentculturalelements,suchgeographiclocation,history,religiousbelief,wayofthinkingect..Languageineachcountrycontainsagreatnumberofwordswithspecificnationalculture.Thesewordsareknownasculture-loadedwords,whichreflecttheculturalcharacteristicofanationandcountry.FortressBesiegedisoneofthemostfamousnovelsofCh’ienChungshu.ItisasatiricnovelinChineseliterature,andhasbeenknownas“TheNewScholars”.ThenovelstartedaroundtheFangHongjian’smarriagetohisteachingassistantSunRoujiaafterfailedrelationships,buttheyoftenquarreledfortriflesinlifeeachotherandfinallyledtodivorce.Therefore,thereisafamoussentenceinitthatpeopleinthecitywanttoescape,standingoutsidethecitypeoplewanttorushinto,marriage,careerworthmentioning,mostofthedesireoflife.JeanneKelly’sEnglishversionofFortressBesiegedisoneofthemostsuccessfulEnglishversionsaroundtheworld.TheEnglishversion,onthebasisofnotdeviatingfromtherhetoricmethodintheoriginalwork,trulyconveysthelanguageandculturalcharacteristicstothetargetreaders.Culture-loadedwordshaveaprofoundbackgroundwiththehistoryofthousandsofyears,andeachofthemhasconnotativemeaningaswellashisownhistoricaldevelopment.Thegoalofthethesisistoprovideawayofthetranslationofculture-loadedwords.2.Culture-loaded

words

and

translationstrategiesChineseculture-loadedwordsrefertothespecialcomponentcultureinChineseculture.Ch’ienChungshu’sFortressBesiegedisfullofsuchexpressions,whichoffersachallengetotranslation.Thereisageneralintroductiontoculture-loadedwordsandthetwotranslationstrategies-----domesticationandforeignization.2.1Culture-loaded

wordsLanguagereflectstheuniqueculturalphenomenonofanationintheprocessofformationanddevelopment,andvocabulary,asthebasicconstructionmaterialandcrucialpartoflanguage,canrepresentthedevelopedsituationofnationalculture.Culture-loadedwordsmeanthat“Thewords,phrasesoridiomsremarksomethingspecialtoanationalculture,whichdirectlyexpressthegradualaccumulationofspecificethnicgroupsinthelonghistoricalprocessandaredifferentfromtheuniquewaysofactivitiesofothernationalities”(LiaoQiyi,2000:232).Namely,culture-loadedwordsareuniquetothecultureofanation.Atthesametime,HuWenzhong(2013:64)held:“Culture-loadedwordsarewordswithinthespecificculturescope,whicharereflectedinthevocabularyofnationalculturestraightforwardandindirectly”.Apparently,wecanseethatculture-loadedwordscarrythepeculiarityofnationalcultureandadoptspecialwordstoreflectthenationalculture.Nida(1993:153),anotedtranslationtheoristinAmerica,dividedculture-loadedwordsintofivecategories:ecologicalculture-loadedwords,materialculture-loadedwords,socialculture-loadedwords,religiousculture-loadedwordsandlinguisticculture-loadedwords.First,withrespecttoecologicalculture-loadedwords,theyarewordsaboutseasons,plants,deserts,hills,etc..Duetodifferentgeographicallocationandlivingenvironment,differentcountrieshavetheirownecologicalcultures.Anation’secologicalculturemaybeverydifficultforthoseinanothernationtounderstandandperceive.Therefore,itisquiteimportanttotranslateecologicalculture-loadedwordsforreachingthebestgoalofcross-culturaltranslation.Materialculture-loadedwordsreferstothematerialproductsmadebyhumanbeings,includingthemeansofproduction,theobjectsoflabor,andthetechnologyofcreatingmaterialproducts.Differentpeopleintheworldliveindifferentways,sotheuseofmaterialproductswillalsobeverydifferent.Then,Thetraditions,customs,waysoflife,thecharacteristicsandformsofsocialactivities,andthehabitofindividuals,societiesandhierarchiesbelongtothecategoryofsocialculture-loadedwords.Differentsocietieshavedifferenthistoricalculture,politicalfeature,customs,andappellations,whichformsocialculture-loadedwordswithuniquenationalcharacteristics.Religiousculture-loadedwordsareaboutpeople’sbeliefs,andpeople’sworshipoftheGodandtheeachpersonhashisgoalandbeliefs.Forexample,mostofthewesternersbelieveinJesus,theyarguethattheGodisalmighty,andcanbenefitmankind.ButinChinese,peoplearguethatthereisnoGodontheearth,andwanttoliveagoodlifeonlybytheirownhands.Therefore,thebarriersbetweencross-culturalcommunicationandlanguagetranslationarecreated.Next,linguisticculture-loadedwordsrelatetothespecificfeatureofalanguage.Chineseculturewiththehistoryofthousandsofyearsisprofound,sotherearealotoflinguisticculture-loadedwordsinChineseliterature,andeachlinguisticculture-loadedwordhasitsconnotativemeaninganditshistory.2.2

TranslationstrategiesZhangPeiji(2009:78),afamoustranslatorinChinese,gaveanexactdefinitionoftranslationfromthelinguisticpointofviewthattranslationisalanguageactivitythatusesonelanguagetoaccuratelyandcompletelyexpressagainthethinkingcontentinanotherlanguage.Andtranslationstrategiesrefertotheideas,waysandprocedures.Therearetwotranslationstrategiesaboutthetranslationoftheculture-loadedwordsincludingdomesticationandforeignization.2.2.1DomesticationFortheunderstandingofdomestication,itispossibletostartwiththeliteralmeaningoftheword“Domestication”.Itrepresentstheunityofresolution.Itisaculturalthoughtthattranslatorswanttoexpress;translatorsshouldtranslatetheoriginalinawaythatthereadersinthetargetworkcanaccept.sothatdifferentculturesareequalinthevalues,thusachievingthegreatestpossibleeliminationofthestrongersenseoftheculture.Byadoptingthetranslationmethod,thereaderscanquicklyrealizetheculturalconnotationcontainedintheculture-loadedwords.Therefore,itwillincreasethereadinginterestofthereaders,andisbeneficialtobettercommunicationamongdifferentcultures.AccordingtoVenuti(1995:19),theconceptofdomesticationmainlyinvolvestwofactors:thefirstoneisfluencyandthesecondoneisethnocentric.HestatedthatafluenttranslationmeansthatitiswritteninmodernEnglishratherthanarchaic;itisfrequentlyemployedinsteadofspecialization;itisstandardinsteadofcolloquialismorslang.Ingeneral,domesticationistomakethetranslatorsclosetothereaders,andtranslatorsinterprettheoriginalinawaythatthereaderscanaccept.Butintranslation,thismethodlimitsthecross-culturalcommunicationtothemaximumextent.2.2.2ForeignizationForeignizationismeantthattranslatorsshouldensurethatthetranslationtextdoesnotdeviatefromtheculturalfeatures,rhetoricaldevicesandpoliticalviewscontainedintheoriginalbookintheprocessoftranslation.Andthetranslatorsshouldexpresstheoriginalwritingintentiontoreadersasmuchaspossible,sothattheycanexperienceothercountries’culture.ThetranslationstrategyisfoundbyVenuti(1995),whichisdifferentfromdomestication.Venuti(1995:140)argued:“Foreignizationreferstotranslatorsdon’tdisturbtheauthorasmuchaspossibleandbringsthereadersclosetotheauthor”.Intranslation,itistoaccommodatethelanguagefeaturesofforeigncultures,incorporateforeignlanguagetechnique,andrequesttranslatorstomoveclosertotheauthorandemploythesourcelanguagetechniquecorrespondingtothoseusedbytheauthortoconveythecontentoftheoriginaltext;namely,totakethesourcelanguagecultureasthedestination.Theaimofusingthisstrategyistoconsiderthedifferencesofnationalculture,topreserveandreflectthefeaturesofforeignnationalitiesandlanguagestyle,andtopreservetheexoticmoodforthereadersofthetargettext.Asfortranslationstrategies,domesticationandforeignizationsupplementeachother.Absolutedomesticationandabsoluteforeignizationdonotexist.Inordertobereadable,domesticationshouldbeadopted.Inordertopreserveculturalinformationandbeloyaltotheoriginaltext,foreignizationmeansshouldbeadopted.Theproperadoptionofdomesticationandforeignizationcantransfertheculturalinformationintheoriginaltexttothetargetreaders,andalsoopenawindowforthereaderstounderstandothercountries’culture.Translation

methods

of

culture-loaded

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in

Jeanne

Kelly’s

Englishversion

of

Fortress

BesiegedJennyKelly’sEnglishversionofFortressBesiegedisoneofthemostsuccessfultranslationsaroundtheworld,whichincludestwotranslationstrategiesforthetranslationofculture-loadedwordsintheFortressBesieged.IntheChineseversion,therearealotofculture-loadedwordsthatembodyChineseculture.Fortheirtranslation,JennyKellyhademployeddifferenttranslationmethodsfordifferentculture-loadedwordsinordertoreachtheaimofcross-culturalcommunication.3.1LiteraltranslationplusannotationFromtheliteralmeaning,literaltranslationismeantthattranslatewordsinawayofwordbyword,sentencebysentence;namely,thedirecttranslationdoesn’tchangethegrammarandcontentoftheoriginaltext.Literaltranslationismeantthatthegrammaticalconstructionsinthesourcelanguageareconvertedtotheirnearesttargetlanguageequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsinglyoutofthecontext(Newmark,2001:46).Wecanseethatliteraltranslationnotonlyexpressoriginalcontent,butalsopreservesitslanguageformandlanguagecharacteristics,soreaderscanexperienceandappreciatethesourcelanguageculturefromthe“strangeness”.Therefore,literaltranslationcanbeoneofthemostimportantmeanstoachievecross-culturalcommunication.Literaltranslationplusannotationistotranslatetheoriginaltextdirectlywithadditionalannotation.Notescanbelongandshort,eitherinthetextorinafootnote,orboth.Thepurposeofliteraltranslationistokeepthestyleofthesourcelanguagetothemaximumextent.Readerscancommunicatedirectlywiththesourcelanguageandunderstandthroughdirectperception.Besides,thismethodreducesthepossibilityofmisunderstandingandculturalmisreading.3.1.1Materialculture-loadedwordsIntheFortressBesieged,therearealotofmaterialculture-loadedwordsthatreflectpeople’sbasicnecessitieslikefoodandclothing.Becausethesewordsarewellknownforthepeopleintheworld,theycanbetranslateddirectly.Example1:那男孩子的母親已有三十開(kāi)外，穿件半舊的黑紗旗袍，滿面勞碌困倦，加上天生的倒掛眉毛，愈覺(jué)得愁苦可憐。(Qian,1980:11)Thetoddler’smother,alreadyinherthirties,waswearinganoldblackchiffonChinesedress,afacemarkedbytoilandweariness,herslantingdownwardeyebrowsmadeherlookevenmoremiserable.Note:TheChinesedressreferstochipao,whichhasahighcollarthatusuallyfitsclosetotheneck.(Kelly,2003;14)Theword“旗袍”,thetraditionalrobesofChinesewomen,isatypicalChineseculturalvocabulary.Thiskindofvocabulary,whichcontainsmuchChineseculturalconnotation,hasnocorrespondingwordinEnglish,whichleadstothephenomenonoflexicalvacancy.JeanneKellyusedthedirecttranslationmethodtodealwiththeterm.Becausetheyarguedthatthemethodnotonlymakesthereadersinthetargetlanguagetoimaginetheimageoftheflagrobes,butalsopreservestheculturalcolorofthesourcelanguage.3.1.2Linguisticculture-loadedwordsAsahighlyironicwork,thenovelshowstheauthor’sexcellentlanguageskills.Thecreationoflanguageinthenovelisnaturalandinteresting,includingsome“wordgames”,buttheyenrichthelinguisticcultureofthenovelandincreaseattractiveness.Forthetranslationofthese“wordgames”,JeanneKellythoughtthatliteraltranslationismorecapableofexpressingthemeaningofthesourcelanguage.Example2:以后飛機(jī)接連光顧，大有絕世佳人一顧傾城、再顧傾國(guó)的風(fēng)度。(Qian,1980:36)Later,theplanekeptcominginmuchthesamemannerasthepeerlessbeautywhose“oneglancecouldconqueracityandwhosesecondglancecouldvanquishanempire”.Note:Anexpressionwhichdescribesuperlativebeauty;itisequivalenttoHelenofTroyinWesternliterature.(Kelly,2003:39)IntheFortressBesieged,“一顧傾城,再顧傾國(guó)”directlytranslatedas“oneglancecouldconqueracityandwhosesecondglancecouldvanquishanempire”.Inordertomakethelanguageartoftheoriginalcontentbeacceptedbyreaders,JeanneKellyhadadoptedliteraltranslationtoconveytheenormousmomentumofthecontinuousbombingoftheimageofanextremelybeautifulwomanandtheenemyaircrafttothetargetlanguagereaders.Atthesametime,inordertoreproducethiskindofbeautifulimagetothetargetreaders,theyadoptedthemethodofaddingnotestofurtherexplain.3.2FreetranslationFreetranslationistotranslateaccordingtothemainideaoforiginaltext.Underthegreatculturaldifference,themethodismostlyusedtotranslatesentencesorphrases.Therearedifferentbetweenfreetranslation,whichadvocatesmaintainingtheoriginalmeaning,butregardlessofform,andliteraltranslationwhichemphasizesloyaltytotheoriginalmeaningandform.Alotofresearchesindicatethattheuseof

free

translation

reflects

the

differencebetweendifferentlanguageinecologicalculture-loadedwords,linguistic

culture-loadedwords,

religious

culture-loadedwords,

materialculture-loadedwordsandsocialculture-loadedwords.Becauseofthedifferencesbetweendifferentculturesandcustom,someculture-loadedwordsinaculturecontainrichextendedmeaning,whileinothercultures,theycontainonlyliteralmeaning.Iftranslateddirectly,itwillcausecertainculturalimpact.Therefore,weoftenchoosethemethodoffreetranslationtointerpretouttheextendedmeaningofthewords.Inregardtothedefinitionoffreetranslation,Newmark(2001:46)held:“Freetranslationreproducesthematterwithoutthemanner,orthecontentwithouttheformoftheoriginal.Usuallyitisaparaphrasemuchlongerthantheoriginal,socalled“intralingualtranslation”oftenprolixandpretentious,andnottranslationatall”.Intranslation,freetranslationisusuallyusedwhenthewordsinthesourcelanguagecan’tfindcorrespondingwordsinthetargetlanguage,andliteraltranslationcan’tsolvethissituation.Itcanbeseenthatfreetranslationfocusesonconveyingthecontentintheoriginaltext,ratherthanpayingattentiontothelanguageformandlanguagefeatureinthesourcelanguage.AlthoughthismethodomitstheoriginaltasteintheEnglishversion,themainculturalinformationcanbetransmittedandeasilyacceptedbythetargetreaders.3.2.1Materialculture-loadedwordsTherearemanywordsaboutmaterialcultureintheFortressBesieged,suchas:“飯碗”,“厚臉皮”,“碰釘子”ect..Whentranslatingthewords,translatorscanusefreetranslation,becausefreetranslationcanexactlyconveytheinformationinthesourcelanguage.Example3:你這人就愛(ài)吃醋，吃不相干的醋.（Qian,1980:111）Youlikebeingjealous,andit’sovernothing.（Kelly,2003:115）Thetwowords“醋”and“vinegar”havethesameconceptualmeaning,buttheconnotativemeaningandnationalcolorarequitedifferent.InChinese“醋”hasthemeaningof“jealousy”,“Vinegar”inEnglishmeans“acridandmean”.Ifonetranslates“吃醋”as“havevinegar”,theliteralconnotationoftheoriginalcannotbetransferred.JeanneKellytranslateditas“beingjealous”,whichcanpreservethemeaningoftheoriginaltextandmakethetranslationnaturalandappropriate.3.2.2Socialculture-loadedwordsTherearealargenumberofsystems,etiquetteandcustomsrelatedtotheChinesenationintheFortressBesieged,anditishardtotranslatethewordswithChinesetraditionalculture.ThenovelhasagreatnumberofofficialnamesandeducationalsystemswithChineseculturalcharacteristics,suchas:“前清舉人”,“孝廉公”,“進(jìn)士”,“科舉”,“八股文”.DuetothegreatdifferencebetweenChineseandwesterncultures,wecannotfinditsequivalentsinEnglish,sowecanusefreetranslationtotranslatethem.Example4:父親是前清舉人，在本鄉(xiāng)江南一個(gè)小縣里做大紳士。(Qian,1980:16)Hisfatherhadpassedthesecond-degreeexaminationunderManchuruleandwasaprominentsquireinhisnativedistrictsouthoftheYangtze.(Kelly,2003:17)IntheFortressBesieged,theword“前清舉人”wastranslatedas“hadpassedthesecond-degreeexaminationunderManchurule”andannotatedtoexplaintheimperialexaminationsysteminQingDynasty.InordertoofferthecharmoftraditionalChineseculturetothetargetreaders,JeanneKellyhadadoptedthemeansoffreetranslationtoexplaintheword“舉人”whichhastheuniqueculturalconnotationsinChinese,andisverystrangeanddifficultforthetargetreaderstoaccept.Thismethodoffreetranslationisusedindealingwithsomewordswithastrongculturalbackground,butliteraltranslationcan’tconveyculturalmeaningaccurately.Thus,itisabetterwaytoconsiderfreetranslationincommunicativesense.3.2.3Religiousculture-loadedwordsReligionisaveryimportantpartofcultureandinfluencepeople’slife.IntheFortressBesieged,therearealsoalotofculture-loadedwordsthatembodyreligiouscontent.Therefore,itisbetterforreaderstounderstandthemeaningofthesourcelanguagebyfreetranslationforthosewordsthatarenotwelltranslated.Example5:“塞翁失馬，安知非?！薄Ｊ苟昵敖Y(jié)婚，則此番吾家破費(fèi)不貸矣。(Qian,1980:8)“Thismaybeablessingindisguise”.Ifyouhadmarriedthreeyearsearlier,thiswouldhavecostusalargesumofmoney.(Kelly,2003:10)Theword“塞翁失馬，安知非福”wastranslatedinto“Thismaybeablessingindisguise”.Intheexamples,ifthemeaningoftheculture-loadedwordiscompletelytranslated,itwillbedifficulttoexplainclearly.Onthebasisofnotaffectingunderstanding,JeanneKellyhadadoptedthemethodoffreetranslationtodealwithit.3.3TransliterationTransliterationcanbeunderstoodastheformofPinyin;namely,thepronunciationofEnglishandthepronunciationofChinesecharactersareconsistentintone.Transliterationmeans“Writingaword,name,sentence,etc.inthealphabetofadifferentlanguageorwritingsystem”(LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,2004),thatis,transliterationisatranslationmethodtoturnonelanguageintoanotherlanguageaccordingtoitspronunciationthatisthesameorsimilartothepronunciationinanotherlanguage.InthehistoryofChinesetranslation,transliterationhasalonghistory,whichcanbetracedbacktotwothousandyearsago.Intranslation,itisusedinthetranslationofProperNouns.PropernounsareproprietarynamessuchasJohn,NewYork,MaoZedong,Shanghai,etc.,forsomeone,someplacesorinstitution,etc.Thenitisusedinthetranslationofspecialnounsofnation,suchas:food,musicalinstruments,dance,unitofmeasureandmoney.Becausetheethniccolorisverystrong,inordertomaintainitsnationalcharacteristics,itisbesttousethemethodoftransliteration.Next,itisusedinthetranslationofthenon-counterpartwords,suchasjeep,marathon,nicotineandsoon.3.3.1Ecologicalculture-loadedwordsTransliterationisusuallyusedinEnglishversionsofFortressBesiegedtotranslateculture-loadedwordswithstrongculturalconnotationslikesolarterms.Example6:這是七月下旬，合中國(guó)舊歷的三伏，一年最熱的時(shí)候。(Qian,1980:1)ItwastowardtheendofJuly,equivalenttothe“san-fu”periodofthelunarcalendar,thehottestdaysoftheyear.(Kelly,2003:1)AsdescribedintheFortressBesieged,itindicatesthat“三伏天”isusuallyinthemiddleofJulyofeachyear,namedinthelightoftheoldcalendar,andtheweatheristhehottest.Intheprocessoftranslation,theword“三伏天”wastranslateddirectlyinto“thesan-fuperiod”.Itreferstothethreestagesofthefirst,middleandlaststagesofChinesetraditionalcultureinthelunarcalendar,thatis,theperiodfrommid-Julytomid-Augustinthelunarcalendar,whichisthehottestperiodinmanyChineseregions.3.3.2Socialculture-loadedwordsIntranslation,thenamesofpeopleorplacesinEnglishareconventional,andareacceptedbymostChinese.Iftranslationistoturnadifferentlanguageintoourownlanguage,transliterationistotranslateawordintoaChinesecharacterthatitspronunciationissimilartothatofthewordintheoriginallanguage.Ingeneral,thetranslationofthenamesofpeopleandplacesoftenemploythistranslationmethod.Example7:大有唐三藏取到佛經(jīng)回長(zhǎng)安的快樂(lè)。(Qian,1980:189)T’angSan-tsangreturningtoCh’anganwiththesutras.(Kelly,2003:197)Allinall,transliterationisagoodtranslationmethod.Itcanputacomplexwordintoasimplewordandthetranslatedwordisveryeasytoidentifyaswellasdon’tneedtogiveagreatnumberofexplanatorywords.However,intheprocessofChinese-Englishtranslation,themethodshouldnotbeusedexcessively.3.4OmissionOmissionmeansthatintheprocessoftranslation,somewordsintheoriginaltextcanbeomitted,becausethereisnosuchwordinthethetargetlanguage,butithasalreadyhadthemeaningoftheoriginalword,orthemeaningofthewordinthetranslationisself-evident.Thepurposeofellipsisistomaketranslationmoresmoothandconsistentwiththetranslationhabits.However,itshouldbenotedthatellipsisisnotadeletionofsomeoftheideologicalcontentoftheoriginaltext,andellipsiscannotchangethecontentoftheoriginaltext.Omissioncanbeusedwhensomewordsintheoriginaltextdon’tneedtobetranslated,butitisn’ttoomitkeywordsinthesourcelanguage.Therefore,themeaningoftheoriginaltextcan’tbechangedintranslation.Itdeletesthewordsthatdon’texistinChinesecharacterlikearticles,orotherwordssuchaspersonalpronoun,conjunctionandpreposition.3.4.1Ecologicalculture-loadedwordsIntheFortressBesieged,thereareagreatnumberofculture-loadedwordsrelatedtolivingconditionandnaturalbackgroundinChina.Manyofthesewordsappeartobelessimportant,sotheycanbedeletedintranslation.Example8:汪處厚先出來(lái)，滿面春風(fēng)，問(wèn)兩人覺(jué)得課堂里冷不冷，吩咐丫頭去搬火盆。(Qian,1980:220)Smilingradiantly,WangcameoutfirstandaskedHsin-meiandHuang-chieniftheyfoundcouldinthelivingroom,thenorderedthemaidtobringthebrazier.(Kelly,2003:228)Theword“滿面春風(fēng)”istranslatedinto“smileradiantly”.Insometexts,themeaningofculture-loadedwordsmaynotbesoimportant.Inthisexample,JeanneKellychosetoomitthecharacteristicsofspecificimagesandhighlightthemainideainordertoachievethepurposeofsmoothcohesion.Themeaningof“春風(fēng)”isomittedintranslation,mainlybecausetheomittedcontentisnotsoimportant,andinordertomakethesentencemorefluentandthetextmorecohesive,theimportantcontentischosenfortranslation.3.4.2Materialculture-loadedwordsWhensomewordsinthetargetlanguagecan’tfinewordswithsimilarmeaningtoreplacetheexpressioninthesource,sotranslatorscanuseomissiontodeletethem,andthemethodcouldn’tchangetheoriginalcontent.Example9:鴻漸道：“小胖子大詩(shī)人曹元朗是不是也請(qǐng)?jiān)诶锩媪?？有他，菜可以省一點(diǎn)；看見(jiàn)他那個(gè)四喜丸子的臉，人都飽了。”(Qian,1980:639)“IsthatlittlefatsoandbigpoetTs’aoYuan-langincluded?Ifheis,theycansaveonthefood.Justlookingatthatmeatballfaceofhiswillmakepeoplefeelfull,”hesaid.(Kelly,2003:640)Here,JennyKellytranslated“四喜丸子”as“meatball”.TheChineseword“四喜丸子”isoneoftheclassicdishesofLucuisine,whichismadeupofdeliciousmeatball,andtheimpliedmeaningisfourgreathappyeventsofblessing,fortune,longevityandhappiness.Itcanbeseeninsomeordinaryoccasionlikefamilypartyorfestival,becauseitsymbolizesthereunionofwealthandgoodluck.Becauseitsshapeisround,likeaball,Kellydirectlyputitintomeatball.Ingeneral,omissionistoexpurgatethenotessentialwordsinthesourcelanguage,orthewordsthatbreachthelanguagehabitsofthetargettext.Butitisnottoomitsomeoftheideologicalcontentintheoriginaltext.3.5SubstitutionWhentheoriginaltextistranslatedbyliteraltranslation,thetranslatedtextwillleadtoadeviationorevenacompletemisunderstandingofthereader’sunderstanding,whichwillaffectthetransmissionofculture.Atthistime,weshouldadoptthesubstitutionmethod,thatis,fromtheperspectiveofthereader’sthinking,usetheidiomthatreaderscanunderstandtoreplacetheliteralmeaningoftheoriginaltext,soastomakethetranslationstrategywiththeregionalcharacteristicsofthereader.Asfortheunderstandingofsubstitution,Baker(2000:88)believedthatitistoreplacethecontentinthesourcelanguagewiththeexpressionwithsimilarculturalconnotationinthetargetlanguage,whichnotonlymakesthetargetreaderseasiertounderstand,butalsoenablesthetargetreaderstoobtainthesameorsimilarreadingeffectasthesourcereaders.Namely,therearesomewordswithsimilarmeaninginthetargetlanguage,whichcanreplacethewordsinthesourcelanguage.Becauseculturaldifferencesmayleadtoerrorsinunderstanding,orevencompletemisunderstandings,itisveryimportantfortranslatorstotranslatethemoredifficultcontentintoaninternalonethatthereadercaneasilyunderstand.However,thisalsorequiresthetranslatortohaveagoodunderstandingofthebackgroundofboththesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageforreachtheaimofcross-culturalcommunication.3.5.1Religiousculture-loadedwordsThesignificanceofreligioninChinesesocietyandcultureisobviouslyeasytosee.IntheFortressBesieged,therearealsoalotofculture-loadedwordsreflectingreligiouscontent.BecausethereligiousbeliefofChinaisdifferentfromthatoftheWest,anditsreligiouscultureisdifferent,sothetranslationofreligiousculture-loadedwordscanonlybereplacedbysimilarwords.Example10:辛楣一來(lái)，就像閻