高中英語單元詞匯及語法知識(shí)系統(tǒng)梳理（以必修一Unit1Friendship為例）一、單元核心詞匯深度解析（一）情感與交際類核心詞1.upset（adj.心煩意亂的；不安的；v.使不安；使心煩）詞性與詞義：作形容詞時(shí)描述情緒狀態(tài)，作動(dòng)詞時(shí)表“擾亂/使煩惱”，動(dòng)詞過去式和過去分詞為“upset-upset-upset”（不規(guī)則變化）。常見搭配：beupsetabout/oversth.因某事心煩（例：Shewasupsetaboutlosingherwallet.她因丟了錢包而心煩。）upsetsb./sth.使某人/某物不安（例：Thebadnewsupsetthewholefamily.這個(gè)壞消息讓全家都很不安。）2.ignore（v.忽視；不理睬）詞義辨析：ignore強(qiáng)調(diào)“主觀上故意不理會(huì)”，而neglect側(cè)重“因疏忽、粗心而忽略”。拓展詞：ignorant（adj.無知的；愚昧的）；ignorance（n.無知；愚昧）例句：Heignoredmyadviceandfailedtheexam.他無視我的建議，考試不及格。3.concern（v.涉及；使擔(dān)憂；n.關(guān)心；擔(dān)憂；關(guān)聯(lián)）詞性轉(zhuǎn)換：作動(dòng)詞：concernoneselfwith/aboutsth.關(guān)心某事（例：Parentsalwaysconcernthemselveswiththeirchildren’sstudy.父母總是關(guān)心孩子的學(xué)習(xí)。）作名詞：showconcernforsb.對(duì)某人表示關(guān)心（例：Weshouldshowmoreconcernfortheelderly.我們應(yīng)該多關(guān)心老年人。）高頻短語：asfaras...beconcerned就……而言（例：AsfarasI’mconcerned,thisplanispractical.就我而言，這個(gè)計(jì)劃很實(shí)用。）（二）場景類拓展詞匯1.calm（adj.平靜的；鎮(zhèn)靜的；v.使平靜；使鎮(zhèn)靜）搭配對(duì)比：calmdown（使）平靜下來（側(cè)重情緒從激動(dòng)到平靜）；quietdown（使）安靜下來（側(cè)重環(huán)境從喧鬧到安靜）。例句：Takeadeepbreathandcalmyourselfdown.深呼吸，讓自己平靜下來。2.suffer（v.遭受；忍受；經(jīng)歷）常見搭配：sufferfrom遭受（疾病、痛苦、損失等）（例：ManypeopleinAfricasufferfromhunger.非洲很多人遭受饑餓之苦。）拓展詞：suffering（n.痛苦；苦難）；sufferer（n.受難者；患者）二、單元短語與固定搭配歸納（一）情感表達(dá)類1.addup合計(jì)；把……加起來（例：Addupthesenumbersandseewhatyouget.把這些數(shù)字加起來，看看結(jié)果是多少。）2.calm(...)down（使）平靜下來；（使）鎮(zhèn)定下來（例：It’simportanttocalmthechildrendownaftertheaccident.事故后讓孩子們平靜下來很重要。）3.beconcernedabout關(guān)心；掛念（例：Teachersarealwaysconcernedaboutstudents’safety.老師總是掛念學(xué)生的安全。）（二）動(dòng)作與狀態(tài)類1.gothrough經(jīng)歷；經(jīng)受；仔細(xì)檢查（例：She’sgoingthroughadifficulttimenow.她現(xiàn)在正經(jīng)歷一段艱難時(shí)期。）2.setdown記下；放下；登記（例：Isetdownallmyfeelingsinthediary.我把所有感受都記在日記里。）3.aseriesof一連串的；一系列的（例：We’vehadaseriesofproblemswiththenewmachine.這臺(tái)新機(jī)器給我們帶來了一系列問題。）三、單元語法知識(shí)：直接引語與間接引語（一）語法概念與核心規(guī)則直接引語是直接引用別人的話（需用引號(hào)）；間接引語是用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話（無需引號(hào)），需調(diào)整人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)狀語。（二）具體轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則1.人稱變化（“一隨主，二隨賓，三不變”）第一人稱（I/we）隨主句主語變化：例：Hesaid,“Iamastudent.”→Hesaid(that)hewasastudent.第二人稱（you）隨主句賓語變化（若主句無賓語，按語境調(diào)整）：例：Shesaidtome,“Youarekind.”→Shetoldme(that)Iwaskind.第三人稱（he/she/they等）保持不變：例：Tomsaid,“Sheismyfriend.”→Tomsaid(that)shewashisfriend.2.時(shí)態(tài)變化（主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)“倒推”）直接引語時(shí)態(tài)間接引語時(shí)態(tài)例句----------------------------------一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)Hesaid,“Iplayfootballeveryday.”→Hesaid(that)heplayedfootballeveryday.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)Shesaid,“Iamreading.”→Shesaid(that)shewasreading.一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)Hesaid,“Iwillgotomorrow.”→Hesaid(that)hewouldgothenextday.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)Theysaid,“Wehavefinishedthework.”→Theysaid(that)theyhadfinishedthework.*注：若直接引語表客觀真理、諺語、永恒事實(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。例：Theteachersaid,“Theearthmovesaroundthesun.”→Theteachersaid(that)theearthmovesaroundthesun.*3.指示代詞、時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)狀語變化指示代詞：this→that；these→those時(shí)間狀語：now→then；today→thatday；tomorrow→thenextday；yesterday→thedaybefore地點(diǎn)狀語：here→there（三）特殊句式轉(zhuǎn)換1.祈使句變間接引語肯定祈使句：“動(dòng)詞原形+...”→ask/tellsb.todosth.例：Shesaid,“Pleaseclosethewindow.”→Sheaskedmetoclosethewindow.否定祈使句：“Don’t+動(dòng)詞原形+...”→ask/tellsb.nottodosth.例：Theteachersaid,“Don’tbelateagain.”→Theteachertoldusnottobelateagain.2.疑問句變間接引語一般疑問句：“Is/Are/Do...?”→if/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，語序改為陳述語序例：Heasked,“Areyouastudent?”→Heasked(me)if/whetherIwasastudent.特殊疑問句：“疑問詞+...?”→疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，語序改為陳述語序例：Sheasked,“Wheredoyoulive?”→Sheasked(me)whereIlived.四、學(xué)習(xí)建議與應(yīng)用技巧1.詞匯記憶：采用“語境記憶法”，將單詞放入課文原句或自己造的真實(shí)場景句子中，避免孤立背單詞。2.語法實(shí)踐：通過“翻譯對(duì)比練習(xí)”鞏固直接引語變間接引語，比如先寫直接引語句子，再嘗試轉(zhuǎn)換，對(duì)比時(shí)態(tài)、人稱等變化