BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesNewwords&phrasesTextAPrivateSpaceUnitFourBackgroundInformation

EdwardT.Hall(1914–2009):anAmerican

anthropologist

andcross-culturalresearcher.Heisrememberedfordevelopingtheconceptof

Proxemics,adescriptionofhowpeoplebehaveandreactindifferenttypesofculturallydefined

personalspace.Hallwasaninfluentialclleagueof

MarshallMcLuhan

and

BuckminsterFuller.BorninMissouriin1914,EdwardT.HalldevelopsaninterestinanthropologyandobtainsaPhDinthatfield.Whileconductinghisresearch,henoticesthatthewaymanuseshisspacecanhavefar-reachingconsequencesonpersonalandbusinessrelations,cross-culturalrelations,andarchitecture.Hebelievesthatveryoften,peoplefailtocommunicatebecauseoftheirculturalbackground.Theselearningsarepartofawidetheorycalledthescienceofproxemics.Fromthisgeneraltheory,whichhascontributedgreatlytothefieldofinterculturalstudies,Hallhascomeupwithotherideasthathedevelopsinhisbookssuchas

TheSilentLanguage

(1959)and

TheHiddenDimension

(1966).

Sentence:Thesecondpatternissomewhatmoresubtleandhastodowiththeexactpointatwhichapersonisexperiencedasactuallyhavingcrossedaboundaryandenteredaroom.（Para.2）

Analysis:Thesecondpatternistoasmalldegreelessobvious

andisconnectedwiththeexactpointofapersonbeingperceivedascrossingthelineintoaroom.LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Germanswanttoknowwheretheystandandobjectstrenuouslytopeoplecrashingqueuesorpeoplewho“getoutofline”orwhodonotobeysignssuchas“Keepout,”“Authorizedpersonnelonly,”andthelike.（Para.12）

Analysis:Germanswanttoknowtheirpositionsinaspaceandproteststronglyagainstpeoplefailingtoqueueuporpeoplewhobreachrulesorwhodisobeywarningsignslike“Keepout,”“Authorizedpersonnelonly,”andsoon.LongorDifficultSentences1.proxemic

adj.空間關(guān)系學(xué)的

Ihaveidentifiedfivesuchchannels:kinesic,

proxemic,chronemic,oculesic,andhaptic.

我在此列出以下五種渠道：身勢(shì)，空間關(guān)系，語(yǔ)速，視覺和觸覺。2.

ego

n.自我Everything

you

do

involves

your

ego.

你做的每件事都涉及你的自我。Newwords&phrases

3.attenuate

v.減弱；弱化

Youcouldnevereliminaterisk,butpreparationandtrainingcould

attenuate

it.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不可能完全消除，但可以通過(guò)防范和培訓(xùn)來(lái)降低。4.doorjamb

n.門側(cè)柱,門框邊框A

moment

later,

he

rounded

the

corner,

rollinghisshouldersandthenscratchinghisbackonthedoorjamlikeabearagainstatree.片刻之后，他從拐角繞了出來(lái)，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)著肩膀，然后在大門柱上蹭著背，就像一只熊靠著樹那樣。5.presumptuous

adj.自以為是的；自大的；專橫跋扈的Don'tmake

presumptuous

commentsoutofignorance.Don'tmakeimpropercommentsbeforeyouknowthewholestory.不要不明原委，就妄加評(píng)論。6.partition

n.分隔物；隔板Shetappedontheglass

partition

andthecarstopped.她輕輕敲擊玻璃隔板，汽車便停了下來(lái)。

7.stockade

n.柵欄；圍欄Aheavy

stockade

aroundthecabinprotectedthepioneerfromattack.小屋周圍的厚厚的柵欄保護(hù)拓荒者免受攻擊。8.nightmarish

adj.惡夢(mèng)似的Theresultoftheseexperimentswillbea

nightmarish

worldfilledwithtwo-headedmonstersandothermutants.這些試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果將造成一個(gè)可怕的世界，充滿了雙頭怪和其他怪物。9.inadvertentadj.漫不經(jīng)心的；疏忽的；非故意的Thegovernmenthassaiditwasan

inadvertent

error.政府聲稱那是因疏忽造成的過(guò)失。

10.rescind

v.取消；廢除；撤銷TradeUnionleadershavedemandedthegovernmentrescind

thepricerise.工會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)已經(jīng)要求政府阻止價(jià)格上漲。11.flimsy

adj.輕而薄的；不結(jié)實(shí)的Shefeltcoldinher

flimsy

dress.她穿得單薄所以覺得冷。12.sloppy

adj.邋遢的；骯臟的When

your

clothes

look

sloppy,

so

do

you.

如果你的衣服看起來(lái)邋遢，那么你也一樣。

13.epitomize

v.成為……縮影TheSummerSeasoncouldbesaidto

epitomize

allthatistraditionallyEnglishaboutEngland.英格蘭夏日是傳統(tǒng)英格蘭的縮影，要想定義它，的確是件難事。14.conspiratorial

adj.陰謀者的；陰謀的Shehandedthenotetomewitha

conspiratorial

air.她鬼鬼祟祟地把字條交給了我。15.hierarchical

adj.分等級(jí)的Civilservicesareorganizedin

hierarchical

structuresofoffices.文官是按照職位的等級(jí)制結(jié)構(gòu)組織起來(lái)的。

16.strenuously

adv.拼命地；費(fèi)力地Thecompanyhas

strenuously

defendeditsdecisiontoreducetheworkforce.公司竭力為其裁員的決定辯護(hù)。17.engender

v.產(chǎn)生；造成

MrBowlescould

engender

delightinstudentsandmusiciansalike.鮑爾斯先生能夠讓學(xué)生和音樂家都感到快樂。18.regimentation

n.嚴(yán)格管制Democracyisincompatiblewithexcessive,bureaucratic

regimentation

ofsociallife.受到過(guò)度的、官僚化的管制的社會(huì)生活中不存在民主。

19.deterrent

n.制止物；威懾物Isthereacrediblealternativetothenuclear

deterrent?是否有可以取代核威懾力量的可靠辦法？20.anathema

n.極討厭的人或事物Violencewas

anathema

tothem.他們對(duì)暴力深惡痛絕。21.atstake

在爭(zhēng)論中的At

stake

right

now

isnot

who

wins

thenext

election

–afterall,

we

justhad

anelection.

現(xiàn)在的利害不是誰(shuí)將贏得下次選舉，畢竟，我們剛剛舉行完一次選舉。

22.bringsth.intofocus

使某物清晰或明確Yourviewhashelpedto

bring

thehistoricalsideofthematter

into

focus.你的觀點(diǎn)使這件事的歷史淵源一清二楚了。23.gotoanylengths

不顧一切；不遺余力

Hewould

go

to

any

lengths

to

keephisgovernmentinpower.他會(huì)竭盡全力務(wù)使他的政府能繼續(xù)執(zhí)政。24.warmup(tosth.）

對(duì)……感興趣DavidLamptonoftheSchoolofAdvancedInternationalStudiesatJohnsHopkinsUniversityinWashingtonsaidU.S.effortstowarmuptoitsAsianalliesisunsettlingtoChina.華盛頓約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)高級(jí)國(guó)際研究所的大衛(wèi)·蘭普頓說(shuō)，美國(guó)試圖加強(qiáng)與亞洲盟友關(guān)系的努力令中國(guó)感到不安。25.leaveout

排除在外；忽略Sheleftout3wordswhensherecitedthispoem.她朗誦這首詩(shī)時(shí)漏掉了三個(gè)詞。26.andthelike

等等；以及諸如此類Organized

testing

includes

the

use

of

test

plans,

repeatability

in

the

testingprocess,

and

the

like.

有組織的測(cè)試包括運(yùn)用測(cè)試計(jì)劃、測(cè)試過(guò)程中的可重復(fù)性等等。BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesTextBYourActionsSpeakLouder

ProperNamesnonverbalcommunication:ThetermnonverbalcommunicationwasintroducedbypsychiatristJurgenRueschandauthorWeldonKeesinthebookNonverbalCommunication:NotesontheVisualPerceptionofHumanRelations,1956.Nonverbalcommunicationistheprocessofcommunicationthroughsendingandreceivingwordless(mostlyvisual)cuesbetweenpeople.Itisalsoseenasthenonlinguistictransmissionofinformationthroughvisual,auditory,tactile,andkinestheticchannels.Mistakenlyreferredtoasbodylanguage(kinesthetics),nonverbalcommunicationencompassesmuchmore,suchasuseofvoice(paralanguage),gaze(oculesics),touch(haptics),distance(proxemics),time(chronemics),andphysicalenvironments/appearance.Onlyasmallpercentageofourtotalbrainprocessesverbalcommunication.Asinfants,welearnnonverbalcommunicationfromsocial-emotionalcommunication,makingourfaceratherthanourwordsthemajororganofcommunication.Aswebecomeverbalcommunicators,webegintolookatfacialexpressions,vocaltones,andothernonverbalelementsmoresubconsciously.BackgroundInformation

Sentence:WhilethemostinnocentAmerican-Englishgesturemayhaveinsulting,embarrassing,oratleastconfusingconnotationsinanotherculture,theconverseisalsotrue.(Para.6)Analysis:AlthoughthemostinoffensiveAmerican-Englishgesturemayhaveoffensive,motifying,oratleastpuzzlingassociationsinanotherculture,thesameistrueofoppositesituations.LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Theyareprisonersoftheirowncultureandinteractwithintheirownframework.(Para.9)Analysis:Theyareconfinedtotheirowncultureandbehaveinaccordancewiththestructureofsocialbehaviorintheirownculture.LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:YetinEthiopiaandanumberofothercountries,thisistakenpejoratively,asitisthoughtbettertobeheavy-set,indicatinghealthandstatusandenoughwealthtoensurethetwo.(Para.14)Analysis:ButinEthiopiaandmanyothercountries,beingslimisseennagetively,becausepeoplethereprefertohavea

largesolidbodyasasignofhealthandsocialstatusandenoughweathtohaveboth.LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Buttheapproachseekstomakepeopleawareofanareaofinterpersonalactivitywhichfortoolonghasbeenlefttochanceortotheassumptionthatvisitorstoothercountrieswillbesensitivetoitbecausetheyaresurroundedbyit.(Para.20)Analysis:However,thisapproachtriestocallattentiontoanareaofinterpersonalcommunication,whichhastoooftenbeenseenashappeningaccidentallyortakenforgrantedsincepeoplehavethepresumptionthatvisitorstoothercountireswillnaturallyunderstanditbecausetheyareimmersedinit.LongorDifficultSentences

ProperNamesProperNamesnonverbalcommunicationn.非言語(yǔ)交際；非言語(yǔ)溝通kinesicsn.人體動(dòng)作學(xué)，舉止神態(tài)學(xué)；

身勢(shì)學(xué)proxemicsn.空間關(guān)系學(xué)；

近體學(xué)

ProperNamesProperNameschronemicsn.話輪停頓，時(shí)位學(xué)

oculesicsn.目光學(xué)，眼神學(xué)

hapticsn.觸覺論專題補(bǔ)充講解PersonalStatement一、個(gè)人陳述簡(jiǎn)述

Apersonalstatementisacompositionabouttheapplicant’sfamilybackgroundandhis/hereducation,recentacademicachievementsandplansforfuturestudiesorcareer.Itisaletterofselfintroductionoftheapplicantandplaysanimportantroleinthewholeprocessofapplication.Therefore,asuccessfulpersonalstatementshouldbewritteneasilyandfluentlywithone’struefeelings,sothatitcanaffectreadersandeventuallygetitspurposefulfilled.

二．個(gè)人陳述的翻譯講解

教材專題二(P32)中的PersonalStatement回顧了作者為實(shí)現(xiàn)多年夙愿而努力學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程及學(xué)習(xí)成果。文中不但清楚地介紹了作者的學(xué)業(yè)狀況,更重要的是突出了自身亮點(diǎn)和作者專業(yè)學(xué)科知識(shí)方面的扎實(shí)基礎(chǔ)以及令人信服的科研潛力。整個(gè)陳述情感真實(shí)，層次分明，文筆流暢，達(dá)到了預(yù)期的效果。以下是對(duì)這篇個(gè)人陳述難句的翻譯講解。專題補(bǔ)充講解Enlightenedandinfluencedbymyparentswhoimpresseduponmefrommychildhoodtolovebooksandtohavecuriosityaboutknowledge,IenteredNanjingUniversityofPosts&Telecommunicationsin2006,……

在父母親啟蒙和影響下,我從童年時(shí)代起就深深意識(shí)到要熱愛讀書,要對(duì)知識(shí)有好奇。2006年我考入南京郵電大學(xué)，……

此句中的短語(yǔ)Enlightenedandinfluencedbymyparents為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作狀語(yǔ)。2.Duringfouryears’studyIaspiredtobeatrueengineer,manufacturingdifferentelectronicproductsandestablishingcommunicationroutesandnetworksforthesociety.

我渴望成為一名真正的工程師,為社會(huì)制造出不同的電子產(chǎn)品并建立通信路線和網(wǎng)絡(luò)。aspiredtobe“渴望成為”專題補(bǔ)充講解Mostofthemareabove90,andthefollowingtwocourseshavebeengradedfullmarks(100)---絕大多數(shù)課程都90分以上,以下兩門