數(shù)字化資源（雙語）Chapter7AfterTaxAnalysisTerminologyandConceptsDepreciation折舊Depreciationreferstothesystemallocationofthecorrespondingdepreciationamountwithintheservicelifeoffixedassetsaccordingtothedeterminedmethod.Itisthegradualtransferofthevalueoffixedassetsintheprocessofusing,reflectingtherealvalueoffixedassetschange.CostBasis成本基值Costbasistypicallyreferstotheinitialcostorvalueofaprojectorassetatthebeginningofitslifecycle.Thisbasisservesasareferencepointforevaluatingfuturecostchanges,depreciation,assetvalue,andeconomicbenefitsoftheproject.RecoveryRate回收率Therecoveryratereferstotheratiobetweentheactualvalueorfundsrecoveredduringtheuseofaninvestmentorassetandtheinitialinvestment,inputcost,ortheexpectedtotalrecoveryamount.Inotherwords,itmeasurestheproportionoftheamount(orresources)recoveredfromtheinvestedresourcesorcapitalrelativetothetotalinvestment.RecoveryPeriod回收期Therecoveryperiodreferstothetimespanfromthestartoftheprojectinvestmenttothepointwherethecashflowsorreturnsgeneratedbytheprojectfullyrecovertheinitialinvestment.Inotherwords,therecoveryperiodisthelengthoftimerequiredtorecouptheinitialcostoftheinvestment.Itiscommonlyusedtoassesstheproject'sriskandliquidity,helpingdecision-makersevaluatethespeedofreturnoninvestment.Straight-LineMethod(SL)直線折舊法Straight-lineMethod(SL)isadepreciationmethodthattakesthecostofafixedassetminusitssalvagevalueandthenspreadsitevenlyovertheasset'sestimatedusefullife.Thismethodassumesthattheassetlosesvalueatanequalrateoveritsusefullife,sotheannualdepreciationexpenseisfixed.DecliningBalanceMethod(DB)余額遞減法Thedecliningbalancemethodisoneofaccelerateddepreciationmethods.Thismethodcalculatesthedepreciationamountbymultiplyingthenetbookvalue(originalvaluelessaccumulateddepreciation)ofafixedassetatthebeginningofeachperiodbyafixedpercentage.Sum-oftheYearsDigit(SYD)年數(shù)總和法TheSumofYears'DigitsMethod(SYD)isamethodusedinengineeringeconomicstocalculatethedepreciationofassets.Thecoreideaistoallocatethetotalamountofdepreciationtoeachusefulyearinproportiontotheusefullifeoftheasset,andallocatealargeramountofdepreciationinthefirstfewyearsandgraduallyreduceitinthelaterperiod.Thisapproachassumesthattheeconomicvalueofanassetisdepletedsignificantlyintheearlystagesofuse,sodepreciationishigherintheearlystages,andtheamountofdepreciationdecreasesyearbyyearastheusefullifeincreases.Units-of-ProductionMethod(UOP)單位產(chǎn)出法TheUnits-of-ProductionMethodisadepreciationmethodbasedontheactualusageoftheasset(typicallymeasuredbythenumberofunitsproducedorthehoursused).Inthismethod,thedepreciationexpenseisproportionaltotheasset'sproductionorusage,makingitsuitableforassetswithvaryingusagelevelsacrossdifferentyears.Depreciationcostsareallocatedbasedontheusageeachyear,ratherthanbeingspreadevenlyoverafixednumberofyears.IncomeTaxes所得稅Incometaxreferstothetaxespaidtothegovernmentbybusinessesorindividualsbasedontheirincome,profits,orotherrelevantfinancialindicators.Forengineeringprojects,incometaxistypicallycalculatedbasedontheproject'sprofitability(suchasnetprofit).Incometaxaffectstheproject'scashflowbecauseitreducesthefundsavailableforreinvestmentordistributiontoshareholders.Before-TaxCashFlow(BTCF)稅前現(xiàn)金流Before-TaxCashFlow(BTCF)referstothecashflowgeneratedbyaprojectorinvestmentwithoutconsideringincometaxes.Itreflectsthecashinflowsandoutflowsobtainedduringtheoperationoftheprojectorbusiness,butdoesnotdeductincometaxes.BTCFistypicallyusedtoassessthecashgenerationabilityandprofitabilitypotentialofaproject,helpinginvestorsunderstandthefinancialconditionoftheprojectbeforetheimpactoftaxes.After-TaxCashFlow(ATCF)稅后現(xiàn)金流After-TaxCashFlow(ATCF)referstotheactualcashflowgeneratedbyaprojectorinvestmentafterdeductingincometaxes.After-TaxCashFlowtakesintoaccountnotonlytheproject'soperatingrevenuesandexpensesbutalsotheassociatedincometaxes.ATCFistypicallyusedtoassesstheproject'sactualprofitability,helpingdecision-makersunderstandthecashpositionaftertaximpacts.Taxableincome應(yīng)稅收入Taxableincomeistheincomeremainingafterabusinessorprojectdeductsallallowablecosts,expenses(suchasoperatingcosts,depreciation,interestexpenses,etc.),andotherdeductionsspecifiedbytaxlawsfromitstotalrevenue.Thisamountdeterminestheincometaxthatthebusinessorprojectisrequiredtopay.Gain/Lossofdisposal處置損益Gainorlossofdisposalreferstothedifferencebetweenthedisposalincomeofanassetanditsbookvaluewhenabusinessorprojectdisposesofanasset(suchasthroughsale,scrapping,orexchange).Ifthedisposalincomeexceedsthebookvalue,againondisposalisrecognized;ifthedisposalincomeislowerthanthebookvalue,alossondisposalisincurred.EVA(EconomicValueAdded)經(jīng)濟(jì)附加值EconomicValueAdded(EVA)istheprofitremainingafterabusinessorprojecthasachieveditsoperatingprofitanddeductedallofitscapitalcosts,includingthecostofequitycapitalanddebtcapital.Inotherwords,EVAmeasur