2018年華東交通大學考博英語真題一、Vocabulary1.Signswarnedthatthetrailwas______eveningoodweatherconditions,soonlyexperiencedandwell-equippedhikersshouldattemptit.

A.affluent

B.wholesome

C.treacherous

√

D.incurable2.Theathletehasbeenaccusedof______hisperformancewithillegaldrugs,buthefirmlydeniesthe

charges.

A.enhancing

√

B.tendering

C.diluting

D.dispensing3.Investigatorsbelievethefirewascausedby______electricalwiring.Theysaidthebuilding’swiringhadnotbeendonebyaprofessionalelectrician.

A.sober

B.faulty

√

C.prompt

D.fussy4.Afternewspaperreportsclaimedthecompanywasdumpingtoxicwasteillegally.Itcameunder______fromtheauthorities.

A.insult

B.solitude

C.nuisance

D.scrutiny

√5.A:Lee,haveyouseenthatnewvampiremovieeveryone’stalkingabout?B:No,Ihaven’t,I______horrorfilms.

A.loathe

√

B.discard

C.resolve

D.contest6.Beingabletospeaktwolanguagesfluentlyisnotenoughforapersontobecomea______interpreter.Learninghowtospeakandlistenisalsoessential.

A.tranquil

B.futile

C.merciful

D.simultaneous

√7.Theoldman______defendedtherightofeverycitizentofreedomofchoiceinreligionwhichenabledhimtowintherespectofallpeople.

A.peculiarly

B.indifferently

C.vigorously

√

D.inevitably8.The______differenceinChinesedialecthasbecomeaprobleminmutualcommunicationamongpeople.

A.enormous

√

B.immense

C.imminent

D.eminent9.It’stimeyou______somereadingortheotherstudentswillleaveyoubehind.

A.gotdownto

√

B.adaptedto

C.heldonto

D.attendedto10.TheplanetVenus,likeEarth,spinsonitsown______asitorbitstheSun.

A.splinter

B.index

C.axis

√

D.trace11.Inthelightofthecurrentsituation,Ihavetoreviewmyplans.

A.Throwinglighton

B.Inlinewith

C.Inaccordancewith

√

D.Intermsof12.Intoday’scompetitivejobmarket,people,especiallyyoungmenarerequiredtobeaggressiveandindustrious.

A.invasive

B.belligerent

C.progressive

D.enterprising

√13.Assimilatingthereportincomputingrequiresmuchtime,forI’mnotspecializedinthisfield.

A.Digesting

√

B.Incorporating

C.Imitating

D.Compiling14.Asamemberorthesociety,apersonshouldberesponsibleforanddedicatetothesociety.

A.answerfor

√

B.accountfor

C.chargefor

D.compensatefor15.Tomysurprise,theyoungmanwasresourcefulenoughtofindinfinitewaystoexpresshisemotionswithgestures.

A.plentiful

B.versatile

√

C.imaginary

D.imaginative16.Tostudythedistributionofdiseasewithinanarea,itisusefultoplotthecasesonthemap.

A.mark

√

B.allocate

C.erase

D.pose17.Thetemperatureoftheatmospherebecomescolderaselevationincreases.

A.altitude

√

B.aptitude

C.latitude

D.longitude18.Ihavenoideaoffashion,somychoiceofclothesseemsquitearbitrary.

A.assertive

B.decisive

C.optional

√

D.tasteful19.Thischildwassoobstinatethatherefusedtoadmittohismistakes.

A.obsessive

B.furious

C.stubborn

√

D.rebellious20.Theindomitablespiritdisplayedbyathletesembodiesthenewlookofthisnation.

A.specific

B.unsubduable

√

C.determined

D.industrious二、ReadingComprehension21.

Withonlyabout1000pandasleftintheworld,Chinaisdesperatelytryingtoclonetheanimaland

savetheendangeredspecies.That’smovesimilartowhataTexasA&MUniversityresearcherhas

beenundertakingforthepastfiveyearsinaprojectcalled“Noah’sArk”.

Dr.DuaneKraemer,aprofessorinTexasA&M’sCollegeofVeterinaryMedicineandapioneerin

embryotransferworkandrelatedprocedures,sayshesalutestheChineseeffortand“Iwishthemall

thebestsuccesspossible.It’saworthwhileproject,certainlynotaneasyone,andit’sverymuchlike

whatwe’reattemptinghereatTexasA&M—tosaveanimalsfromextinction.”

Noah’sArkisaimedatcollectingeggs,embryos,semenandDNAofendangeredanimalsand

storingtheminliquidnitrogen.Ifcertainspeciesshouldbecomeextinct.Kraemersaystherewould

beenoughofthebasicbuildingblockstoreintroducethespeciesinthefuture.

Itisestimatedthatasmanyas2000speciesofmammals,birdsandreptileswillbecomeextinctover

thenext100years.Thepanda,nativeonlytoChina,isindangerofbecomingextinctinthenext25

years.

Thisweek,Chinesescientistssaidtheygrewanembryobyintroducingcellsfromadeadfemale

pandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit.Theyarenowtryingtoimplanttheembryointoa

hostanimal.

Theentireprocedurecouldtakefromthreetofiveyearstocomplete.

“Thenucleartransferofonespeciestoanotherisnoteasy,andthelackofavailablepandaeggs

couldbeamajorproblem,”Kraemerbelieves.“Theywillprobablyhavetodoseveralhundred

transferstoresultinonepregnancy.Ittakesalongtimeandit’sdifficult,butthiscouldbe

groundbreakingscienceifitworks.Theyarecertainlynotputtinganylivepandasatrisk,soitis

worththeeffort,”addsKraemer,whoisoneoftheleadersoftheMissyplicityProjectatTexasA&M,

thefirst-everattemptatcloningadog.

“Theyaretryingtodosomethingthat’sneverbeendone,andthisisverysimilartoourworkin

Noah’sArk.We’rebothtryingtosaveanimalsthatfaceextinction.Icertainlyapplaudtheireffort

andthere’salotwecanlearnfromwhattheyareattemptingtodo.It’saresearchthatisverymuch

needed.”

（1）.Theaimof“Noah’sArk”projectisto______.

A.implantembryointoahostanimal

B.salutetheChineseeffortsinsavingpandas

C.saveendangeredanimalsfromextinction

√

D.introducecellsfromadeadfemalepandaintotheeggcellsofaJapanesewhiterabbit

（2）.Theword“groundbreaking”（Paragraph7）canbeinterpreted______.

A.essentiallynew

B.pioneering

√

C.evolutionary

D.epoch-making

（3）.WhatcouldbethemajorproblemincloningpandasaccordingtoProfessorKraemer?

A.Lackofavailablepandaeggs.

√

B.Lackofhostanimals.

C.Lackofqualifiedresearchers.

D.Lackoffunds.

（4）.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe______.

A.China-theNativePlaceofPandasForever

B.China’sEffortstoClonePandas

√

C.China’sFirstClonedPanda

D.ExploringthePossibilitytoClonePandas22.

Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.Indeed,

manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswill,butthisviewismuchtoonarrow.It

failstorecognizethegreatdangersweshallfaceintheusesofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemfrom

anexcessoffreedom,fromtheunrestrainedexerciseofwill.Inmyview,ourgreatestproblemswill

bevoluntaryself-degradation,orwillingdehumanization,astheunintendedyetofteninescapable

consequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanizationgoals.

Certaindesiresandperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizing

consequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitation（復蘇）effortstosavetheseverelyillandinjured.

Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful.Theysucceedinrescuingindividualsbut

thoseindividualsmayhaveseverebraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-human,

vegetatingexistence.Suchpatientsfoundwithincreasingfrequencyintheintensivecareunitsof

universityhospitals,havebeendeniedadeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtosufferseeingtheir

belovedonessoreducedandaremadetobeartheburdenofaprolonged“deathwatch”.

Eventheordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthecontextinwhich

mendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthecompanyof

familyandfriends.Atthattimeoflifewhenthereisperhapsthegreatestneedforhumanwarmthand

comfort,thedyingpatientiskeptcompanybycardiacpacemakersanddefibrillators,respirators

aspirators,oxygenators,cathetersandhisintravenousdrip.Tiestothecommunityofmenare

replacedbyattachmentstoanassemblageofmachines.

Thisloneliness,however,isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Considerthe

increasingnumberofoldpeoplestillalivethankstomedicalprogress.Asagroup,theelderlyarethe

mostalienatedmembersofoursociety.Notyetreadyfortheworldofthedead,notdeemedfitfor

theworldoftheliving,theyareshuntedaside.Moreandmoreofthemspendfortheextrayears

medicinehasgiventhemin“homesforseniorcitizens”,inhospitalsforchronicdiseases,andin

nursinghome—waitingfortheend.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears,butwehavenot

learnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandsternlypushbackthe

frontieragainstdeath.

（1）.Whatisthemainpointofthepassage?

A.Theproblemofrestrictionoffreedom.

B.Thepossibledehumanizingconsequenceofmedicaltechnology.

√

C.Thedevelopmentofbiomedicaltechnology.

D.Thesignificanceofprolonginghuman’slife.

（2）.Accordingtotheauthor,biomedicaltechnology______.

A.resultsinanexcessiveuseoffreedoms

B.bringslittlebenefitstohumanbeings

C.shouldnotbeappliedinmedicaltreatment

D.mightcausegravenegativeconsequencesinitsapplication

√（3）.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtoparagraph2?

A.Improvedmedicaltechnologycansaveextremelyseverepatient.

B.Somepatients,thoughsaved,cannolongerleadanormalhumanlife.

C.Familiesoftensufferwhensomepatientsmaintainavegetatingexistence.

D.Toapatient,survivalisalwaysbetterthandeath.

√（4）.Bysaying“theyareshuntedaside”（lines3,para.4）,theauthormeans______.

A.theyareallsenttohomesforseniorcitizens

B.theyarecompletelyisolatedfromtheoutsideworld

C.theyaretreatedwithextremeindifference

√

D.theyareshutfromtheirfamilies23.

Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformandfunction,their

dimensionsandappearanceweredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,and

engineers—usingnonscientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthata

technologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwith

inthemindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.InthedevelopmentofWesterntechnology,ithasbeen

nonverbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetails,androcketsexist

notbecauseofgeometryorthermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsof

thosewhobuiltthem.

Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist’smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatexists.

Forexample,indesigningadieselengine,atechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbal

thinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwould

betheshapeofthecombustionchamber?Whereshouldbethevalvesplayed?Shouldithavealong

orshortpiston?Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysical

requirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andnotleastbyasenseofform.Somedecisions,

suchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientific

componentofdesignremainsprimary.

Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,a

centralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestockintradeoftheartist,notthe

scientist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoentail“hardthinking”,nonverbalthought

issometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessandinferiortoverbal

ormathematicalthought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmerican

EngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometric（等距）viewsof

industrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswith

therequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitectural

schools.

Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackground

requiredforpracticalproblemsolving,arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostly

errorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexample,earlymodelsofhighspeedrailroad

carsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansucked

snowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsare

notmerelytrivialaberrations,theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumed

tobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.

（1）.Accordingtotheauthor,whatistheuseofnonscientificthinking?

A.Criticalthinkingmaybederivedfromnonscientificthinking.

B.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesofanobjectcanbeimagined.

C.Manyobjectsarecreatedwithclearverbaldescriptions.

D.Peoplefromdifferenttradesmaybenefitfromnonscientificthinking.

√（2）.Itcanbeinferredthattheengineeringcurricula______.

A.arestrongdespitetheabsenceofnonscientificmodesofthinking

B.shouldnotemphasizenonverbalthinkinginallcourses

C.arethoughttoincludeverbalormathematicalcourse

D.canbestrengthenedwhentheyincludecoursesindesign

√（3）.Bysaying“paradoxical”inthethirdparagraph,theauthorpointsoutthat______.

A.engineeringstudentsdonotunderstandthehistoryofAmericanengineering

B.engineeringstudentsshouldknowmorethanarchitecturalstudents

C.engineeringstudentsshouldperceiveanddesignbetterthanarchitecturalstudentsdo

√

D.engineeringstudentsneglecttheimportanceofdrawings

（4）.Whichofthefollowingisprobablyinaccordancewiththeauthor’sidea?

A.Mathematicalthinkingisessentialtoanydesigncourse.

B.Nonverbalthinkinghasitsadvantagesoverotherperceptiveprocesses.

√

C.Engineeringdesigndemandsscientificthought.

D.Artistsplayaprimitiveroleinengineeringwork.24.

CantheInternethelppatientsjumpthelineatthedoctor’soffice?TheSiliconValleyEmployers

Forum,asophisticatedgroupoftechnologycompanies,islaunchingapilotprogramtotestonline

“virtualvisits”betweendoctorsatthreebiglocalmedicalgroupsandabout6,000employeesand

theirfamilies.ThesixemployerstakingpartintheSiliconValleyinitiative,includingheavyhitters

suchasOracleandCiscoSystems,hopethatonlinevisitswillmeanemployeeswon’thavetoskip

worktotendtominorailmentsortofollowuponchronicconditions.“Withourlongcommutesand

traffic,driving40milestoyourdoctorinyourhometowncanbeabigchunkoftime,”saysCindy

Conway,benefitsdirectoratCadenceDesignSystems,oneoftheparticipatingcompanies.

Doctorsaren’tclamoringtochatwithpatientsonlineforfree;theyspendenoughunpaidtimeonthe

phone.Only1in5haseveremailedapatient,andjust9percentareinterestedindoingso,according

totheresearchfirmCyberDialog.“Wearenotstupid,”saysStirlingSomers,executiveofthe

SiliconValleyemployersgroup.“Doctorsgettingpaidinacriticalpieceisgettingthistowork.”In

thepilotprogram,physicianswillget$20peronlineconsultation,aboutwhattheygetforasimple

officevisit.

Doctorsalsofearthey’llbeswampedbyramblinge-mailsthattelleverythingbutwhat’sneededto

makeadiagnosis.SothenewprogramwillusetechnologysuppliedbyHealinx,anAlameda,

Calif-basedstart-up.Healinx’s“SmartSymptomWizard”questionspatentsandturnsanswersintoa

succinctmessage.Thecompanyhasonlinedialoguesfor60commonconditions.Thedoctorcanthen

diagnosetheproblemandoutlineatreatmentplanwhichcouldincludeE-mailingaprescriptionora

face-to-facevisit.

CanE-mailreplacethedoctor’soffice?Manyconditions,suchaspersistentcough,requirea

stethoscopetodiscoverwhat’swrong—andtoavoidamalpracticesuit.EvenLarryBonham,head

ofoneofthedoctor’sgroupsinthepilot,believesthevirtualdoctor’svisitsoffera“verynarrow”

sliverofservicebetweenphonecallstoanadvicenurseandavisittotheclinic.

Thepilotprogram,settoendinninemonths,alsohopestodeterminewhetheronlinevisitswillboost

workerproductivityenoughtooffsetthecostoftheservice.Sofar,theinternet’srecordinthehealth

fieldhasbeenunderwhelming.Theexperimentis“ahugerollofthediceforHealinx”,notes

MichaelBarrett,ananalystatInternetconsultingfirmForesterResearch.Ifthe“Webvisits”succeed,

expectsomeHMOS（HealthMaintenanceOrganizations）topayforonlinevisits.Ifdoctors,

employers,andpatientsaren’tsatisfied,figureononemoreE-healthstart-upistostanddown.

（1）.TheSiliconValleyemployerspromotetheE-healthprogramforthepurposeof______.

A.rewardingtheiremployee

B.gratifyingthelocalhospitals

C.boostingworkerproductivity

√

D.testingasophisticatedtechnology

（2）.Whatcanbelearnedabouttheon-linedoctors’visits?

A.Theyareaquitepromisingbusiness.

B.Theyarefundedbythelocalgovernment.

C.Theyarewelcomedbyallthepatients.

D.Theyareverymuchunderexperimentation.

√（3）.AccordingtoParagraph2,doctorsare______.

A.reluctanttoserveonlinefornothing

√

B.notinterestedinWebconsultation

C.tootiredtotalktothepatientsonline

D.contentwith$20paidperWebvisit

（4）.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthefutureofonlinevisitswillmostlydependonwhether______.

A.theemployerswouldremainconfidentinthem

B.theycouldeffectivelyreplaceofficevisits

√

C.HMOSwouldcoverthecostoftheservice

D.newtechnologieswouldbeavailabletoimprovetheE-healthproject25.

Therearefaultswhichagereleasesusfrom,andtherearevirtueswhichturntoviceswiththelapse

ofyears.Theworstoftheseisthrift,whichinearlyandmiddlelifeiswisdomanddutytopractice

foraprovisionagainstdestitution.Astimegoesonthisvirtueisapttoturnintotheugliest,cruelest,

shabbiestofthevices.Thenthevictimofitfindshimselfstoringpastallprobableneedofsavingfor

himselforthosenexthim,tothedeprivationoftheremoterkinoftherace.Intheearliertimewhen

gainwassymbolizedbygoldorsilver,themiserhadasensualjoyinthetouchofhisriches,in

hearingthecoinsclinkintheirfallthroughhisfingersandingloatingupontheirincreasesensibleto

thehandandeye.Thenthemiserhadhisplaceamongthegreatfiguresofmisdoing;hewasofa

dramaticeffect,likeamurdererorarobberandsomethingofthisbaddistinctionclungtohimeven

whenhiscoinshadchangedtopapercurrency,theclean,whitenotesoftheonlyEnglishbank,orthe

greenbacks,ofourinnumerablebanksofissue;butwhenthesenseofricheshadbeentransmutedto

thebalanceinhisfavorathisbanker’s,orthebondsinhisdraweratthesafety-depositvault,all

splendorhadgoneoutofhisvice.Hisbademinencewasgone,butheclungtothelustofgainwhich

hadrankedhimwiththepicturesquewrong-doers,andwhichonlyruinfromwithoutcouldsavehim

from,unlesshegavehisremnantofstrengthtosavinghimselffromit.Mostagingmenaresensible

ofallthis,butfewhavethefranknessofthatagingmanwhooncesaidthathewhodiedrichdied

disgraced,anddiedtheotherdayinthecomparativepovertyoffiftymillions.

（1）.Thisshortpassageismainlytotellthat______.

A.manbecomesincreasinglygreedywhengettingold

B.amisercanbehonestifhedoesnowrongact

C.agecanhelpconvertsomevirtueintovice

√

D.misersallstartedfromtryingtobethrifty（2）.Accordingtothepassage,oneisthoughtviciouswhenhe______.

A.gathersupmoneyatthesacrificeofallhisfamilymembers

B.practicesendlessthriftytoguardhispeoplefrompoverty

C.storescontinuouslyforhisownandhisrelatives’needs

D.savestoomuchbutwouldn’tspenditforthenecessary

√（3）.Theitalicizedexpression“gloatingupon”probablymeans______.

A.thinkingwithslightguilt

B.seeingwithmuchsatisfaction

√

C.touchingwithgreatawe

D.hearingwithlittledelight（4）.Thewords“inthecomparativepovertyoffiftymillions”attheendofthepassagesuggestsa

notionthat______.

A.stinginessmaycauseaveryrichmantodieverypitiful

√

B.richpeoplemaystilltake50millionascomparativelittle

C.oneremainsdiscontentwithallhehasgaineduntilhisdeath

D.therichareinconsiderateofthemajoritythatliveinpoverty三、Cloze26.AmericanandChineseculturesare【A1】______insomeways.AnAmericanhostess,【A2】______

forherculinary（烹調）

skill,islikelytosay,“Oh,I’msogladyoulikedit.Icookeditespeciallyforyou.”NotsoaChinese

hostess,whowillinstead【A3】______

forgivingyounothingevenslightly【A4】______

andfornotshowingyouenough

honor【A5】______

providingproperdishes.

Thesamerulesholdtrue【A6】______

children.Americanparentsspeakproudlyoftheirchildren’s

achievements,tellinghowJohnnymadetheschoolteamorJanemadethehonorroll.NotsoChinese

parents,whosechildren,evenifatthetopoftheirschool,arealwaysso“naughty”,neverstudying,

neverlisteningtotheirelders,andsoforth.

TheChinesetakepridein“modesty”;Americans【A7】______

“straightforwardness”.Thismodestyhasleft

manyaChinesehungryatanAmericantable,forChinesepoliteness【A8】______

threerefusalsbeforeone

acceptsanoffer,andAmericanhoststakea“no”tomean“non”,whetherit’sthefirst,second,or

thirdtime.

Recently,amemberofadelegationsenttoChinabyalargeAmericancorporation,complainedto

meabouthowtheChinesehadaskedthemthreetimesiftheywouldbewillingtochangesome

proposal,andeachtimetheAmericanshadsaid“no”clearlyand【A9】______

.Myfriendwasangrythatthe

Chinesehadnottakenhiswordthefirsttime.Irecognizedtheproblemimmediatelyand【A10】______

whythe

AmericanshadnotstudieduponculturaldifferencebeforecomingtoChina.Itwouldhavesaved

everyonealotofperplexityandneedlessfrustrationintheirnegotiations.

（1）.【A1】______

A.similar

B.familiar

C.opposite

√

D.adverse（2）.【A2】______

A.complimented

√

B.compiled

C.complemented

D.commented（3）.【A3】______

A.praise

B.apologize

√

C.bedisappointed

D.besatisfied（4）.【A4】______

A.eligible

B.illegible

C.suitable

D.edible

√（5）.【A5】______

A.for

B.on

C.by

√

D.in（6）.【A6】______

A.regardfor

B.regardas

C.regardlessof

D.withregardto

√（7）.【A7】______

A.in

√

B.of

C.for

D.on（8）.【A8】______

A.cal