2025年經濟工程專業(yè)題庫——大學經濟工程專業(yè)外語水平測試結果考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、選擇題（本部分共20小題，每小題2分，共40分。在每小題列出的四個選項中，只有一項是最符合題目要求的，請將正確選項字母填在題后的括號內。）1.Accordingtotheeconomictheoryofcomparativeadvantage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Countriesshouldproduceeverythingtheyconsumedomestically.B.Countriesshouldonlytradewithcountriesthathavehigherproductivityinallsectors.C.Countriesbenefitfromtradebyspecializingintheproductionofgoodsforwhichtheyhavealoweropportunitycost.D.Tradeisonlybeneficialifitleadstoabalancedtradesurplusforeachcountryinvolved.2.Whatdoestheterm"GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)"primarilymeasure?A.Thetotalvalueofallexportsandimportsofacountry.B.Thetotalvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountry'sbordersinaspecificperiod.C.Thetotalincomeearnedbyacountry'sresidentsfromtheirworkandinvestments.D.Thetotalamountofmoneyspentongoodsandservicesinacountryduringagivenyear.3.Inthecontextofmicroeconomics,whatistheprimaryfocusoftheconceptofelasticity?A.Therelationshipbetweenthesupplyanddemandofagood.B.Theimpactofgovernmentpoliciesonmarketprices.C.Theresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorsuppliedtochangesinprice,income,orotherfactors.D.Thelong-termtrendofmarketpricesforaparticulargood.4.Whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicofaperfectlycompetitivemarket?A.Afewlargefirmsdominatethemarketandhavesignificantcontroloverprices.B.Therearemanybuyersandsellers,andnosinglefirmcaninfluencethemarketprice.C.Theproductofferedbyeachfirmisidenticaltothatofitscompetitors.D.Firmscaneasilyenterorexitthemarketwithoutanybarriers.5.Whatistheprimarypurposeofmonetarypolicy,astypicallyimplementedbyacentralbank?A.Tomaximizetheunemploymentrateintheeconomy.B.Toregulatethesupplyofmoneyandcredittoachievemacroeconomicobjectivessuchaspricestabilityandfullemployment.C.Todirectlycontrolthepricesofgoodsandservicesintheeconomy.D.Toensurethatallbusinessesintheeconomyarehighlyprofitable.6.Inmacroeconomics,whatdoestheterm"inflation"referto?A.Adecreaseintheoverallpricelevelofgoodsandservicesinaneconomy.B.Anincreaseintheoverallpricelevelofgoodsandservicesinaneconomyoveraperiodoftime.C.Asustainedincreaseinthemoneysupplythatleadstoadecreaseinthevalueofthecurrency.D.Asituationwherethedemandforgoodsandservicesexceedsthesupplyavailableinthemarket.7.Whatistheprimarygoaloffiscalpolicy,astypicallyimplementedbyagovernment?A.Tominimizethenationaldebtbyreducinggovernmentspendingandincreasingtaxes.B.Tostimulateeconomicgrowthbyincreasinggovernmentspendingand/orcuttingtaxes.C.Toensurethatallgovernmentrevenueisusedforsocialwelfareprograms.D.Toregulatetheprivatesector'sinvestmentactivitiestoachieveeconomicstability.8.Accordingtothetheoryofsupplyanddemand,whathappenstotheequilibriumpriceandquantityofagoodwhenthereisanincreaseindemand,withsupplyremainingconstant?A.Theequilibriumpriceandquantitybothdecrease.B.Theequilibriumpriceincreases,andtheequilibriumquantitydecreases.C.Theequilibriumpriceandquantitybothincrease.D.Theequilibriumpricedecreases,andtheequilibriumquantityincreases.9.Whatistheprimarypurposeofapriceceiling,asimplementedbyagovernment?A.Toencouragecompetitionamongfirmsinamarket.B.Toprotectconsumersfrompayingexcessivelyhighpricesforessentialgoodsandservices.C.Tomaximizetheprofitsoffirmsbyartificiallyinflatingprices.D.Toreducetheoveralldemandforaparticulargoodinthemarket.10.Whatisthetermforthesituationwheretheactualoutputofaneconomyislessthanitspotentialoutput?A.Economicgrowth.B.Fullemployment.C.Recession.D.Hyperinflation.11.Inthecontextofinternationaltrade,whatistheprimarypurposeoftariffs?A.Toencouragedomesticfirmstoproducemoregoodsandservices.B.Toprotectdomesticindustriesfromforeigncompetitionbymakingimportedgoodsmoreexpensive.C.Toincreasetheoveralldemandforgoodsandservicesintheeconomy.D.Toreducethenationaldebtbygeneratingadditionalgovernmentrevenue.12.Whatisthetermfortherateatwhichtheinflationrateisdecreasingovertime?A.disinflation.B.hyperinflation.C.stagflation.D.deflation.13.Whatistheprimaryfocusoftheconceptofopportunitycostineconomics?A.Thetotalcostofproducingagoodorservice,includingbothexplicitandimplicitcosts.B.Thevalueofthenextbestalternativethatmustbegivenupinordertopursueaparticularactionorchoice.C.Thetotalrevenuegeneratedbythesaleofagoodorservice.D.Thetotalamountofmoneyspentonadvertisingandmarketingforaproduct.14.Whatisthetermforthesituationwherethedemandforagoodorserviceishighlyresponsivetochangesinitsprice?A.inelasticdemand.B.elasticdemand.C.unitaryelasticity.D.perfectlyinelasticdemand.15.Whatistheprimarypurposeofasupplychain,astypicallymanagedbyabusiness?A.Tominimizethecostofproductionbyusingtheleastamountofresources.B.Toensurethatgoodsandservicesareproducedanddeliveredtocustomersinthemostefficientmannerpossible.C.Tomaximizetheprofitsofthebusinessbysellingasmanygoodsandservicesaspossible.D.Toreducetheenvironmentalimpactofbusinessoperationsbyusingsustainablepractices.16.Whatisthetermforthesituationwheretheactualoutputofaneconomyisequaltoitspotentialoutput?A.Economicgrowth.B.Fullemployment.C.Stagflation.D.Potentialoutputgap.17.Whatistheprimaryfocusoftheconceptofmarketequilibriumineconomics?A.Thesituationwherethedemandforagoodorserviceisequaltothesupplyofthatgoodorservice.B.Thesituationwherethepriceofagoodorserviceisatitsmaximumpossiblelevel.C.Thesituationwherethequantitydemandedofagoodorserviceiszero.D.Thesituationwherethesupplyofagoodorserviceiszero.18.Whatisthetermfortherateatwhichthemoneysupplyisincreasingovertime?A.inflationrate.B.moneygrowthrate.C.deflationrate.D.interestrate.19.Whatistheprimarypurposeofamonopoly,astypicallydefinedineconomics?A.Tomaximizetheprofitsofthebusinessbycontrollingthesupplyofagoodorservice.B.Toencouragecompetitionamongfirmsinamarket.C.Toprovideconsumerswithawidevarietyofchoiceswhenpurchasinggoodsandservices.D.Toensurethatallgovernmentrevenueisusedforsocialwelfareprograms.20.Whatisthetermforthesituationwherethedemandforagoodorserviceisnotresponsivetochangesinitsprice?A.elasticdemand.B.inelasticdemand.C.unitaryelasticity.D.perfectlyinelasticdemand.二、填空題（本部分共10小題，每小題2分，共20分。請將答案填寫在橫線上。）21.The_______isthetotalvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountry'sbordersinaspecificperiod.22.Theconceptof_______referstothevalueofthenextbestalternativethatmustbegivenupinordertopursueaparticularactionorchoice.23.A_______isamarketstructurecharacterizedbyasinglesellerthatdominatesthemarketandhassignificantcontroloverprices.24.The_______istherateatwhichtheinflationrateisdecreasingovertime.25.The_______isthetotalvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountry'sbordersinaspecificperiod,includingboththevalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbyhouseholds,businesses,andthegovernment.26.The_______isthesituationwherethedemandforagoodorserviceishighlyresponsivetochangesinitsprice.27.The_______istherateatwhichthemoneysupplyisincreasingovertime.28.The_______isthesituationwheretheactualoutputofaneconomyislessthanitspotentialoutput.29.The_______istheprimaryfocusoftheconceptofelasticityinmicroeconomics.30.The_______isthesituationwheretheactualoutputofaneconomyisequaltoitspotentialoutput.三、判斷題（本部分共10小題，每小題2分，共20分。請判斷下列表述是否正確，正確的填“√”，錯誤的填“×”。）31.Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,countriesshouldnotengageintradeiftheyarelessproductiveinallsectorscomparedtoothercountries.A.√B.×32.GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)measuresthetotalincomeearnedbyacountry'sresidentsfromtheirworkandinvestments.A.√B.×33.Inaperfectlycompetitivemarket,asinglefirmcaninfluencethemarketpriceofagood.A.√B.×34.Theprimarygoalofmonetarypolicyistomaximizetheunemploymentrateintheeconomy.A.√B.×35.Inflationreferstoadecreaseintheoverallpricelevelofgoodsandservicesinaneconomyoveraperiodoftime.A.√B.×36.Theprimarypurposeofapriceceilingistoencouragecompetitionamongfirmsinamarket.A.√B.×37.Arecessionoccurswhentheactualoutputofaneconomyisgreaterthanitspotentialoutput.A.√B.×38.Tariffsareprimarilyusedtoincreasetheoveralldemandforgoodsandservicesintheeconomy.A.√B.×39.Theconceptofopportunitycostfocusesonthetotalcostofproducingagoodorservice,includingbothexplicitandimplicitcosts.A.√B.×40.Thesituationwherethedemandforagoodorserviceisnotresponsivetochangesinitspriceisknownasperfectlyinelasticdemand.A.√B.×四、簡答題（本部分共5小題，每小題4分，共20分。請簡要回答下列問題。）41.Whatisthedifferencebetweenmicroeconomicsandmacroeconomics?A.Microeconomicsfocusesonthebehaviorofindividualconsumersandfirms,whilemacroeconomicsfocusesontheeconomyasawhole.B.Microeconomicsstudiestheallocationofresourceswithinamarket,whilemacroeconomicsstudiestheoverallperformanceoftheeconomy.C.Microeconomicsexaminesthecausesofinflation,whilemacroeconomicsexaminesthecausesofunemployment.D.Microeconomicsisconcernedwiththelong-termgrowthoftheeconomy,whilemacroeconomicsisconcernedwiththeshort-termfluctuationsineconomicactivity.42.Explaintheconceptofsupplyanddemandandhowtheyinteracttodeterminetheequilibriumpriceandquantityinamarket.A.Supplyanddemandarethetwofundamentalforcesthatdrivemarketprices.Supplyrepresentsthequantityofagoodorservicethatproducersarewillingtoofferatvariousprices,whiledemandrepresentsthequantitythatconsumersarewillingtobuyatvariousprices.Theequilibriumpriceandquantityaredeterminedbythepointwherethesupplyanddemandcurvesintersect.B.Supplyanddemandarethetwomaincomponentsofamarket'sstructure.Supplyisthetotalamountofagoodorservicethatproducersarewillingtosell,whiledemandisthetotalamountthatconsumersarewillingtobuy.Theequilibriumpriceandquantityarefoundwherethesupplyanddemandcurvesmeet.C.Supplyanddemandarethetwoprimaryfactorsthatinfluencemarketprices.Supplyistheamountofagoodorservicethatproducersarewillingtoprovide,whiledemandistheamountthatconsumersarewillingtopurchase.Theequilibriumpriceandquantityareestablishedwherethesupplyanddemandcurvesintersect.D.Supplyanddemandarethetwomainelementsofamarket'sequilibrium.Supplyisthetotalquantityofagoodorservicethatproducersarewillingtosell,whiledemandisthetotalquantitythatconsumersarewillingtobuy.Theequilibriumpriceandquantityaredeterminedbytheintersectionofthesupplyanddemandcurves.43.Whataretheprimarygoalsoffiscalpolicy,andhowaretheytypicallyachieved?A.Theprimarygoalsoffiscalpolicyaretopromoteeconomicgrowth,achievefullemployment,andmaintainpricestability.Thesegoalsaretypicallyachievedthroughgovernmentspendingandtaxationpolicies.Forexample,tostimulateeconomicgrowth,thegovernmentmayincreasespendingoninfrastructureprojectsorcuttaxestoencourageconsumerspendingandbusinessinvestment.B.Theprimarygoalsoffiscalpolicyaretomaximizethenationaldebt,reduceunemployment,andcontrolinflation.Thesegoalsaretypicallyachievedthroughgovernmentborrowingandspendingpolicies.Forexample,toreduceunemployment,thegovernmentmayincreasespendingonjobtrainingprogramsorcuttaxestoencouragebusinessestohiremoreworkers.C.Theprimarygoalsoffiscalpolicyaretominimizegovernmentspending,maximizethenationaldebt,andreduceinflation.Thesegoalsaretypicallyachievedthroughgovernmentausteritymeasures,suchasreducingpublicsectorwagesorincreasingtaxestodecreasethebudgetdeficit.D.Theprimarygoalsoffiscalpolicyaretopromoteeconomicgrowth,reducethenationaldebt,andmaximizeinflation.Thesegoalsaretypicallyachievedthroughgovernmentspendingandtaxationpolicies.Forexample,topromoteeconomicgrowth,thegovernmentmayincreasespendingonsocialwelfareprogramsorcuttaxestoencourageconsumerspendingandbusinessinvestment.44.Explaintheconceptofelasticityanditsimportanceineconomics.A.Elasticityisameasureoftheresponsivenessofonevariabletoachangeinanothervariable.Ineconomics,itisprimarilyusedtomeasuretheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorsuppliedtochangesinprice,income,orotherfactors.Elasticityisimportantbecauseithelpsusunderstandhowchangesinmarketconditionswillaffectthebehaviorofconsumersandproducers.Forexample,ifthedemandforagoodishighlyelastic,asmallincreaseinpricewillleadtoalargedecreaseinquantitydemanded,whichmayresultinasignificantlossofrevenueforproducers.B.Elasticityisaconceptthatmeasurestherelationshipbetweentwovariables.Ineconomics,itisprimarilyusedtomeasuretherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedorsupplied.Elasticityisimportantbecauseithelpsusunderstandhowchangesinmarketconditionswillaffectthebehaviorofconsumersandproducers.Forexample,ifthedemandforagoodishighlyelastic,asmallincreaseinpricewillleadtoalargedecreaseinquantitydemanded,whichmayresultinasignificantlossofrevenueforproducers.C.Elasticityisameasureofthesensitivityofonevariabletochangesinanothervariable.Ineconomics,itisprimarilyusedtomeasurethesensitivityofquantitydemandedorsuppliedtochangesinprice,income,orotherfactors.Elasticityisimportantbecauseithelpsusunderstandhowchangesinmarketconditionswillaffectthebehaviorofconsumersandproducers.Forexample,ifthedemandforagoodishighlyelastic,asmallincreaseinpricewillleadtoalargedecreaseinquantitydemanded,whichmayresultinasignificantlossofrevenueforproducers.D.Elasticityisaconceptthatmeasurestherelationshipbetweenthesupplyanddemandofagood.Ineconomics,itisprimarilyusedtomeasuretherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedorsupplied.Elasticityisimportantbecauseithelpsusunderstandhowchangesinmarketconditionswillaffectthebehaviorofconsumersandproducers.Forexample,ifthedemandforagoodishighlyelastic,asmallincreaseinpricewillleadtoalargedecreaseinquantitydemanded,whichmayresultinasignificantlossofrevenueforproducers.45.Discusstheprimarypurposesofapriceceilingandapricefloor,andtheirpotentialconsequences.A.Apriceceilingisamaximumpricethatcanbechargedforagoodorservice,typicallyimplementedbyagovernmenttoprotectconsumersfromexcessivelyhighprices.Theprimarypurposeofapriceceilingistomakeessentialgoodsandservicesmoreaffordableforconsumers.However,ifthepriceceilingissetbelowtheequilibriumprice,itcanleadtoshortages,blackmarkets,andreducedqualityofgoodsandservices.Ontheotherhand,apricefloorisaminimumpricethatcanbechargedforagoodorservice,typicallyimplementedtoprotectproducersfromreceivingpricestoolowtocovertheircosts.Theprimarypurposeofapriceflooristoensurethatproducersreceiveafairpricefortheirgoodsandservices.However,ifthepricefloorissetabovetheequilibriumprice,itcanleadtosurpluses,wastedresources,andincreasedcostsforconsumers.B.Apriceceilingisamaximumpricethatcanbechargedforagoodorservice,typicallyimplementedbyagovernmenttoencouragecompetitionamongfirmsinamarket.Theprimarypurposeofapriceceilingistomakeessentialgoodsandservicesmoreaffordableforconsumers.However,ifthepriceceilingissetbelowtheequilibriumprice,itcanleadtoshortages,blackmarkets,andreducedqualityofgoodsandservices.Ontheotherhand,apricefloorisaminimumpricethatcanbechargedforagoodorservice,typicallyimplementedtoencouragetheproductionofcertaingoodsandservices.Theprimarypurposeofapriceflooristoensurethatproducersreceiveafairpricefortheirgoodsandservices.However,ifthepricefloorissetabovetheequilibriumprice,itcanleadtosurpluses,wastedresources,andincreasedcostsforconsumers.C.Apriceceilingisamaximumpricethatcanbechargedforagoodorservice,typicallyimplementedbyagovernmenttoreducetheoveralldemandforaparticulargoodinthemarket.Theprimarypurposeofapriceceilingistomakeessentialgoodsandservicesmoreaffordableforconsumers.However,ifthepriceceilingissetbelowtheequilibriumprice,itcanleadtoshortages,blackmarkets,andreducedqualityofgoodsandservices.Ontheotherhand,apricefloorisaminimumpricethatcanbechargedforagoodorservice,typicallyimplementedtoprotectdomesticindustriesfromforeigncompetition.Theprimarypurposeofapriceflooristoensurethatproducersreceiveafairpricefortheirgoodsandservices.However,ifthepricefloorissetabovetheequilibriumprice,itcanleadtosurpluses,wastedresources,andincreasedcostsforconsumers.D.Apriceceilingisamaximumpricethatcanbechargedforagoodorservice,typicallyimplementedbyagovernmenttoprotectconsumersfromexcessivelyhighprices.Theprimarypurposeofapriceceilingistomakeessentialgoodsandservicesmoreaffordableforconsumers.However,ifthepriceceilingissetbelowtheequilibriumprice,itcanleadtoshortages,blackmarkets,andreducedqualityofgoodsandservices.Ontheotherhand,apricefloorisaminimumpricethatcanbechargedforagoodorservice,typicallyimplementedtoencouragedomesticproductionandprotectproducers.Theprimarypurposeofapriceflooristoensurethatproducersreceiveafairpricefortheirgoodsandservices.However,ifthepricefloorissetabovetheequilibriumprice,itcanleadtosurpluses,wastedresources,andincreasedcostsforconsumers.五、論述題（本部分共2小題，每小題10分，共20分。請詳細回答下列問題。）46.Discussthefactorsthatcaninfluencetheelasticityofdemandforagoodorservice,andprovideexamplestoillustrateyourpoints.A.Theelasticityofdemandforagoodorservicecanbeinfluencedbyseveralfactors.Onefactoristheavailabilityofsubstitutes.Iftherearemanyclosesubstitutesforagood,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobemoreelasticbecauseconsumerscaneasilyswitchtoothergoodsifthepriceincreases.Forexample,ifthepriceofonebrandofcoffeeincreases,consumersmayswitchtoanotherbrandiftherearemanyavailablesubstitutes.Anotherfactoristhenecessityofthegood.Ifagoodisanecessity,suchasfoodormedicine,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobelesselasticbecauseconsumerswillcontinuetobuyitevenifthepriceincreases.Forexample,ifthepriceofinsulinincreases,patientswithdiabeteswillstillneedtobuyitregardlessoftheprice.Additionally,theproportionofincomespentonthegoodcanalsoinfluenceelasticity.Ifagoodrepresentsalargeproportionofaconsumer'sincome,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobemoreelasticbecauseapriceincreasewillhaveasignificantimpactontheconsumer'sbudget.Forexample,ifthepriceofacarincreases,consumersmaybemorelikelytopostponetheirpurchaseorlookforalessexpensivealternative.Finally,thetimehorizoncanalsoinfluenceelasticity.Intheshortrun,thedemandforagoodmaybelesselasticbecauseconsumersmaynothaveenoughtimetoadjusttheirbehavior.However,inthelongrun,thedemandforagoodmaybecomemoreelasticasconsumershavemoretimetofindsubstitutesorchangetheirconsumptionpatterns.B.Theelasticityofdemandforagoodorservicecanbeinfluencedbyseveralfactors.Onefactoristheavailabilityofsubstitutes.Iftherearefewornoclosesubstitutesforagood,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobelesselasticbecauseconsumershavelimitedoptionsifthepriceincreases.Forexample,ifthepriceofaspecificmedicationincreasesandtherearenoavailablesubstitutes,patientswillstillneedtobuyitregardlessoftheprice.Anotherfactoristhenecessityofthegood.Ifagoodisaluxury,suchasadesignerhandbag,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobemoreelasticbecauseconsumerscaneasilychoosetoforgoitifthepriceincreases.Forexample,ifthepriceofadesignerhandbagincreases,consumersmaychoosetobuyalessexpensivealternativeorforgothepurchasealtogether.Additionally,theproportionofincomespentonthegoodcanalsoinfluenceelasticity.Ifagoodrepresentsasmallproportionofaconsumer'sincome,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobelesselasticbecauseapriceincreasewillhaveaminimalimpactontheconsumer'sbudget.Forexample,ifthepriceofacandybarincreases,consumersmaystillbuyitregardlessofthepricechange.Finally,thetimehorizoncanalsoinfluenceelasticity.Intheshortrun,thedemandforagoodmaybelesselasticbecauseconsumersmaynothaveenoughtimetoadjusttheirbehavior.However,inthelongrun,thedemandforagoodmaybecomemoreelasticasconsumershavemoretimetofindsubstitutesorchangetheirconsumptionpatterns.C.Theelasticityofdemandforagoodorservicecanbeinfluencedbyseveralfactors.Onefactoristheavailabilityofsubstitutes.Iftherearemanyclosesubstitutesforagood,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobemoreelasticbecauseconsumerscaneasilyswitchtoothergoodsifthepriceincreases.Forexample,ifthepriceofonebrandofsodaincreases,consumersmayswitchtoanotherbrandiftherearemanyavailablesubstitutes.Anotherfactoristhenecessityofthegood.Ifagoodisaluxury,suchasasportscar,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobemoreelasticbecauseconsumerscaneasilychoosetoforgoitifthepriceincreases.Forexample,ifthepriceofasportscarincreases,consumersmaychoosetobuyalessexpensivecarorforgothepurchasealtogether.Additionally,theproportionofincomespentonthegoodcanalsoinfluenceelasticity.Ifagoodrepresentsalargeproportionofaconsumer'sincome,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobemoreelasticbecauseapriceincreasewillhaveasignificantimpactontheconsumer'sbudget.Forexample,ifthepriceofahouseincreases,consumersmaybemorelikelytopostponetheirpurchaseorlookforalessexpensivehome.Finally,thetimehorizoncanalsoinfluenceelasticity.Intheshortrun,thedemandforagoodmaybelesselasticbecauseconsumersmaynothaveenoughtimetoadjusttheirbehavior.However,inthelongrun,thedemandforagoodmaybecomemoreelasticasconsumershavemoretimetofindsubstitutesorchangetheirconsumptionpatterns.D.Theelasticityofdemandforagoodorservicecanbeinfluencedbyseveralfactors.Onefactoristheavailabilityofsubstitutes.Iftherearefewornoclosesubstitutesforagood,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobelesselasticbecauseconsumershavelimitedoptionsifthepriceincreases.Forexample,ifthepriceofaspecifictypeofmedicineincreasesandtherearenoavailablesubstitutes,patientswillstillneedtobuyitregardlessoftheprice.Anotherfactoristhenecessityofthegood.Ifagoodisanecessity,suchasfoodormedicine,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobelesselasticbecauseconsumerswillcontinuetobuyitevenifthepriceincreases.Forexample,ifthepriceofinsulinincreases,patientswithdiabeteswillstillneedtobuyitregardlessoftheprice.Additionally,theproportionofincomespentonthegoodcanalsoinfluenceelasticity.Ifagoodrepresentsasmallproportionofaconsumer'sincome,thedemandforthatgoodislikelytobelesselasticbecauseapriceincreasewillhaveaminimalimpactontheconsumer'sbudget.Forexample,ifthepriceofacandybarincreases,consumersmaystillbuyitregardlessofthepricechange.Finally,thetimehorizoncanalsoinfluenceelasticity.Intheshortrun,thedemandforagoodmaybelesselasticbecauseconsumersmaynothaveenoughtimetoadjusttheirbehavior.However,inthelongrun,thedemandforagoodmaybecomemoreelasticasconsumershavemoretimetofindsubstitutesorchangetheirconsumptionpatterns.47.Discusstheprimarycausesofinflationandtheirpotentialeconomicconsequences.Provideexamplestoillustrateyourpoints.A.Inflationisasustainedincreaseintheoverallpricelevelofgoodsandservicesinaneconomyoveraperiodoftime.Theprimarycausesofinflationcanbebroadlycategorizedintodemand-pullinflationandcost-pushinflation.Demand-pullinflationoccurswhentheaggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesinaneconomyexceedstheaggregatesupply,leadingtoupwardpressureonprices.Thiscanbecausedbyfactorssuchasincreasedconsumerspending,governmentspending,orinvestment.Forexample,ifthegovernmentincreasesitsspendingoninfrastructureprojects,itcanleadtoincreaseddemandforgoodsandservices,whichmayresultinhigherprices.Cost-pushinflationoccurswhenthecostsofproductionincrease,leadingtohigherpricesforgoodsandservices.Thiscanbecausedbyfactorssu