高考英語閱讀理解(科普環(huán)保)解析版匯編一、高中英語閱讀理解科普環(huán)保類1．犇犇閱讀理解

IfplastichadbeeninventedwhenthePilgrimssailedfromPlymouth,England,toNorthAmerica-andtheirMayflowerhadbeenstockedwithbottledwaterandplastic-wrappedsnacks,theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.Atlanticwavesandsunlightwouldhavewornallthatplasticintotinybits.Andthosebitsmightstillbefloatingaroundtheworld'soceanstoday,waitingtobeeatenbysomefishoroyster,andfinallyperhapsbyoneofus.

Becauseplasticwasn'tinventeduntilthelate19thcentury,anditsproductiononlyreallytookoffaround1950,wehaveamere9.2billiontonsofthestufftodealwith.Ofthat,morethan6.9billiontonshavebecomewaste.Andofthatwaste,asurprising6.3billiontonsnevermadeittoarecyclingbin-thefigurethatshockedthescientistswhopublishedthenumbersin2017.

Nooneknowshowmuchunrecycledplasticwasteendsupintheocean,theearth'slastsink.In2015,JennaJambeckaUniversityofGeorgiaengineeringprofessor,caughteveryone'sattentionwitharoughestimatebetween5.3millionand14milliontonsofplasticwasteeachyearjustcomefromcoastalregions.

Meanwhile,oceanplasticisestimatedtokillmillionsofmarine(海洋的）animalseveryyear.Nearly700species,includingendangeredones,areknowntohavebeenaffectedbyit.Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.Marinespeciesofallsizes,fromzooplanktontowhales,noweatmicroplas-tics,thebitssmallerthanone-fifthofaninchacross.

"Thisisn'taproblemwherewedon'tknowwhatthesolutionis,"saysTedSiegler,aVermontresourceeconomistwhohasspentmorethan25yearsworkingwithdevelopingnationsongarbage."Weknowhowtopickupgarbage.Anyonecandoit.Weknowhowtodealwithit.Weknowhowtorecycle."It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystems,hesays,ideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.（1）WhydoestheauthormentionthePilgrimsinparagraph1?A.

Toproveplasticwasdifficulttoinvent.B.

Tointroducewhatmarineanimalslikeeating.C.

TotellthePilgrimscontributedalottothemarineprotection.D.

Toshowplasticwastehasalastingeffectontheocean.（2）What'sthemaintroublemarineanimalsfaceaccordingtothetext?A.

Lackingprotection.

B.

Beingstuckbyplastics.C.

Beingcaughtbyhumans.

D.

Treatingplasticsasfood.（3）WhatdoesTedSieglerwanttotellusinthelastparagraph?A.

Somepeopledon'tknowthesolutionofplasticswaste.B.

Plasticswillturntheoceanintoasoupofplastic.C.

It'stimetotakemeasurestodealwithplasticwaste.D.

Peopleshouldavoidusingplasticstoprotecttheocean.（4）Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.

Abiologytextbook.

B.

Atravelbrochure.C.

Anenvironmentalreport.

D.

Alifestylemagazine.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）C（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了塑料垃圾給海洋以及海洋生物帶來的危害。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段中的“theirplasticwastewouldlikelystillbearoundfourcenturieslater.

”他們的塑料廢物很可能在四百年后仍會存在，可知作者提到thePilgrims是為了說明塑料廢物對海洋有持久的影響，故選D。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“Someareharmedvisibly,stuckbyabandonedthingsmadeofplastic.Manymoreareprobablyharmedinvisibly.”一些明顯受到傷害，被塑料制成的廢棄物品卡住了?？赡苡懈嗟娜耸艿綗o形的傷害?？芍xB。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“It'samatterofbuildingthenecessaryinstitutionsandsystems,hesays,ideallybeforetheoceanturnsintoathinsoupofplastic.”他說最好在海洋變成塑料湯之前建立一個必要的機構(gòu)和制度的問題，可推知選C。（4）考查推理判斷。縱觀全文可知，本題介紹了塑料垃圾給海洋以及海洋生物帶來的危害。是一篇環(huán)境保護(hù)類閱讀，因此選C?！军c評】本題考點涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個題型的考查，是一篇環(huán)保類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。2．犇犇閱讀理解

Inmymemory,wintersalwaysusedtobereallyunpleasant.Youhadtobundleupjusttokeepwarmwhenyouwentoutside.Youwereoftencold,wet,slipontheice,andyou'darrivehometoanice-coldhouse.Andthatwouldmeanturningontheheatingandwaiting.It'samiracleyoudidn'tgetcoldtothebone.

Fortunately,thingsdon'thavetobesochallenginganymore.Technology,engineringanddesignhaveadvancedgivingusnewsolutionstooldproblems.Itmeansdealingwithwinterneedn'tbelikeskatingonthinice.

Withasmartthermostat(溫度自動調(diào)節(jié)器),ourhomescanbewarmwhenweneedthemtobe.Manymodelsfeaturesmartphoneappsthatallowyoutocontroltemperatureremotely,sowecanwarmupthehousebeforewearrivehome.Accordingto,Tado'smodelfeaturesvoicecontrol,whiletheNest'leans'yourhabitsandautomaticallyheatsthehomeforyou.

Clotheshavebeengivenanupgrade,too.Electronicthermaljackets,sweatersandcoatsheatupwhenyouturnthemon.Whatbetterwaytokeepwarminthedeadofwinter?Atthetouchofabutton,orthroughanapponourphones,theclothinggeneratesheatfromelementsplacedinside.Manymodelsofferthreelevelsofheatingwhichstaywarmforover12hours..

Finally,thereistheclothingforthehead,beaniesandEarmuff,thatfeaturespeakersincludedinthefabricusingBluetoothtechnologysowecanlistentoourfavouritemusicor,insomecases,haveaphonecallusingthein-builtmicrophone.Allwhilekeepingtheheadwarmandavoidingacold.

Formany,thethoughtofwinterusedtobeenoughtomaketheirbloodruncold.Butusingtechnology,lifeneedn'tfreezeup.Withtherightsolutions,there'snoreasonwhywintercan'tbereally,reallycool.（1）Whatdotheunderlinedwords"bundleup"meaninPara.1?A.

Fixanairconditioner.

B.

Takeahotbath.

C.

Runalot.

D.

Putonmoreclothes.（2）Howdoeselectronicthermalclothingwork?A.

Theequipmentplacedinsidetheclothingproducesheat.B.

Itneedstobewarnedupbeforebeingused.C.

Thethermostatheatupautomaticallywhenthetemperatureislow.D.

Itkeepswarmforover12hoursafterbeingchargedfoxanhour.（3）Fromthepassage,wecanleanthefollowingstatementsEXCEPTthat________.A.

Tado'smodelcanbecontrolledbysayingsomethingtoitB.

withthein-builtspeakerandmicrophone,BeaniesandEarmuffsuserscanhaveaphonecallC.

technologycandonothingtomakewinterlessroughD.

Bluetoothtechnologyisusedintheclothingforthehead（4）What'sthebesttitleofthispassage?A.

ASmartThermostat

B.

AModernwinterC.

Waysofkeepingwarm

D.

Anunpleasantwinter【答案】（1）D（2）A（3）C（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，在科技并不發(fā)達(dá)的過去，人們可能會為如何在嚴(yán)寒天氣里更好地保暖而倍感困擾?，F(xiàn)如今，每到嚴(yán)冬時節(jié)，雖然溫度驟降、天氣惡劣，但隨著各類智能保暖產(chǎn)品的問世，冬天也能變得舒適宜人。人們憑借科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)明了各式各樣的防寒方法。比如，用智能電子設(shè)備調(diào)節(jié)屋內(nèi)和衣物的溫度；使用無線科技制造會自動發(fā)熱的服飾。（1）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第一段中的"Inmymemory,wintersalwaysusedtobereallyunpleasant.Youhadtobundleupjusttokeepwarmwhenyouwentoutside."可知，在我的記憶中，冬天總是很不令人愉快。你外出時必須穿得暖和一點。所以通過"keepwarm"可知，外出時要想暖和一些，就要多穿衣服。故判斷出第1段中帶下劃線的單詞"bundleup"是多穿點衣服。故選D。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的"Atthetouchofabutton,orthroughanapponourphones,theclothinggeneratesheatfromelementsplacedinside."可知，只要按下按鈕，或者通過手機上應(yīng)用程序，安裝在衣服內(nèi)部的電子元件就會產(chǎn)生熱量。所以電子保暖服裝工作的原理是安裝在衣服內(nèi)部的電子元件產(chǎn)生熱量。故選A。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"Fortunately,thingsdon'thavetobesochallenginganymore.Technology,engineringanddesignhaveadvancedgivingusnewsolutionstooldproblems"可知，幸運的是，事情不需要再這么有挑戰(zhàn)性了。先進(jìn)的技術(shù)、引擎環(huán)和設(shè)計為我們提供了解決老問題的新方法。所以C選項"科技無法讓冬天變得不那么難熬"不符合短文說明的內(nèi)容。故選C。（4）考查主旨大意。通讀全文可知，在科技并不發(fā)達(dá)的過去，人們可能會為如何在嚴(yán)寒天氣里更好地保暖而倍感困擾。現(xiàn)如今，每到嚴(yán)冬時節(jié)，雖然溫度驟降、天氣惡劣，但隨著各類智能保暖產(chǎn)品的問世，冬天也能變得舒適宜人。人們憑借科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)明了各式各樣的防寒方法。比如，用智能電子設(shè)備調(diào)節(jié)屋內(nèi)和衣物的溫度；使用無線科技制造會自動發(fā)熱的服飾。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為"讓現(xiàn)代科技溫暖你的冬日"。故B選項"讓現(xiàn)代科技溫暖你的冬日"符合題意。故選B?！军c評】本題考點涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測和主旨大意三個題型的考查，是一篇科普類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。3．犇犇Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

Studiesshowthatolderpeopletendtorememberthepositivethingsinliferatherthanthenegativethings,whileyoungerpeoplerememberthepositiveandnegativeequallywell.Thedominantpsychologicaltheorytoexplainthisisthatolderpeopleareawareoftheirlimitedtimeleft,sotheyprioritizepositiveemotionalexperiences.Butaboutadecadeago,IworkedwithbiologistRobertTriversonhisideathattherewasanevolutionarybasisforolderpeople'sincreasedpositiveoutlook.Ourresearchtookusinthefascinatingdirectionofexploringhowthebodyusesitsenergy.

Whenourancestorsneededmoreenergythanusual,perhapswhilebeingchasedbyatiger,theyhadtogetthatenergyfromsomewhereinthebody.Couldtheyborrowitfromthebrain?Thatorganuses20percentofourmetabolic(新陳代謝)output,whetherwearesolvingmathproblemsorwatchingtelevisionreruns.Duetothisconstantenergyrequirement,borrowingenergyfromthebrainwhenourneedsurpassestheavailablesupplyisnotanoption.Perhapswecouldborrowenergyfromourmuscles.Becauseweusefarmoremuscleenergywhenweareactivethanwhenatrest,inprinciple,wecouldborrowenergywhenwearesitting.Buttheproblemisthatmostoftheenergy-demandingemergenciesofourancestorsrequiredamuscularresponse.Therewasnowaytoborrowenergyfromourmusclesduringanemergencybecauserelaxingwhenatigershowedupwasnotaneffectiveresponse.Thisbringsustoourimmunesystem,which,whenstrong,protectsusfrommanyillnessesanddiseases.Likethebrain,theimmunesystemworksatgreatmetaboliccost,butlargelyintheserviceofkeepingushealthyinthefuture.Wehaveanenormousnumberofimmunecellscoursingthroughourbody,amomentarybreakfromproductionisfine.So,whenourbodyneedsextraenergy,oneoftheplacesitgoesisourimmunefunction.Whenyou'rebeingchasedbyatiger,youdon'tneedtowasteenergymakingimmunecellstofightofftomorrow'scold.Whatyouneedistoshiftallavailableenergyresourcestoyourlegs,withthehopethatyouwilllivetoexperienceanothercoughorsneeze.

Asaresult,ourimmunesystemevolvedtoruninmaximumamountswhenwe'rehappy,buttoslowdowndramaticallywhenwe'renot.Withthisbackgroundinmind,Triverssupposedthatolderpeopleevolvedastrategyofturningthisrelationshiponitshead,becomingmorefocusedonthepositivethingsinlifeinanefforttoenhancetheirimmunefunctioning.Thiswashelpedalongbytheirknowingmuchmoreabouttheworldthanyoungeradults,sotheycandealwithsomeoftheunpleasantthingsinlifemoreeasily.（1）AccordingtoRobertTrivers,whenourbodyneedsextraenergy,______.A.

muscleswillrespondtoitbyrelaxingalittlebitB.

organswillspeedupmetabolicprocessestoansweritC.

immunesystemwilltemporarilyshutdowntofulfillitD.

brainwillsatisfyitbysharingoptionalmetabolicoutput（2）Inparagraph3"thisrelationship"mostprobablyreferstotheonebetween______.A.

experiencesandrelatedknowledge

B.

happinessandbiologicalevolutionC.

immunefunctionandhealth

D.

optimismandlengthoflife（3）WhatcanbeconcludedfromRobertTrivers'study?A.

Youngerpeopleadoptstrategiesofhandlingtensesituationsfromeverydaylife.B.

Ourancestorsevolvedtheirimmunesystemsinfightingagainstfierceanimals.C.

Realizingthattheirdaysarenumbered,olderpeoplepreferbeingpositive.D.

Beingnegativedrainsenergyfromourbody,loweringresistancetodisease.（4）Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.

Brain,musclesandimmunesystem

B.

Age,healthandhappinessC.

Ancestors,emergencyandevolution

D.

Energy,effortandresponse【答案】（1）C（2）D（3）D（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，研究表明，老年人往往會記住生活中積極的事物，而不是消極的事物。十年前作者與生物學(xué)家羅伯特·特里弗斯合作研究身體是如何使用能量的，他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)解釋了這一現(xiàn)象。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“Wehaveanenormousnumberofimmunecellscoursingthroughourbody,amomentarybreakfromproductionisfine.So,whenourbodyneedsextraenergy,oneoftheplacesitgoesisourimmunefunction.”可知我們的身體里有大量的免疫細(xì)胞，暫時停止運作是可以的。因此，當(dāng)我們的身體需要額外的能量時，（我們的身體）會去找免疫系統(tǒng)。由此可以推斷，免疫系統(tǒng)會暫時停止來為身體提供額外的能量。選C。（2）考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)第三段中的"becomingmorefocusedonthepositivethingsinlifeinanefforttoenhancetheirimmunefunctioning."可知老人們更加關(guān)注生活中積極的事物，是為了增強他們的免疫功能。也就是說積極與免疫功能之間有關(guān)系，越積極，免疫功能越強，就能活得越久，所有選項中D項（樂觀與壽命）之間最切題，故選D。（3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的"Asaresult,ourimmunesystemevolvedtoruninmaximumamountswhenwe'rehappy,buttoslowdowndramaticallywhenwe'renot."可知當(dāng)我們快樂時，我們的免疫系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化到最大程度，但是當(dāng)我們不快樂時，免疫系統(tǒng)會減弱。由此推斷，消極會消耗我們身體的能量，降低對疾病的抵抗力。選D。（4）考查主旨大意。作者開頭提出老年人更關(guān)注積極的事情，后文提到積極的情緒會增強免疫系統(tǒng)，所以本文主要講的是年齡，健康與積極的情緒之間的關(guān)系，選B?！军c評】本題考點涉及推理判斷，詞義猜測和主旨大意三個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。4．閱讀理解

Somepeoplesitoutsideforhourswithoutgettingbittenbymosquitoes,butitalwaysseemslikeyou'rebeingeatenalivewithinminutesofsteppingoutdoors.

Ifthisisyou,you'renotalone.AccordingtoSmithsonianMagazine,around20percentofpeopleintheworldareespeciallytastytomosquitoes.Whataboutthesepeoplemakesmosquitoes'mouthswater?

Apopularmythclaimsthatmosquitoesprefercertainbloodtypes,butthefactisthattheysimplycan'ttellwhatyourbloodtypeisfromafarawayplace.JonathonDay,aprofessorofmedicalentomology(昆蟲學(xué))attheUniversityofFloridaintheUS,toldNBCit'snotcomplicated."Thetwomostimportantreasonsamosquitoisattractedtoyouhavetodowithsightandsmell."

Mosquitoesareespeciallyactiveinthelateafternoon.Whileflyingalong,theyusetheirsenseofsmelltofindpossibletargets.Theyfindvictims(攻擊對象)bysmellingthecarbondioxide(CO2)breathedoutbyhumansandanimals.That'swhyyoucommonlyfindthemincrowdedstreetsandparks.

JoopvanLoon,anentomologistatWageningenUniversityintheNetherlands,toldLiveScience,"Mosquitoesstartorienting(使......朝向)themselvestocarbondioxideandkeepflyingupwindastheysensehigherconcentrations(濃度)."

Asaresult,peoplewhosimplyexhale(呼出)moreofthegasovertime–generally,largerpeople–havebeenshowntoattractmoremosquitoesthanothers."Thisiswhykidsdon'tgetbittenasmuch...asadults,"USprofessorTedRosentoldScienceAlert.

ThisloveforCO2canalsoputpregnantwomenatincreasedriskformosquitobites,astheytendtoexhale21percentmoreCO2thanpeopleofthesameageandsizewhoaren'tpregnant.

Inadditiontocarbondioxide,thecoloroftheclothesyouwearalsoplaysaroleinattractingmosquitoes.

AccordingtoLiveScience,mosquitoescanlockontotargetsfromupto50metersaway.Atthisdistance,whatwewearhasahugeeffect.Duetotheirvision(視覺),peoplewearingdarkcolorsaremorelikelytobecometargets.

Beingbittenbymosquitoesisannoying,butdon'tworry.Somesimpletipscanhelpwardthemoff.Scientistsrecommendthatweuseinsectrepellent(驅(qū)蟲劑)andwearlight-coloredclothing.（1）Howdomosquitoeslocatetheirtargets,accordingtothearticle?A.Byseekingoutbrightclothes.B.Byidentifyingdifferentbloodtypes.C.Bysensinganincreaseofcarbondioxide.D.Byfollowingbiggercrowds.（2）Whyarepregnantwomenmorelikelytobebittenbymosquitoes?A.Theirlargersizehelpsmosquitoestoseethem.B.TheybreatheoutmoreCO2.C.Theyaremorelikelytosweat.D.Theirbodytemperaturesarehigher.（3）Howdoesthearticleadviseyoutoavoidmosquitoes?A.Exerciseregularly.B.Wearlight-coloredclothing.C.Keepyourskindryandclean.D.Stayindoorsintheevening.（4）What'sthearticlemainlyabout?A.Anewfindingaboutmosquitoes.B.Howpeoplecanavoidmosquitobites.C.Apopularmythaboutmosquitoes.D.Whysomepeoplearemoreattractivetomosquitoesthanothers.【答案】（1）C（2）B（3）B（4）D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了為什么有些人可以整個夏天坐在戶外乘涼卻不被蚊子叮咬，而有些人一出門就好像要被蚊子吃掉一樣。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“Whileflyingalong,theyusetheirsenseofsmelltofindpossibletargets.Theyfindvictimsbysmellingthecarbondioxide(CO2)breathedoutbyhumansandanimals.”飛的時候，它們用嗅覺發(fā)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。它們通過聞人和動物呼出的二氧化碳來鎖定目標(biāo)；以及第五段中的“Mosquitoesstartorientingthemselvestocarbondioxideandkeepflyingupwindastheysensehigherconcentrations”蚊子開始飛向有二氧化碳的地方，當(dāng)它們感知到高濃度的二氧化碳時，就保持逆流飛行，可知，蚊子通過感知二氧化碳的增加來鎖定目標(biāo)。故選C。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第七段“ThisloveforCO2canalsoputpregnantwomenatincreasedriskformosquitobites,astheytendtoexhale21percentmoreCO2thanpeopleofthesameageandsizewhoaren'tpregnant.”對二氧化碳的喜歡使得孕婦很容易被蚊子咬，因為她們比正常相同年齡，相同體型的人呼出多余21%的二氧化碳，可知，孕婦呼出更多的二氧化碳，所以更招蚊子咬。故選B。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Scientistsrecommendthatweuseinsectrepellentandwearlight-coloredclothing.”科學(xué)家建議我們使用驅(qū)蟲劑或者穿淺顏色的衣服?？芍?，文章建議我們可以通過穿淺色衣服來避免蚊子叮咬。故選B。（4）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第二段中的“AccordingtoSmithsonianMagazine,around20percentofpeopleintheworldareespeciallytastytomosquitoes.Whataboutthesepeoplemakesmosquitoes'mouthswater?”根據(jù)Smithsonian雜志，世界上大約20%的人容易招蚊子咬。為什么這些人非常吸引蚊子呢？可知，本文探討的話題是：為什么一些人比其他人更容易招蚊子。故選D?！军c評】本題考點涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和主旨大意兩個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。5．閱讀理解

Citytreesgrowfasteranddieyoungerthantreesinruralforestry,anewstudyfinds.Overtheirlifetimes,then,urbantreeswilllikelyabsorblessCO2fromtheairthanforesttrees.

Asweallknow,theearthwouldbefreezingorburninghotwithoutCO2.However,CO2isagreenhousegas,meaningittrapsenergyfromthesunas/heat.Thatmakestemperaturesnearthegroundrise.Humanactivities,especiallythewidespreadburning-offossil(化石)fuels,havebeensendingextragreenhousegasesintotheair.Thishasledtoariseinaveragetemperaturesacrosstheglobe.

StudieshadshownforestsreadilyabsorbCO2,buttherehadn'tbeenmuchdataonwhethercitytreesgrow,dieandabsorbCO2atthesamerateasforesttreesdo.Sosomeresearchersdecidedtofindout.

Tofigureouthowquicklytreesweregrowing,researcherstrackedtheirdiameters(thewidthoftheirtrunks)between2005and2014.Atree'sdiameterincreasesasitgrows,justasaperson'swaistsizeincreasesastheygainweight.Abouthalftheweightofatreeiscarbon,researchhasshown.Mostoftherestiswater.Overthenineyears'tracking,theresearchersfoundcitytreesabsorbedfourtimesasmuchcarbonfromtheairasforesttrees.However,theyweretwiceaslikelytodie.Sooverthelifetimeofeachtypeoftree,foresttreesactuallyabsorbedmoreCO2.

Citytreesgrewfasterbecausetheyhadlesscompetitionforlightfromtheirneighbors.Inaforest，treestendtogrowclosetogether，shadingtheirneighbors.Streettreesalsobenefitfromhigherlevelsofnitrogen(氮)inrainwater.Nitrogenhelpsplantsgrow.Wastegasesfromgas-burningcarsalsocontainnitrogen,thusenrichingcityairwithnitrogen.Later,rainwatermaywashmuchofittotheground.Somestreettreesmayalsohavebetteraccesstowaterthantreesinthecountrybecausetheundergroundwaterpipescanleak.（1）WhatcanheknownaboutCO2fromparagraph2?A.

Itisoneofthesideeffectsofgreenhouses.B.

Itgreatlyacceleratestheprocessofglobalwarming.C.

Itresultsfromthewidespreadburningoffossilfuels.D.

Itpreventstheearthfrombecomingunsuitabletoliveon.（2）Whydidresearcherstrackthediametersoftrees?A.

Toknowabouttheirgrowthrates.

B.

Tofindouthowmuchtheyweigh.C.

Tocheckwhethertheywerehealthy.

D.

Toassessthecarbonamountsinthem.（3）Whatadvantagedocitytreeshaveoverforesttrees?A.

Theyaremorelikelytoaccessgrowthpromoters.B.

Theycanenjoymorewatercomingfromtheair.C.

Theycanenjoymoreshadefromneighbors.D.

Theyarebetteratcompetingforlight.（4）Whatwillprobablybetalkedaboutifthepassageiscontinued?A.

Howurbantreescanlivelonger.

B.

Whycitylivingmakestreesdieyoung.C.

Howtreesrespondtodrysoilconditions.

D.

Whyfaster-growingtreesabsorbmoreC02.【答案】（1）D（2）A（3）A（4）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文。一項新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：與長在森林中的樹木相比，城市里的樹木長得更快，但死得更早。（1）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“theearthwouldbefreezingorburninghotwithoutCO2.”可知，如果沒有二氧化碳，地球?qū)O冷或極熱?？梢酝茢啵趸伎梢苑乐沟厍蜃兊貌贿m合居住。故選D。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“Tofigureonhowquicklytreesweregrowing,researcherstrackedtheirdiameters.”可知，研究人員監(jiān)測樹木的直徑是為了了解樹木的生長速度。故選A。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Streettreesalsobenefitfromhigherlevelsofnitrogen(氮）inrainwater.Nitrogenhelpsplantsgrow.Wastegasesfromgas-burningcarsalsocontainnitrogen,thusenrichingcityairwithnitrogen.Later,rainwatermaywashmuchofittotheground.”可知，與生長在森林中的樹木相比，城市里的樹木長得更快是因為它們無需與鄰近的樹木爭奪光照，也能得到更多的氮量，還更容易得到水。光、氮和水都可以促進(jìn)樹木的生長。由此可以推斷，城市里的樹木比森林中的樹木更可能獲得生長促進(jìn)劑。故選A。（4）考查推理判斷。首句就提到了一項新的研究結(jié)果：城市里的樹木比森林中的樹木長得更快，但死得更早；文章第三段說到“以前有研究表明森林會吸收二氧化碳，但是城市里的樹木的生長、死亡和吸收二氧化碳的速度是否跟森林中的樹木一樣，這方面的數(shù)據(jù)不多。因此一些研究人員決定弄清楚”；文章第四段再次介紹了他們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：城市里的樹木比森林中的樹木長得更快，但死得更早；文章最后一段介紹了城市里的樹木比森林中的樹木生長得更快的幾個原因。由此可以推斷，文章接下來很可能就要介紹城市里的樹木死得更早的原因。故選B。【點評】本題考點涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。6．閱讀理解

It'scommonknowledgethatthewomaninLeonardodaVinci'smostfamouspaintingseemstolookbackatobservers,followingthemwithhereyesnomatterwheretheystandintheroom.Butthiscommonknowledgeturnsoutwrong.

Anewstudyfindsthatthewomaninthepaintingisactuallylookingoutatananglethat's15.4degreesofftotheobserver'sright-welloutsideoftherangethatpeoplenormallybelievewhentheythinksomeoneislookingrightatthem.Inotherwords,saidthestudyauthor,Horstmann,"She'snotlookingatyou."Thisissomewhatironic,becausetheentirephenomenonofaperson'sgaze(凝視)inaphotographorpaintingseemingtofollowthevieweriscalledthe"MonaLisaeffect".Thateffectisabsolutelyreal,Horstmannsaid.Ifapersonisillustratedorphotographedlookingstraightahead,evenpeopleviewingtheportraitfromananglewillfeeltheyarebeinglookedat.Aslongastheangleoftheperson'sgazeisnomorethanabout5degreesofftoeitherside,theMonaLisaeffectoccurs.

Thisisimportantforhumaninteractionwithon-screencharacters.Ifyouwantsomeoneofftotherightsideofaroomtofeelthatapersonon-screenislookingathimorher,youdon'tcutthegazeofthecharactertothatside-surprisingly,doingsowouldmakeanobserverfeellikethecharacterisn'tlookingatanyoneintheroomatall.Instead,youkeepthegazestraightahead.

Horstmannandhisco-authorwerestudyingthiseffectforitsapplicationinthecreationofartificial-intelligenceavatars(虛擬頭像)whenHorstmanntookalonglookatthe"MonaLisa"andrealizedshewasn'tlookingathim.

Tomakesureitwasn'tjusthim,theresearchersasked24peopletoviewimagesofthe"MonaLisa"onacomputerscreen.TheysetarulerbetweentheviewerandthescreenandaskedtheparticipantstonotewhichnumberontherulerintersectedMonaLisa'sgaze.TocalculatetheangleofMonaLisa'sgazeasshelookedattheviewer,theymovedtherulerfartherfromorclosertothescreenduringthestudy.Consistently,theresearchersfound,participantsjudgedthatthewomaninthe"MonaLisa"portraitwasnotlookingstraightatthem,butslightlyofftotheirright.

Sowhydopeoplerepeatthebeliefthathereyesseemtofollowtheviewer?Horstmannisn'tsure.It'spossible,hesaid,thatpeoplehavethedesiretobelookedat,sotheythinkthewomanislookingstraightatthem.Ormaybethepeoplewhofirstcoinedtheterm"MonaLisaeffect"justthoughtitwasacoolname.（1）Itisgenerallybelievedthatthewomaninthepainting"MonaLisa"

.A.

attractstheviewerstolookback

B.

seemsmysteriousbecauseofhereyesC.

fixeshereyesonthebackoftheviewers

D.

looksattheviewerswherevertheystand（2）WhatgazerangeinapaintingwillcausetheMonaLisaeffect?A.

B.

C.

D.

（3）Theexperimentinvolving24peoplewasconductedto

.A.

confirmHorstmann'sbeliefB.

createartificial-intelligenceavatarsC.

calculatetheangleofMonaLisa'sgazeD.

explainhowtheMonaLisaeffectcanbeapplied（4）Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.

Horstmannthinksit'scooltocointheterm"MonaLisaeffect".B.

TheMonaLisaeffectcontributestothecreationofartificialintelligence.C.

FeelingbeinggazedatbyMonaLisamaybecausedbythedesireforattention.D.

Thepositionoftherulerintheexperimentwillinfluencetheviewers'judgement.【答案】（1）D（2）B（3）A（4）C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，眾所周知列奧納多·達(dá)·芬奇最著名的畫作中的女人，無論站在房間的哪個角落，似乎都會回頭看著觀察者，用她的眼睛跟隨他們。一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這一常識是錯誤的，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人們有被蒙娜麗莎凝視的感覺可能是因為人們渴望被關(guān)注。（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“It'scommonknowledgethatthewomaninLeonardodaVinci'smostfamouspaintingseemstolookbackatobservers,followingthemwithhereyesnomatterwheretheystandintheroom.”眾所周知，列奧納多·達(dá)·芬奇最著名的畫作中的女人，無論站在房間的哪個角落，似乎都會回頭看著觀察者，用她的眼睛跟隨他們。可知人們普遍認(rèn)為，《蒙娜麗莎》中的女人無論站在哪里都會看著觀眾。故選D。（2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Aslongastheangleoftheperson'sgazeisnomorethanabout5degreesofftoeitherside,theMonaLisaeffectoccurs.”只要這個人的凝視角度不超過5度左右，就會出現(xiàn)蒙娜麗莎效應(yīng)。可知只要凝視角度不超過5度左右，就會出現(xiàn)蒙娜麗莎效應(yīng)。故選B。（3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Tomakesureitwasn'tjusthim,theresearchersasked24peopletoviewimagesofthe"MonaLisa"onacomputerscreen.”為了確保不僅僅是他，研究人員讓24個人在電腦屏幕上觀看"蒙娜麗莎"的

圖像?？芍芯咳藛T對24人進(jìn)行了實驗是為了證實霍斯特曼的觀點。故選A。（4）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“It'spossible,hesaid,thatpeoplehavethedesiretobelookedat,sotheythinkthewomanislookingstraightatthem.”他說，人們有被注視的欲望是可能的，所以他們認(rèn)為女人在直視他們。可推知人們有被蒙娜麗莎凝視的感覺可能是因為人們渴望被關(guān)注。故選C。【點評】本題考點涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷兩個題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。7．閱讀理解

Whenitcomestomoderncommunication,securityisabigconcern.Itseemslikewe'reforeverhearingabouthackersleaking(泄露)emails,passwordsandotherimportantpersonalinformation.

ButthankstoabreakthroughbyChinesescientists,whowonthe2018NewcombClevelandPrizeinFebruary,wemaysoonneverhavetoworryaboutourdataagain.ThisisthankstothesatellitecalledMiciusthatusescutting-edgetechnologytosendandreceiveinformation.

Miciusisthefirstsatelliteofitskindtousequantumkeydistribution(量子密匙分發(fā)),whichusesparticles(粒子)thattransmit(傳輸)lighttotransferinformationfromonepointtoanother.Currently,itcancommunicatewithtwobasestations(基站),bothofwhicharelocatedhighupinthemountainsintwodifferentareasofTibet,around1,200kilometersapart.Dataissentbetweenthesatelliteandoneofthebasestationsintheformofarayoflight.Thismakesitalmostimpossiblefordatasentandreceivedusingquantum