2

Soundsystem:

Phonetics&PhonologyTeachingObjectiveCriticalThinkingPresentandSolveProblemsUnderstandMacroscopicallySoundsystemUnderstandMicroscopicallyQuestionTime!PuzzlingQuestion!InterestingQuestion!Seriousquestion!AllQuestionsAreWelcomeAmazingQuestion!2.3PhonologyThinkabout:Produce“p”in“peak”and“speak”!Findoutthedifferences.Doesitinfluencethemeaningifwepronounce“speak”inthewayofproducing“peak”concerning“p”?Namely,is[sphi:k]differentfrom[spi:k]?語(yǔ)音SpeechSound語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)Soundsystem語(yǔ)音學(xué)語(yǔ)音的發(fā)生、傳遞、感知不涉及到意義基本單位：音素（或者可以區(qū)別意義、或者不可區(qū)別意義）音位學(xué)有區(qū)別意義的語(yǔ)音的組合規(guī)律涉及到意義基本單位：音位

音段單位：音位

組合規(guī)律

超音段音位學(xué)2.3.1

PhonologyandphoneticsSemanticallyrelevantspeechsoundsSoundpatternsvaryfromlanguagetolanguage.AlllanguagesLanguage-specific2.3.2

Phone,phoneme,andallophonePhone(音素）:aphoneticunitorsegment.Theyarespeechsoundsproducedandheardduringlinguisticcommunication.e.g.pit,spit;

feel,leaf[ph],[p];

[?],[l]--phoneticunit--notdistinctiveofmeaning--physicalasheardandproduced--markedwith[]phoneme:theminimumphonemicunitthatisnotfurtheranalyzableintosmallerunits.--phonologicalunit--distinctiveofmeaning--abstract,notphysical;itispresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext,suchas/p/.--markedwith//e.g./l/canberealizedasdark[?],andclear[l]Rulestodeterminedifferentphonemes:thesubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning,e.g.pig/big

Allophones(音位變體)

[p=,ph]aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.成為同一個(gè)phoneme的allophones的條件PhoneticsimilarityTheyareincomplementarydistribution,namelytheyneveroccurinthesamecontext.Forexample,[p]occursafter[s],while[ph]occursinotherplaces.2.3.2

Phone,phoneme,andallophone2.3.3MinimalPairs(最小對(duì)立體)，phonemiccontrast（音位對(duì)立）

Minimalpair

isabasicprocedure<什么>inestablishingthephonemicinventoryofalanguageoratestforphonemes<作用>.

Twoexpressions(wordsormorphemes)canbecalledaminimalpairifandonlyif(1)theyhavedifferentmeanings,(2)andtheyareidenticalineverywayexceptforonlyonesoundsegment,(3)whichoccursinthesameplaceinthestring<定義內(nèi)容：條件>.

Atypicalcaseisthepairmail

vs

nail.Thetwosoundstrings[meil][neil]areidenticalineverywayexceptforthesegments[m]and[n],whichoccurattheinitialplaceandmaketwowordcompletelydifferentinmeaning.<舉例>.(參考《語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言學(xué)辭典》：306；胡壯麟)如何做一個(gè)概念陳述？判斷下列是否是最小對(duì)立體

tip&lip?

mail

&aild?foot

&feet?'tip'/tip/,'lip'/lip/---Thereisaphonemicdistinctionbetweenthem.

No,thedifferentsoundsegmentsdonotoccurinthesameplaceofthestring.

Yes,theyareminimalpair.[u]&[i:]aretheonlydifferentsoundsegmentsHappeninginathesameplaceofthestring,andfortheirdifferenttwowordsAredistinguishedinmeaning.Aminimalpair:

如：beananddean

這一小對(duì)確立了/b/和/d/這兩個(gè)音位Minimalset:

如：bean,dean,mean,lean.

這一組詞的語(yǔ)音串上只有一個(gè)音素不同，且發(fā)生在同一位置上，是他們區(qū)別了意義。這一組單詞，使得/b,d,m,l/這些音素得以區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)。再如：Eachvowelrepresentsaphoneme，whichcanbedeterminedeitherbyminimalpairsorminimalset.要區(qū)/b/和/p/好像不一定要bill和pill.Bay和pay也可以呀？對(duì)！區(qū)別音位或確定音位的還可以是最小對(duì)比組！minimalsets

請(qǐng)你結(jié)合語(yǔ)音學(xué)的知識(shí)思考：是什么決定了/p/和/b/可以區(qū)別了bill和pill的意義？因?yàn)閇p]和[b]的_______是不同的！具體而言：[p]_____________,而[b]_____________________

articulation可見(jiàn)，這兩個(gè)音位對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)音發(fā)音具有區(qū)別性的特征（distinctivefeature）?！墩Z(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言學(xué)辭典》:DistinctiveFeatureisa（1）Classofphoneticallydefined（2）componentsofphonemes

（3）thatfunctiontodistinguishmeaning(134).PresentationofdistinctivefeaturesDistinctivefeaturesarepresentedinbinaryopposition.Thefeaturescanbeshowneitherpresent[+]orabsent[-].e.g.[+nasal],[-nasal].[s]inseal[-voiced],[z]inzeal[+voiced][b]inbet[+oral]or[-nasal],[n]innet[+nasal]2.3.4SomerulesofphonologyRule1

sequentialrules(序列規(guī)則):therulesgoverningthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguageObservethefollowingarrangement!Canyoufindanyrules?like,love,look,right,rough,root/l/and/r/mustbefollowedby_________.spring,street,screw,splendid,squeal,studentIfthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogether,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules:Thefirstphonememustbe______.Thesecondphonememustbe__________.Thethirdphonememustbe_____________.

avowel.

/s/

/p,t/or/k/

/l,r,w/or/j/2.3.4SomephonologicalrulesRule2:assimilationrule(同化規(guī)則)

Thepronunciationofaphonemaybeassimilatedtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonesmoresimilar.Regressiveassimilation:thefollowingsoundinfluencingtheproceedingsoundProgressiveassimilation:theproceedingsoundinfluencingthefollowingsound,Assimilationcanoccuracrosssyllableorwordboundariese.g.sunglass,fivepast

Pronouncethefollowingwordstofeelthedifferencesofthesamesoundinthedifferentphonologicalenvironments!capandcan;sinandsink,atandmapYoucanfindthatais_________bythesoundsbeforeorafterit.

assimilated2.3.4SomerulesofphonologyRule2:assimilationrule

Assimilationmayresultinnasalization(e.g.tan,can),dentalization(e.g.tenth,ninth),velarization(e.g.sink,mink),devoicing(e.g.hasto),etc.Thusthereexistnasalizationrule,dentalizationrule,velarizationrule,devoicingrule,etc.e.g.tenth,ninth;sink,mink;hasabook,hasto

2.3.4SomerulesofphonologyRule2:assimilationrule如：nasalizationrule[-nasal][+nasal]/Avowelisnasalizedwhenitisfollowedbyanasalconsonant.e.gtan

2.3.4SomerulesofphonologyRule3:deletionrule(省略規(guī)則)Asoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Comparethepronunciationsofthetwogroups.Canyoufindanyrule?(1)signature,designation,paradigmatic(2)sign,design,paradigmInthesecondgroup,/g/is_______.

deleted2.3.5

SuprasegmentalFeatures(超音段特征)

Distinctivefeaturescanalsobefoundoverphonemicsegments,thisiswhatwewillconsiderSUPRASEGMENTALFATURES.TheyarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegmentsTheprincipalsuprasegmantalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.

2.3.5.1Syllable

2.3.5.2Stress

2.4.5.3Tone2.4.5.4Intonation2.3.5.1Shape/structureofsyllablee.g.bed,dead,fed,head,led,red,said,wed,thread,wedAsyllableisdividedintoonset,rhymeand/orcoda.Asyllablemusthaveanucleusorpeak,whichisoftenthetaskofavowel.SyllablesarerepresentedbysymbolslikeCVC.Asyllablehasnocodaisknownasopensyllablewhileasyllablewithcodaisknownasclosedsyllable.InEnglishonlytensevowels(longvowelsanddiphthongs)canoccurinopensyllables.Somesyllableshaveanonsetandnocoda.

ki:t2.3.5.2StressTyp