五年（2021-2025）高考真題分類匯編PAGEPAGE1專題11閱讀理解說明文(議論文)(北京專用)五年考情（2021-2025）命題趨勢年份體裁詞數(shù)話題考點分布細節(jié)理解推理判斷主旨大意詞義猜測2025議論文406對社會比較這一觀念的思考：并非所有社會比較都不健康，可加以利用促進自我提升0111題材聚焦科技前沿（如AI倫理、航天技術）、社會熱點（如環(huán)保治理、心理健康）與文化傳承，融入地域特色，凸顯時代性與價值觀引領。題型設計強化高階思維，推理判斷題占比提升，要求分析論證邏輯（如因果關系、對比結構）和作者隱含態(tài)度，主旨題側重提煉核心觀點或論證框架。語篇結構復雜化，長難句（如定語從句、非謂語動詞）和多重轉折關系增多，需通過上下文語義關聯(lián)（如同義復現(xiàn)、反義對比）解題。詞匯難度適中但注重學術性，涉及科技術語和文化特定詞匯，熟詞生義考查頻率增加。命題強調(diào)跨學科能力與批判性思維，引導考生辯證分析技術發(fā)展與人文價值的關系。說明文399個人故事與自我認同、幸福感之間關系及如何改變個人故事。12102024議論文408討論科學問題：宇宙是否是由計算機模擬生成的0301說明文384人類道德準則的形成過程及人類建立道德準則的標準11102023說明文366人類社會發(fā)展中人們的短視現(xiàn)象0300說明文429AI對現(xiàn)代生活的影響02112022說明文415解決全球挑戰(zhàn)的重要方法——系統(tǒng)思維1200議論文400量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？11112021說明文354全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念0201議論文480文章通過討論時間的定義，講述了人們應該和大自然和諧相處，保護環(huán)境。1210(2025·北京·高考)Nottoolongago,onacoldwinternight,therewasateenagerwhowantedmorescreentimeandaparentwhosaidno.Theteenagerwasadvocatingforherrighttoscroll(翻屏)foranextra30minutes.Theparentarguedthatnoneofherfriends’parentsletthemhavescreensafter9o’clock.“Ithought,inthisfamily,wedon’tcompareourselveswithotherpeople,Dad?”theteenagerreplied.Theparent—whowasme,bytheway—justgotserved.Sincetheywereyoung,Ihavetoldmykidsnottocomparethemselveswithotherpeople.Ihavearguedcountlesstimesthatcomparisonsarethe“thiefofjoy”.Althoughmydaughterdidn’twin,shedidhelpexposeoneoftheworstpiecesofadviceIhaveevergiven.Inmydefence,Ididwhatwe’vealldonebefore,whichisrepeatreceivedwisdomwithoutexploringthenuances.Butnowisthetimetosettherecordstraight,whichstartswithquestioningtheideathatallsocialcomparisonisunhealthy.Socialcomparisonsdo,ofcourse,oftengetusintoemotionaltrouble.Buttheycanbeharnessed(利用)forourbettermentifweunderstandhowtheywork.Thesocialcomparisonswemake—onesthatleadustofeelgoodorbadaboutourselves—arevitaltoourabilitytothrive(成長).Scienceprovidesaguidewecanusetoharnessthewayweperformthesecomparisonstoreducetheirnegativeemotionalimpacts.Comparingyourselfwithsomeonewhoisoutperformingyoucouldresultinfeelingsofenvyifyoufocusonthethingstheyhaveandyoudon’t,oritcanbeenergizingandinspiringifyouusethesecomparisonsasasourceofmotivation,forexample,“Iftheycanachievethat,socanI.”Comparingyourselfwithsomeonewhoisdoingworsethanyoucouldresultinfearandworryifyouthinkabouthowyoucouldfallintosimilarcircumstances,oritcandrawoutfeelingsofgratitudeandappreciationifyouusethatcomparisontobroadenyourviews—forexample,“Wow,thingscouldbemuchworse;I’mdoinggreat.”WhatIwishItaughtmydaughterearlierarethesenuances.Howwefeelaboutourselvesrestsnotjustonwhomwecompareourselveswithbutalsoonhowwethinkaboutthatcomparison.That’ssomethingweallhavecontrolover.28.Howdidtheauthorfeelabouthisdaughter’sargument?A.Excited. B.Inspired. C.Energized. D.Relieved.29.Whatdoestheword“nuances”underlinedinParagraph2mostprobablymean?A.Majorachievements. B.Complexfeelings.C.Significantimpacts. D.Finedifferences.30.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ComparingOurselveswithOthersCanBecomeaHealthyHabitB.ComparingOurselveswithOthersCanStrengthenFamilyTiesC.SocialComparisonsCanGetUsintoEmotionalTroubleD.SocialComparisonsCanBeControlledbyScience(2025·北京·高考)Thecallto“knowyourself”hasbeentheresinceancienttimes,butoursenseofselfdoesn’talwaysmatchwhatothersperceive.Consideringthestorieswetellaboutourselvescanhelpustochangeourmindsforbetter.Formanyyears,psychologistssawidentityasacombinationofsomeone’svalues,beliefs,goalsandsocialroles.Then,inthe1980s,BobJohnsoncreatedthelifestorymodelofidentity,inwhichheproposesthat,aswegothroughlife,thesecorefeaturesarebuiltinwithourmemoriestocreateapersonalstorythroughwhichweunderstandourlives.Ourlifestoryissomethingthatstartscomingtogetherinourteenageyears,whenwebegintoorganiseourlivesintochaptersaroundkeyeventsorlifechanges,andbegintoseeourselvesasboththecentralcharacterand,toavaryingextent,thestory’sauthor.Peoplewithmoreconsistentstoriestendtohaveastrongersenseofidentity,andtheyfeeltheirlifehasmoremeaning,directionandsenseofpurpose.Suchpeopleshowgreateroveralllifesatisfaction,too.Johnsonhasalsoinvestigatedthelinkbetweenwell-beingandcertainstorythemes.Hediscoveredthatwhethersomeonedescribeshavinghadsomecontrolovereventsintheirpastisanimportantpredictorofaperson’smentalhealth.Anotherkeythemeinvolvesfindingsomekindofpositivemeaningafterstressfulevents.“Peoplecouldtalkaboutgainingknowledgeorpersonalgrowth,”saysJohnson.Hisresearchshowsthatthisisoftenmissingforpeoplewithmentalhealthconditions.Thegoodnewsisthatthereisevidencewecanlearntochangeourownstory.LisaGreen,anotherresearcher,soundsafewnotesofcaution(謹慎).Forinstance,hearingaboutthepowerofredemptive(拯救性的)stories,manypeoplemayfeelforcedtofindapositiveangleonhorribleevents.ShesaysthatWesternculturealreadypushespeopletolookforthesilverliningbehindeverycloud.Ifyouwanttoturnoveranewleaf,though,onetoptipisthatithelpstochooseasignificantdatethatsignalsthestartofanew“chapter”.Contrarytopopulardoubt,resolutionsmadeonIJanuaryaremoreeffectiveforthisreason.So,whetheryourgoalissavingmoneyorgettingfit,thereisnobettertimetobecometheauthorofourowndestiny(命運).31.Whatcanbeinferredaboutpersonalstories?A.Theyareunrelatedtohealth. B.Consistentonesleadtostress.CTheyarerelevanttohappiness. D.Thematiconesholdbackchange.32.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Talkingaboutgainsfromfailureisnegative. B.NewYearresolutionsarewellreceived.C.TheWesttendstoovervalueoptimism. D.Socialrolesfailtobehighlighted.33.Whatdoestheauthormainlydointhispassage?A.Clarifyagoal. B.Analyseanevent.C.Makeacomparison. D.Illustrateanapproach.34.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Howself-identityworks. B.Howstory-tellersaremade.C.Howpersonalstoriesraisedoubts. D.Howtimingaffectspersonalidentity.(2024·北京·高考)Thenotionthatweliveinsomeoneelse’svideogameisirresistibletomany.Searchingtheterm“simulationhypothesis”(模擬假說)returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulation——aconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherit’strue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.Modernscienceshaverevealedthatourperceptualexperienceoftheworldistheresultofmanystagesofprocessingbysensorysystemsandcognitive(認知的)functionsinthebrain.Nooneknowsexactlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.Ifempirical(實證的)experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon’trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputersimulation.Andthen,wecanshiftourinquiryfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?”to“Canwemodeltheuniverseasacomputersimulation?”Modellingrealityiswhatwedo.Tofacilitateourcomprehensionoftheworld,webuildmodelsbasedonconceptualmetaphors(隱喻)thatarefamiliartous.InNewton’sera,weimaginedtheuniverseasaclock.InEinstein’s,weuncoveredthestandardmodelofparticle(粒子)physics.Nowthatweareintheinformationage,wehavenewconceptssuchasthecomputer,informationprocessing,virtualreality,andsimulation.Unsurprisingly,thesenewconceptsinspireustobuildnewmodelsoftheuniverse.Modelsarenotthereality,however.Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranoutputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe“computersimulation”metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.28.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodobychallengingahypothesis?A.Makeanassumption. B.Illustrateanargument.C.Giveasuggestion. D.Justifyacomparison.29.Whatdoesthephrase“contingenton”underlinedinParagraph2probablymean?A.Acceptedby. B.Determinedby. C.Awakenedby. D.Discoveredby.30.AsforKant’sargument,theauthoris_________.A.appreciative B.doubtful C.unconcerned D.disapproving31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethatweshould_________.A.comparethecurrentmodelswiththepreviousonesB.continueexploringtheclassicalmodelsinhistoryC.stoparguingwhethertheuniverseisasimulationD.turnsimulationsoftheuniverseintorealitiesup.(2024·北京·高考)FranzBoas’sdescriptionofInuit(因紐特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.Here,norms(規(guī)范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,butwerewellunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehavioursweredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,theInuit’spracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,eventhoughtherelativerankingofthevirtuesmayvarywithasocialgroup’shistoryandenvironment.Typically,crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,whilecooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.Oursocialinstincts(本能)includetheintensedesiretobelong.Theapprovalofothersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.Thesesocialemotionsprepareourbrainstoshapeourbehaviouraccordingtothenormsandvaluesofourfamilyandourcommunity.Moregenerally,socialinstinctsmotivateustolearnhowtobehaveinasociallycomplexworld.Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginallyusedtodevelophabitsimportantforself-care.Ourbrainsusethesystemtoacquirebehaviouralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,efficientfoodgatheringanddangerstoavoid.Goodhabitssavetime,energyandsometimesyourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilarinasocialcontext.Welearntotellthetruth,evenwhenlyingisself-serving;wehelpagrandparentevenwhenitisinconvenient.Weacquirewhatwecallasenseofrightandwrong.Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:wemustgetalong,butnotputupwithtoomuch.Henceself-disciplineisadvantageous.Inhumans,agreatlyenlargedbrainboostsself-control,justasitboostsproblem-solvingskillsinthesocialaswellasthephysicalworld.Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacityforlanguage,whichallowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyunobviousways.32.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheformingoftheInuit’smoralcode?A.Livingconditionswerethedrive. B.Unwrittenruleswerethetarget.C.Socialtraditionwasthebasis. D.Honestywasthekey.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Inconveniencesarethecauseoftellinglies. B.Basichumanneedsleadtouniversalnorms.C.Languagecapacityislimitedbyself-control. D.Writtenlawshavegreatinfluenceonvirtues.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.Virtues:BridgesAcrossCultures B.TheValuesofSelf-disciplineC.Brains:WallsAgainstChaos D.TheRootsofMorality(2023·北京·高考)Inrecentyears,researchersfromdiversefieldshaveagreedthatshort-termismisnowasignificantprobleminindustrialisedsocieties.Theinabilitytoengagewithlonger-termcausesandconsequencesleadstosomeoftheworld’smostseriousproblems:climatechange,biodiversitycollapse,andmore.ThehistorianFrancisColearguesthattheWesthasenteredaperiodwhere“onlythepresentexists,apresentcharacterisedatoncebythecrueltyoftheinstantandbytheboredomofanunendingnow”.Ithasbeenprovedthatpeoplehaveabias(偏向)towardsthepresent,focusingonloudattractionsinthemomentattheexpenseofthehealth,well-beingandfinancialstabilityoftheirfutureselvesorcommunity.Inbusiness,thisbiassurfacesasshort-sighteddecisions.Andonslow-burningproblemslikeclimatechange,ittranslatesintotheunwillingnesstomakesmallsacrifices(犧牲)todaythatcouldmakeamajordifferencetomorrow.Instead,allthatmattersisnextquarter’sprofit,orsatisfyingsomeothernear-termdesires.Thesebiasedperspectivescannotbeblamedononesinglecause.Itisfairtosay,though,thatourpsychologicalbiasesplayamajorrole.People’shesitancytodelaysatisfactionisthemostobviousexample,butthereareothers.Oneofthemisabouthowthemostaccessibleinformationinthepresentaffectsdecisionsaboutthefuture.Forinstance,youmighthearsomeonesay:“It’scoldthiswinter,soIneedn’tworryaboutglobalwarming.”Anotheristhatloudandurgentmattersaregiventoomuchimportance,makingpeopleignorelonger-termtrendsthatarguablymattermore.Thisiswhenapopstardrawsfarmoreattentionthan,say,gradualbiodiversitydecline.Asapsychologistoncejoked,ifaliens(外星人)wantedtoweakenhumanity,theywouldn’tsendships;theywouldinventclimatechange.Indeed,whenitcomestoenvironmentaltransformations,wecandevelopaformofcollective“poormemory”,andeachnewgenerationcanbelievethestateofaffairstheyencounterisnothingoutoftheordinary.Olderpeopletoday,forexample,canrememberatimewithinsect-coveredcarwindscreensafterlongdrives.Children,ontheotherhand,havenoideathatinsectpopulationhasdroppeddramatically.28．TheauthorquotesFrancisColemainlyto________.A．drawacomparisonB．introduceatopicC．evaluateastatementD．highlightaproblem29．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．Climatechangehasbeenforgotten.B．Lessonsofhistoryarehighlyvalued.C．Thehumanmindisbadatnotingslowchange.D．Humansareunwillingtoadmittheirshortcomings.30．Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A．Far-sightedthinkingmatterstohumans.B．Humanstendtomakelong-termsacrifices.C．Currentpoliciesfacilitatefuturedecision-making.D．Biastowardsthepresenthelpsreducenear-termdesires.(2023·北京·高考)Whatislife?Likemostgreatquestions,thisoneiseasytoaskbutdifficulttoanswer.Thereasonissimple:weknowofjustonetypeoflifeandit’schallengingtodosciencewithasamplesizeofone.Thefieldofartificiallife-calledALifeforshort—isthesystematicattempttospelloutlife’sfundamentalprinciples.Manyofthesepractitioners,so-calledALifers,thinkthatsomehowmakinglifeisthesurestwaytoreallyunderstandwhatlifeis.Sofarnoonehasconvincinglymadeartificiallife.ThistrackrecordmakesALifearipetargetforcriticism,suchasdeclarationsofthefield’sdoubtfulscientificvalue.AlanSmith,acomplexityscientist,istiredofsuchcomplaints.Askingabout“thepoint”ofALifemightbe,well,missingthepointentirely,hesays.“Theexistenceofalivingsystemisnotabouttheuseofanything.”Alansays.“Somepeopleaskme,‘Sowhat’stheworthofartificiallife?’Doyoueverthink,‘Whatistheworthofyourgrandmother?’”AsmuchasmanyALifershateemphasizingtheirresearch’sapplications,theattemptstocreateartificiallifecouldhavepracticalpayoffs.ArtificialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife’scousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamoredbyaconceptcalledopen-endedevolution(演化).Thisisthecapacityforasystemtocreateessentiallyendlesscomplexity,tobeasortof“noveltygenerator”.TheonlysystemknowntoexhibitthisisEarth’sbiosphere.IfthefieldofALifemanagestoreproducelife’sendless“creativity”insomevirtualmodel,thosesameprinciplescouldgiverisetotrulyinventivemachines.ComparedwiththedevelopmentsofAl,advancesinALifearehardertorecognize.OnereasonisthatALifeisafieldinwhichthecentralconcept—lifeitself—isundefined.ThelackofagreementamongALifersdoesn’thelpeither.Theresultisadiverselineofprojectsthateachadvancealongtheiruniquepaths.Forbetterorworse,ALifemirrorstheverysubjectitstudies.Itsmuddled(混亂的)progressionisastrikingparallel(平行線)totheevolutionarystrugglesthathaveshapedEarthbiosphere.Undefinedanduncontrolled,ALifedrivesitsfollowerstorepurposeoldideasandgeneratednovelty.Itmaybe,ofcourse,thatthesecharacteristicsaren’tinanywaysurprisingorsingular.Theymayapplyuniversallytoallactsofevolution.UltimatelyALifemaybenothingspecial.Buteventhisdismissalsuggestssomething：perhaps,justlikelifeitselfthroughouttheuniverse,theriseofALifewillproveunavoidable.31．RegardingAlanSmith’sdefenceofALife,theauthoris.A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful32．Whatdoestheword“enamored”underlinedinParagraph3mostprobablymean?A．Shocked. B．Protected. C．Attracted. D．Challenged.33．Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A．ALifeholdsthekeytohumanfuture. B．ALifeandAIshareacommonfeature.C．AImirrorsthedevelopmentsofALife. D．AIspeedsuptheprocessofhumanevolution.34．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．LifeIsUndefined.CanAIBeaWayOut?B．LifeEvolves.CanAIHelpALifeEvolve,Too?C．LifeIsUndefined.CanALifeBeDefinedOneDay?D．LifeEvolves.CanAttemptstoCreateALifeEvolve,Too?(2022·北京·高考)“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(營養(yǎng)不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.28.TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A.illustrateanargument B.highlightanopinionC.introducethetopic D.predicttheending29.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A.Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkinghasn’tbeenachieved.B.Therelationshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified.C.Machinelearningcansolvethenutritionproblem.D.Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.30.Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B.Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists.D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.(2022·北京·高考)Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.31.RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A.sympathetic B.unconcerned C.doubtful D.excited32.WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics. B.Thecompetitioninthefield.C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum. D.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.33.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Open. B.Cool. C.Useful. D.Resistant.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?(2021·北京·高考)Hundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersinmanyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario(情景)thiscentury”.Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmightcreateglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovensodisastrouslylackinginflexibility.Theinternationalscholars’warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmighthappen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangersofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories(簽署者)ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe“ecologicalfootprint”concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtomaintainagivenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,“itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,”Johnsonsaidinanemail.“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,”theDecemberwarninglettersays,“canwehavethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope(麻醉品)Intheincurableformofhope.Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent(執(zhí)著)onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.“Let'slookdirectlyintothe