高考英語(yǔ)備考之閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)分析

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中，細(xì)節(jié)理解題的正確項(xiàng)是原文

詞句的同義替換，即對(duì)原文詞句進(jìn)行重新加工，用不同的詞句表達(dá)相

同的意思；而段落主旨題或文章主旨題的正確項(xiàng)要么與段落或文章中

的中心句意思相近，要么包含題干及文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的主題詞、關(guān)鍵詞

或者有抽象意義的詞。

然而，在高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中，為了確保試題的有效性，干擾項(xiàng)

必須起到一定的干擾作用，這樣也使得試題的難度增大。由于干擾項(xiàng)

本身是錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)，無(wú)論它們具有多大的迷惑性，只要考生掌握了它

們的特征，便能夠甄別它們。分析干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置特點(diǎn)可以為我們提供

思考的方向。常見(jiàn)的干擾項(xiàng)具有以下一些特點(diǎn)。

偷梁換柱

干擾項(xiàng)的大部分信息與原文表述一致，只在細(xì)微處與原文信息有

出入，這樣的選項(xiàng)為強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)。其常見(jiàn)設(shè)置手法有：把原文中程度輕

的副詞變成程度重的副詞，把原文中不確定意義的表達(dá)變成肯定和絕

對(duì)化的表達(dá)，把否定看作肯定，把原文中未發(fā)生的事情變成已發(fā)生的

事情，把原文中的因果顛倒、主被動(dòng)關(guān)系顛倒等。

（2023?全國(guó)乙卷）AlthoughlandscapesintheMidwesttendtobe

quitesimilar,eitherfarmfieldsorhighways,sometimesIfinddistinctive

characterinthehillsorlakes.Tomakesomeofmylandscapeshots,!have

traveleduptofourhoursawaytoshootwithina10-minutetimeframe.I

tendtotravelwithafewofmyfriendstostateparksortothe

countrysidetogoonadventuresandtakephotosalongtheway.

Howdoestheauthordealwiththechallengeasalandscape

photographerintheMidwest?

A.Byteamingupwithotherphotographers.

B.Byshootinginthecountrysideorstateparks.

C.Bystudyingthegeographicalconditions.

D.Bycreatingsettingsinthecornfields.

【解析】Bo選項(xiàng)B中的“shoot”是對(duì)原文中的“takephotos”

的替換。選項(xiàng)A為強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，其中的uteamingupwithother

photographers”偷換了原文中的“travelwithafewofmyfriends”。

（2022,全國(guó)乙卷）Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,the

Harrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacyjarebaths,andablanketof

snowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Some

mornings,RosamondandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhouseto

findthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,thesnowwasreplaced

bymudoverice.

Whatcanwelearnaboutthegirlsfromparagraph3?

A.Theyenjoyedmuchrespect.

B.Theyhadaroomwithabathtub.

C.Theylivedwiththelocalkids.

D.Theysufferedseverehardships.

【解析】Do根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可知，女孩們的生活條件非常艱苦。

選項(xiàng)B中的“abathtub”偷換了原文中的“rarebaths”。

例題原文分析

l.WhatisguaranteedforvolunteersinCostaRica?

A.Trainingbeforedeparture.（偷梁換柱）

B.Certificateofparticipation.（|司義轉(zhuǎn)述）

C.Single-roomaccommodation.（偷梁換柱）

D.Hand-pickedtravelcompanions.（偷梁換柱）

原文：

Pre-DepartureGuide一Ourin-depthpre-departureguidewill

havealltheinformationyouneedaboutyourtrip&destination,atyour

fingertips.

DedicatedTripCoordinator-Hand-pickedfromanexperienced

teamwho'vebeenthere,donethatandreadytoguideyouthroughyour

entirejourney.

AccommodationMeals——Relaxinyourshareddorm

accommodationon-site,withfreeWi-Fiandacommunityatmosphere,

andenjoynutritiousCostaRicancuisine.

CertificateofCompletion——Inrecognitionofyourhardworkand

dedicationthroughouttheexperience,anditgoesverywellwithyour

futurer6sum6.

分析：A選項(xiàng)將原文的guide換成了training,二者意思好像差不

多。guide有“導(dǎo)游，向?qū)А钡囊馑迹菀缀汀坝?xùn)練”混淆。實(shí)際上，

原文還有一個(gè)短語(yǔ)“atyourfingertips表明此處的guide應(yīng)該翻譯

成“指南，手冊(cè)”，可以拿在書(shū)上隨時(shí)翻閱查詢。因此，不能將guide

錯(cuò)誤理想成trainingoC選項(xiàng)將原文中的“shareddormaccommodation”

替換成了“single-roomaccommodation更多的學(xué)生會(huì)錯(cuò)選D選項(xiàng)，

沒(méi)有理解companions和coordinator的IX別，前者指旅行團(tuán)的團(tuán)員們，

后者指旅行社的協(xié)調(diào)人員，類似導(dǎo)游。學(xué)生不了解二者差異（況且

companions是復(fù)數(shù)，非coordinator的單數(shù)），看選項(xiàng)的詞匯在原文中

有復(fù)現(xiàn)，意思也差不多就誤選了。當(dāng)然B選項(xiàng)的participation和

completion是否相等呢？一般是完成了全程活動(dòng)，才會(huì)頒發(fā)證書(shū)，表

示參與了某某活動(dòng)，不過(guò)很多學(xué)生搞不清楚，就很糾結(jié)。那么，只能

靠排除另外三個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)再選了。

2.Whatiscrucialfordevelopingstudents'intelligentthought

accordingtothe2019tudy?

A.Intenselabwork.（錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想）

B.Peerpressureandevaluation.（錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想）

C.Academicinteractionwithfellows.（同義轉(zhuǎn)述）

D.Engagementwithexternalsociety.（偷梁換柱）

原文：

Amajorfactorinthegraduatestudents'transformation,Wieman

concluded,wastheirexperienceofintensesocialengagementarounda

bodyofknowledge——thehourstheyspentadvising,debatingwith,

andrecountinganecdotestooneanother.In2019,astudypublishedin

theProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesbackedthisidea.

Trackingtheintellectualadvancementofseveralhundredgraduate

studentsinthesciencesoverthecourseoffouryears,itsauthorsfound

thatthedevelopmentofcrucialskillssuchasgeneratinghypotheses（假

設(shè)），designingexperiments,andanalyzingdatawascloselyrelatedtothe

students'engagementwiththeirpeersinthelab,ratherthanthe

guidancetheyreceivedfromtheirfacultymentors（導(dǎo)師）.

分析：研究生們通過(guò)和同伴們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室提出假設(shè)、設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)、分

析數(shù)據(jù)，培養(yǎng)了重要的技能。所以，文章中的socialengagement指的

是和學(xué)術(shù)上的小伙伴們進(jìn)行交往（Academicinteractionwithfellows）,

而不是和外部社會(huì)人員的交往。D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在external_h,如果改成

internal就可以了。這是典型的偷梁換柱，不過(guò)很多學(xué)生看到social

engagement就高高興興地錯(cuò)選了。

PS:另外，作者還使用了錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想、答非所問(wèn)等方法，效果也還

不錯(cuò)，順便摘錄如下：

答非所問(wèn)

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthegraduatestudentswho

firstjoinedWieman'slab?

A.Limitedinthinking.（同義轉(zhuǎn)述）

B.Resistanttonewideas.

C.Flexibleandearnest.（答非所問(wèn)）

D.Experiencedandcooperative.

原文:

WhenhisPH.D.candidatesenteredthelab,Wiemannoticed,their

habitsofthoughtwerenolessnarrowandrigidthantheundergraduates.

Withinayearortwo,however,thesesamegraduatestudents

transformedintotheflexiblethinkershewastryingsoearnestly,and

unsuccessfully,tocultivate.

分析：學(xué)生沒(méi)有認(rèn)真讀原文，看到復(fù)現(xiàn)的原詞就誤選了?！爱?dāng)博

士研究生進(jìn)入實(shí)驗(yàn)室時(shí),威爾曼注意到，他們的思維方式與本科生差不

多地狹隘和死板。然而僅僅一兩年內(nèi)，這些同樣的研究生就變成了他

所竭盡全力但未能培養(yǎng)出的那樣具有靈活性的思考者」實(shí)際上，

flexible是讀研之后的狀況，earnest是形容導(dǎo)師的狀況，而題干問(wèn)的

是研究生最初的狀況（narrowandrigid）,C是典型的答非所問(wèn)。

錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想

4.HowdidMichaelmakethelargedonation?

A.Heinputanincorrectamount.（同義轉(zhuǎn)述）

B.Heencounteredasystemerror.

C.HewasgreatlyinspiredbyDunan.

D.Heenteredwrongcreditcarddetails.（錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想）

原文：

Michael'screditcardnumberstartedwithfourandone.Clearly,he

accidentallybegantypinghiscreditcardinformationwhilehiscursor（光

標(biāo)）wasstillinthedonationbox.

分析：作者把信用卡開(kāi)頭兩個(gè)數(shù)字錯(cuò)誤地輸入到捐助金額了，因

此是輸入了錯(cuò)誤的金額(inputanincorrectamount),而不是輸入了錯(cuò)

誤的信用卡信息(enteredwrongcreditcarddetails)。如果信用卡信息

出錯(cuò)，也不可能完成轉(zhuǎn)賬交易。簡(jiǎn)而言之，學(xué)生沒(méi)有讀懂文章和選項(xiàng)。

34.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?

A.Therecyclingprocessofplastics.

B.Pollutantscontainedinrecycledplastics.

C.Reasonswhyusersdislikerecycledplastics.

D.Contributingfactorstolowplasticrecyclingrates.

原文：

Whilemanyplasticshavethepotentialtoberecycled,mostare

notbecausetheprocessiscostly,complicatedandtheresultingproduct

ofalowerqualitythantheoriginal.Despiterisingdemandforrecycled

plastic,fewwastecompaniesturnaprofit.Partofthisisbecausevirgin

plastic-linkedtooilprices——isoftencheaperthanrecycledplastic,

meaningthereislittleeconomicincentivetouseit.Worseyet,muchof

ourplasticwasteisdifficulttorecycle.Lightweightfoodpackaging,likea

mozzarellapacket,containsdifferentplastics,dyesandtoxicadditives

(添力口劑).Thisdirtymixmeansplasticrecycledthroughmechanical

methods-themostcommonform-canonlybemelteddownand

mouldedagainacoupleoftimesbeforeitbecomestoofragiletobe

reused.Andthenatureoftheprocessmeansplasticrecyclinghasa

carbonfootprintofitsown.

分析：該段主要是分析了塑料回收困難的原因。部分學(xué)生看到C

選項(xiàng)含有關(guān)鍵詞reasons,不認(rèn)真分析該句的意思，被作者使用的錯(cuò)

誤聯(lián)想這一干擾手段欺騙了。D選項(xiàng)“導(dǎo)致塑料回收率低的因素”，

就是對(duì)“原因”的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。

綜上可知，在閱讀命題的過(guò)程中，干擾項(xiàng)可以通過(guò)“偷梁換柱”

“答非所問(wèn)”“錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想”等方式進(jìn)行設(shè)置，考查學(xué)生找準(zhǔn)出處，進(jìn)

行比較，同義轉(zhuǎn)述的能力。多了解分析錯(cuò)題，對(duì)我們的原創(chuàng)命題大有

裨益！

張冠李戴

選項(xiàng)都是原文的信息，但此類干擾項(xiàng)信息錯(cuò)位，弄錯(cuò)事實(shí)與對(duì)象。

如果同學(xué)們閱讀不仔細(xì)，就很容易理解和判斷錯(cuò)誤。

（2022?北京卷）Peer（同伴）AssistedStudySessions（PASS）isa

peer-facilitatedlearningprogrammeavailabletostudentsenrolled（注冊(cè)）

inmostcoreunitsofstudyinourbusinessschool.OPASSinvolvesweekly

sessionswhereyouworkingroupstotacklespeciallypreparedproblem

sets,basedaroundaunitofstudyyou'reenrolledin.OPASSdoesn't

re-teachordelivernewcontent.lt?sanopportunitytodeepenyour

understandingofthekeypointsfromlecturematerialswhileyouare

applyingyourskillstosolveproblems.OYouworkinteractivelywithyour

peers.Asapeergroup,youdecidewhatiscoveredineachsession.That

way,PASSdirectlyrespondstoyourneedsandfeedback.

InPASS,students.

A.attendnewlectures

B.decidetheirownschedulesO

C.prepareproblemsetsingroups

D.usetheirskillstosolveproblems

【解析】D。根據(jù)“PASSdoesn'tre-teachordelivernew

content...whileyouareapplyingyourskillstosolveproblems.“口J知，在

PASS中，學(xué)生們是運(yùn)用他們的技能來(lái)解決問(wèn)題的。選項(xiàng)C把原文中

的“（學(xué)生）workingroups”和“（PASS）preparedproblemsets”的行為

者混淆了。

（2022?全國(guó)甲卷）Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthe

sametimehasitsattractions.!consideredthiswhenImetathoughtful

youngbusinessmannamedAnthony.uManypeoplesaythatwelack

cultureinthiscountry,“hetoldme.uWhatpeopleforgetisthatthe

Italians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2,000yearsoftheir

culture,theGreekssome3,000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We've

gotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamism

ofayoungcountry.lt?saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”

Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?

A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.

B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.

C.Modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.

0.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.

【解析】Ao該段的主題句是"Ontheotherhand,beingyoungand

oldatthesametimehasitsattractions.選項(xiàng)B為強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，偷換了

原文中的"We'vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwitha

driveanddynamismofayoungcountry.

無(wú)中生有

干擾項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了原文沒(méi)有提到或推導(dǎo)不出的信息。

（2023?全國(guó)乙卷）Whatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkof

Britishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwo

vegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteresting?EventhoughBritain

hasareputationforlessthan-impressivecuisinejtisproducingmoretop

classchefswhoappearfrequentlyonourtelevisionscreensandwhose

recipebooksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.

WhatdopeopleusuallythinkofBritishfood?

A.Itissimpleandplain.

B.ltisrichinnutrition.

C.ltlacksauthentictastes.

D.ltdeservesahighreputation.

【解析】A。根據(jù)“fishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwo

vegetablesn及uless-than-impressivecuisineM可知。選項(xiàng)B和C未提

及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

（2022?全國(guó)乙卷）Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalso

startprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsinthe

railorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperform

thesetaskszdronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineers

arenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywill

bemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorun

autonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAland

travellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirability

toseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrains

wouldbeabletoreactintime.

Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?

A.Toprovideearlywarning.

B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.

C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.

D.Toacceleratetransportation.

【解析】A0根據(jù)“Byusingthelatesttechnologies...beforetheycan

causeanysafetyproblems.,,可知。選項(xiàng)C為無(wú)中生有。

以偏概全

在概括文章的中心思想、段落大意或在選擇文章的最佳標(biāo)題時(shí)，

干擾項(xiàng)總是以偏概全。同學(xué)們?nèi)绻荒芡耆盐罩黝}意義，就會(huì)把文

章中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨，把片面的、次要的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成主要觀點(diǎn)，把

某一段的主旨當(dāng)作文章的主旨。

（2023?新課標(biāo)I卷）Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhen

peoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeople

willtendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughof

theseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resulting

inamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethe

sameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmore

technicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimates

beindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecome

correlatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Themethodsofestimation.

B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.

D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.

【解析】Bo本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應(yīng)這一現(xiàn)象的基本

邏輯。選項(xiàng)A和C在原文中雖有提及，但只是片面的、次要的信息，

且表達(dá)也和原文內(nèi)容不符。

（2021?全國(guó)乙卷）You'veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans

-between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemsevery

year.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?Artist

BenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassive

sculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheir

relationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.

Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Artists?

opinionsonplasticsafety

B.Mediainterestincontemporaryart

C.Responsibilitydemandedofbigcompanies

D.Oceanplasticstransformedintosculptures

【解析】Do通讀全文，尤其是文章的開(kāi)頭段可知，文章講述的

是藝術(shù)家BenjaminVonWong通過(guò)收集使用過(guò)的塑料吸管進(jìn)行藝術(shù)創(chuàng)

造，警示