專題07閱讀理解說明文、議論文

一、2022年高考真題

1.（2022年全國甲卷）Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohave

similarshaperecognitionabilitiestoahumantwoyearold.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshave

provedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwitha

nutinsideit.Iheclearfrontotthebcxhada"keyhole'Tnageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifterently

shaped"keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillb?anotheryear

beforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmelrical（對稱的）shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewill

needtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan4<alloccntricframeofrcfercnce^^.Inthe

experiment,Goffin'scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolfbrthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.

Wheretrialanderrorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin's

cockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similarI。twoyearold

babies.

Thenextstepaccordingtotheresearchers,istotiyandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisual

clues（線索），oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperimenl?

A.Byfollowinginstructions.B.Byusingatool.

C.Byturningtheboxaround.D.Byremovingthelid.

25.Whichtaskcanhumanoneyearoldsmostlikelypleteaccordingtcthetext?

A.Usingakeytounlockadoor.B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.

C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole.D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.

26.Whatdoesthefollowuptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?

A.Howfartheyareabletosee.B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.

C.Whethertheyarcsmarterthanmonkeys.D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.

27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignalReadersD.Cockatoos:SkilfulShapeSorters

體裁：說明文主題：人與自然——自然生態(tài)一生物與人的智力對比

【字數】237+130

【語篇導讀】通過實驗發(fā)現，澳大拉西亞地區(qū)戈芬氏鳳頭鸚鵡的形狀識別能力相當于兩歲的人類幼兒。

24.【答案】B

【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第一段"Thoughnotknowniousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilful

attoolusewhilekeptinthecage.（雖然人們不知道這些鳥在野外會使用工具，但事實證明，它們在關在籠子

里時就能熟練地使用工具）”以及“thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped"keys"tochoosefrom.Inserting,

thecorrect“keys”wouldletoutthenut.（研究人員給了這些用5把形狀各異的“鑰匙”供它們選擇。插入，正

確的“鑰匙”會讓堅果出來）”可知，在實驗中，鳳頭鸚鵡是通過使用工具從盒子里取出堅果的。故選B。

25.【答案】C

［解析］細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanpularoundshapeinaroundholefromaroundone

yearofage（在人類身上，嬰兒從一歲左右就可以把一個圓形的物品放進一個圓形的洞里）”結合選項，可知，

一歲兒童最有可能完成“將一個球放進一個圓形的洞里”的任務。故選C。

26.【答案】D

［解析］推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkout

whetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.（根

據研究人員的說法，下一步是嘗試弄清楚鳳頭鸚鵡是完全依靠視覺線索，還是也使用觸覺來選擇它們的形

狀）”可推知，后續(xù)測試的目的是了解鳳頭鸚鵡在測試中是否使用觸覺。故選D。

27.【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，再結合文章第一段"Coffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnaiiveI。

Australasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshaperecognitionabilitiestoahumanIwoyearold.（科芬的風頭鸚鵡是

一種原產于大洋洲的小鸚鵡，它的形狀識別能力與兩歲的人類相似）”可推知，本文主要介紹了會識別形狀

的風頭鸚鵡。D項“Cockatoos:SkilfulShapeSortcrs（鳳頭鸚鵡：識別形狀的熟練工）”符合文意，最適合作為

本文標題。故選D,

2.（2022年全國甲卷）

Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.

Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere——broadparks,superbbeaches,

andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.

AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewhole

morningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewent

ourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,1toexplorethecity.

“I'llmisstheseoldboats,“hesaidasweparted.

“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.

“Oh,they'rereplacingthemwi:hcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey'renotsoelegant,andthey'renot

funtopilot.Butthat'sprogress,Iguess.”

EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords（口號），andtraditionsare

increasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity'sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,

Sycncysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.t4SydncyisconfusedaboutitselR”she

said."Wccan'tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It'saconflictthatwe

aren'tgettinganybetteratresolving（解決）

Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImeta

thoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.uManypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,“hetoldme.

“WhaipeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreeks

some3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We'vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveand

dynamismofayoungcountry.It'saprettyhardbinationtobeat.^^

Heisright,butIcan'thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.

32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Sydney'sstrikingarchitecture.B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.

C.ThekeytoSydney'sdevelopment.D.Sydney'stouristattractionsinthe1960s.

33.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?

A.Hegoestoworkbyboat.B.Helooksforwardtoanewlife.

C.Hepilotscatamaranswell.D.Heisattachedto（heoldferries.

34.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?

A.Itislosingitstraditions.B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.

C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation.D.Itisbeingmoreinternational.

35.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?

A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.

B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.

施）worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.

Dronesarcalreadybeingusedtoexaminehightensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamething

toinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracks

andswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandontime

performancewillbeimproved.CostswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefTicienl（高效）acrosstheboard.

Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.Ilis

calculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,including

sendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerouswork

thatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.

Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghighervakieservicesforrailways,detecting

faultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforrail

don'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarcnowworkingonanewconcept;theraildronesofthefuture.They

willbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.Verysmalldroneswith

advancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeacopilot.Withtheirabilitytosee

ahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfastmovingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.

28.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?

A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B.Drones'abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.

C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones'reliableperformanceinremoteareas.

29.Whatdoes"maintenance"underlinedinparagraph3referto?

A.Personnelsafety.B.Assistancefromdrones.

C.Inspectionandrepair.D.Constructionofinfrastructure.

30.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?

A.Toprovideearlywarning.B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.

C.Tbeamprofitstorthecrews.D.Toacceleratetransportation.

31.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?

A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDrones

B.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpanded

C.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFace

D.HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways

【語篇導讀】本文主要介紹無人機將會保證鐵路的安全性和可靠性。

【答案及解析】

28.A【解析】細節(jié)理解題。本題詢問Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?是什么讓無

人機在鐵路線上的應用成為可能？根據題干中的關鍵詞theapplicationofdronestoraillines可還原到第二

段Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehightensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingto

inspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksand

switchingpoints.無人機己經被用于檢查高壓電線。他們可以做同樣的事情來檢杳鐵路線和鐵路基礎設施的

其它重要方面，如鐵軌的正確位置和換乘點可知，無人機已經被用于檢查高壓電線使無人機在鐵路線上的

應用成為可能，故選A。

29.C【解析】詞義猜測題。根據第三段中ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20

billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairthe

railinfrastructure.據計算，僅歐洲鐵路每年就花費約200億歐元用于維護，包括派遣維護人員，經常在夜間

檢查和維修鐵路基礎設施。可知畫線句子意為：這包括巨大的維護成本節(jié)約和更好地保護鐵路人員的安全，

故選C。

30.A【解析】細節(jié)理解題。本題詢問Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?鐵路無人機被預想有什么

功能？根據題干中的關鍵詞areexpeced可找到第四段Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:therail

dronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.

VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeacopilot.With

theirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfastmovingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.

工程師們現在正在研究一個新概念：未來的鐵路無人機。它們將在火車前方的軌道上移動，并被編程能夠

自動運行。帶有先進傳感器和人工智能的非常小的無人機，在火車前面行駛，可以像副駕駛一樣引導火車.

由于他們能夠看到前方，他們可以預示出任何問題?？芍蔬xA。

干擾項分析

本試題誤選答案為Bo考生會根據段中“Theywillbemovingon（hetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedto

runautonomously.”選擇B項，理解句子可知能夠自動運行的是無人機二不是火車。

31.D【解析】主旨大意題。根據第一句Canasmallgroupofdrones（無人機）guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityof

railwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?一小群無人機能否保證鐵

路的安全性和可靠性，同時幫助鐵路運營商每年節(jié)省數十億歐元？點名主旨，可知本文主要介紹無人機將

會保證鐵路的安全性和可靠性，或許會成為鐵路安全的新未來，故選D。

4.（2022年全國乙卷）

TheGovernment'ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredictedit

wouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.

FirstannouncedinApril.2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper

100ml.wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（月巴胖）.Itisbelievedthattoday'schildrenandteenagersare

consumingthreetimes（heremendeclevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.

Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake￡520mayearfortheTreasury.However,datacfthefirstsix

monthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalf（hisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate￡240mfortheyear

endinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.

Itesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造

商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultof

manufacturers'effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkspanicshavebeen

forcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugar

content.

However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingto

changeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milkbaseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,

asarcsmallpanicsmanufacturingfewerthanImlitresperyear.

Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingby

raisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities（設施）andhealthierea:inginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationto

haveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.

32.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?

A.Tocollectmoneyforschools.B.Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.

C.Tbprotectchildren'shealth.D.Toencourageresearchineducation.

33.Howdidsomedrinkspaniesrespondtothesugartax?

A.Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B.Theyraisedthepricesof（heirproducts.

C.Theycutdownontheirproduction.D.Theyreducedtheirproducts'sugarcontent.

34.Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?

A.Mostalcoholicdrinks.B.Milkbaseddrinks.C.Fruitjuices.D.ClassicCoke.

35.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?

A.Itisashortsighteddecision.B.Itisasuccessstory.

C.Itbenefitsmanufacturers.D.Itupsetscustomers.

【語篇導讀】本文主要介紹糖稅的產生，在一些國家生效，以及它所帶來的正面影響。

【答案及解析】

32.C【解析】細節(jié)理解題。本題詢問Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?為什么要實行糖稅？根據第二段First

announcedinApril,2016,（hetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,was

introducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.：該稅種于2016年4月首次公布,適用于每100亳升含糖

量超過5克的軟飲料，旨在幫助減少兒童肥胖癥可知，A項為學校募集資金為正確。B項意為：為了提高

飲料的質量。

C項意為：為了保護兒童的健康。D項意為：為了鼓勵教育方面的研究。故選A。

33.D［解析］細節(jié)理解題。本題詢問Howdidsomedrinkspanicsrespondtothesugartax?一些飲料公司是

如何應對糖稅的？根據笫四段Itcsaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscut

bymanufacturers（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.在這之前，商店里銷售的軟飲料有一半以上被制造商

降低了糖分，這樣他們就可以避免交稅。A項意為：他們轉向海外市場。B項意為：他們提高了他們產品的

價格。C項意為：他們削減了生產。D項意為：他們減少了產品的含糖量?？芍?，A項符合題意。故選A。

34.D【解析】細節(jié)理解題。本題詢問Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?糖稅是從以下哪

項中征收的？根據五段Fruitjuices,milkbascddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarcfreeofthetax,asarcsmall

panicsmanufacturingfewerthanImlitresperyear.果汁、奶類飲料和大多數酒精飲料免征糖稅，每年生產少

于100萬升的小公司也是如此?？芍嵌愂菑拇蠖鄶稻凭嬃现姓魇盏?，故選D。

35.B［解析］推理判斷題o本題詢問Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?關于采用

糖稅政策可以推斷出什么？根據最后一段Today*sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthe

positiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities（設施jandhealthier

eatinginschools.Helping（henextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andthe

industryisplayingitspari.據一位政府宜員說，今天的數字顯示了糖稅的積極影響，它為體育設施和學校的健

康飲食籌集了數百萬英鎊。幫助二一代擁有一個健康和活躍的童年是非常重要的，而這個行業(yè)正在發(fā)揮其

作用?？赏茢嗨且粋€成功的例子，A項意為：這是一個目光短淺的決定。C項意為：它使制造商受益。

D項意為：它使顧客不高興。故選B。

5.（2022年全國高考新高考I卷）

Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthemon"m"and"a"totherareclicksof

somesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmoremonthanothers?Agroundbreaking,fiveyear

studyshowsthatdictrclatcdchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarcnowfoundinhalftheworld's

languages.

Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"F'

and"v",weremoremoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.Nowateamofresearchersledby

DamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhy(his(rendarose.

Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對齊)，makingit

hardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjaws

changedtoanoverbitestructure(結構),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.

TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithic

period.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrow

tobesolarge.

Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworld

languagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseofand"v,'increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousand

years.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhuntergathererpeopletoday.

Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeings

evolvedaround3()(),()()()yearsago."Thesetofspeechsoundswcusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincethe

appearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwcfindtodayistheproductofa

plexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,'tsaidStevenMoran,amemberofthe

researchteam.

32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamianBlasi'sresearchfocuson?

A.Itsvariety.B.Itsdistribution.C.Itsquantity.D.Itsdevelopment.

33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?

A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.

B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.

C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.

D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.

34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.

B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.

C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.

D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.

35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?

A.Itiskeytoeffectivemunication.B.1（contributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.

C.Itisaplexanddynamicsystem.D.Itdrives（heevolutionofhumanbeings.

【語篇導讀】本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因為飲食的改變導致了現在從世界上一半的語言中出現了新的

語音。

第六段：這項研究推翻了普遍的觀點所有的人類語音在大約30萬年前人類進化時就已經存在。

32.【答案】D

【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據題干關鍵詞DamianBlasi,定位到文章第二段最后一句Nowateamofresearchers

ledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.（現在，由瑞

士蘇黎世大學的達米安?布拉西領導的一個研究小組已經發(fā)現了這種趨勢是如何以及為什么會出現的），根據

文章第一段中的"Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,

suchasand"v",weremoremoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfbods.（30多年前，學者Charles

Hockett注意到，被稱為唇齒音的語音，如“廣和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會的語言中更常見。）”可知DamianBlasi

的研究重點是在語言的演變上。故選D項。

33.【答案】C

【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據題干關鍵詞"ancienthumanadults”定位到第三段。根據“Theydiscoveredthatthe

upperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichare

formedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingit

easiertoproducesuchsounds.（他們發(fā)現，古人類的上門牙和下門才是對齊的，因此很難產生唇齒音，唇齒音

是通過下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來，我們的下領變成了覆蓋咬合結構，更容易發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，

因為古代成年人的下顆結構使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。選項中的“Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured”是

原文的“theupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned”以及“Later,ourjawschangedtoan

overbitestructure”的同義轉換。故選C項。

34.【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意題。根據第五段中的"Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobal

changeinthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof'f'and"v"increasingremarkably

duringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhuntergathererpeople

today.（對語言數據庫的分析也證實，在新石器時代之后，世界語言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，在過去幾千

年里，和“v”的使用顯著增加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語言中仍然沒有發(fā)現）”可知，第五段主

要是通過列明數據分析結果來進一步證明研究結果。故選A項。

35.【答案】C

【解析】推理判斷題。根據題干關鍵詞"SlevenMoran”定位到文章最后一段。根據“"Theselofspeechsounds

weusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyof

speechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofaplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandcultural

evolution,MsaidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小組成員StevenMoran說：“自從人類出現

以來，我們使用的語音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現的各種語音都是生物變化和文化進化等復雜相互作

用的產物?？芍琒tevenMoran認為語音是?個復雜的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。選項中的“plexanddynamicsystem”

是原文中的“ratherthehugev<uictyofspeechsoundsthatwcfindtodayistheproductofaplexinterplayofthings

的同義轉換。故選C項。

6.（2022年全國高考新高考II卷）

Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetrieda

widerangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarcbehindthewheel.

Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarcstilltextingwhile

driving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrising

sharply.

Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTraffic

SafetyAdministration,saiddistracted（分心）drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.0

"Bigchangerequiresbigideas.nhesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroad

safety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoan

oldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.

AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTcxtalyzcr.Itwouldwork

likethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskfbrthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzerto

checkintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,

emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shandsfreedrivinglaws.

"Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,“saidFelixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthe

state's2001banonhandhelddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbeeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemore

afraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."

8.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers'textingirtheUS?

A.Ineffective.B.Unnecessary.

C.Inconsistent.D.Unfair.

9.WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?

A.Whereadrivercamefrom.B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.

C.Howfastadriverwasgoing.D.Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.

10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword'something"inthelastparagraphreferto?

A.Advice.B.Data.C.Tests.D.Laws.

11.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStart

B.TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzer

C.NewYorkBanningHandHeldDevicesbyDrivers.

D.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer

【導語】本文一篇說明文。為解決司機在開車時使用手機造成“分神”，引發(fā)交通事故的問題，紐約的一名

法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信監(jiān)控器）的技術來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否使用了手機。

8.【答案】A

［解析］推理判斷題。根據第"段中"Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,and

publicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhenthey

arebehind【hewheel."（在過去的七年里，大多數州都禁止司機發(fā)短信，公共服務活動也嘗試了各種各樣的方

法來說服人們在開車時放下手機。）以及第二段中“Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobe

getiingworse."（然而，無論以何種標準衡量，這個問題似乎都在惡化。）可知，大多數州使用了各種各樣的

方法說服司機們在開車的時候放下手機，可是情況卻越來越糟糕。所以各種方法是無效的。A選項ineffective

意為“無效的”，與此相符。故選A。

9.【答案】B

【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據倒數第二段中“Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,

emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shandsfreedrivinglaws.”（這項技術可以確定司

機是否發(fā)了短信、發(fā)了郵件，或者做了紐約免提駕駛法不允許的其他事情。）可知，Texlalyzer能夠確定的是

司機是否使用了手機發(fā)短信、郵件以及其他駕駛法不允許的行為。B選項意為“是否司機使用了手機?！迸c

此相符，故選B。

10.【答案】D

［解析】詞義猜測題。根據句中的“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior."（我們需

要一些能改變人們行為的東西，）可知，something是能夠改變人們的行為的事情。根據下文的“If【heTextalyzer

billbeeslaw,hesaid,''peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."（他說，如果Textalyzer

法案成為法律，“人們會更害怕拿起手機。）可知，人們的行為會改變的條件是當Textalyzei?法案成為法律。

收到法律的約束和懲罰，司機們才不會在開車的時候使用手機。故something指代的是法律。故選D。

11.【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意題?？v觀全文，第一段和第二段闡述的是“雖然大多數州已經嘗試了各種各樣的方法來說

服人們在開車時放下手機?？墒菃栴}卻越來越嚴重”。第三段中叮hatispartlybecausepeoplearedriving

more.”（部分原因是開車的人越來越多）可知，解釋了該行為產生的部分原因。第四段至第五段講述的是為了

解決該問題是紐約立法者提出了一個新的想法即利用Textalyzer技術，來監(jiān)控司機在開車的時候是否使用了

手機。最后一段講述的是：相關人士呼吁該項技術能夠成為真正的法案由此才能真正的改變人們的行為。

故B選項TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzer（發(fā)短信還是在開車？防范短信監(jiān)控器。）適合文章

的標題。故選B。

7.（2022年全國高考新高考II卷）

Asweage,evenitwe'rehealthy,theheartjustisn'tasetticientinprocessingoxygenasitusedtobe.Inmost

peoplethefirstsignsshowupintheir50sorearly60s.Andamongpeoplewhodon'texercise,thechangescanstart

evensooner.

“Thinkofarubberband.In（hebeginning,itisflexible,bulputitinadrawerfor20yearsandi（willbeedryand

easilybroken,5,saysDr.BenLevine,aheartspecialistattheUniversityofTexas.Thal'swhathappenstotheheart.

Fortunatelyfbrthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenifyouhaven'tbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,gettingin

shapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.

Levineandhisresearchteamselectedvol