1中國打擊野生動(dòng)植物非

法貿(mào)

易

最佳

實(shí)踐TheBestPracticesinCombatingIllegalWildlifeTradeinChina2025WWF目錄CONTENTS前言FOREWORD

04第一章

法律法規(guī)CHAPTER1LEGALANDREGULATORYFRAMEWORK06第二章

執(zhí)法CHAPTER2LAWENFORCEMENT

08第三章

科技賦能CHAPTER3SCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYEMPOWERMENT15第四章國際合作CHAPTER4INTERNATIONALCOOPERATION

19第五章

公眾教育CHAPTER5PUBLICEDUCATION

26第六章社會(huì)參與CHAPTER6

SOCIALPARTICIPATION

29第七章

案例研究CHAPTER7

CASESTUDIES38第八章挑戰(zhàn)與展望CHAPTER8CHALLENGESANDPROSPECTS

49?

Martin

Harvey/WWF3打擊野生動(dòng)植物非法貿(mào)易，特別是國際貿(mào)易，是保護(hù)野生動(dòng)植物的重要措施和國際合作的重要內(nèi)容。中國成功保護(hù)藏羚（Pantholops

hodgsonii）、大熊貓（Ailuropoda

melano

leuca）和朱鹮（Nipponia

nippon）的實(shí)踐表明，對(duì)一個(gè)物種的有效保護(hù)，必須堅(jiān)持保護(hù)優(yōu)先、源頭治理，嚴(yán)格保護(hù)其棲息地，依法嚴(yán)厲打擊盜獵和棲息地破壞行為；同時(shí)強(qiáng)化對(duì)非法貿(mào)易鏈條的打擊，減少非法消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)，構(gòu)建“源頭國-中轉(zhuǎn)國-目的國”的全鏈條打非合作機(jī)制?！吨袊驌粢吧鷦?dòng)植物非法貿(mào)易最佳實(shí)踐》(以下簡稱《最佳實(shí)踐》)凝練概括了中國政府、企業(yè)、社會(huì)組織在該領(lǐng)域的協(xié)同行動(dòng)，系統(tǒng)總結(jié)可復(fù)制、可推廣的中國經(jīng)驗(yàn)，倡議世界各國攜手強(qiáng)化野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)，打擊野生動(dòng)植物非法貿(mào)易，擴(kuò)大交流合作，共同遏制全球生物多樣性喪失和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化，共建人與自然和諧共生的美好未來?！蹲罴褜?shí)踐》由世界自然基金會(huì)(WWF)組織編寫，國家林業(yè)和草原局野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)司、國家林業(yè)和草原局野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)監(jiān)測(cè)中心、國家林業(yè)和草原局國際合作交流中心、中國野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)、打擊網(wǎng)絡(luò)野生動(dòng)植物非法貿(mào)易全球互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)聯(lián)盟和可持續(xù)旅行聯(lián)盟成員企業(yè)、國際愛護(hù)動(dòng)物基金會(huì)（IFAW），

野生救援（WildAid），國際野生生物保護(hù)學(xué)會(huì)（WCS），國際野生物貿(mào)易研究組織（TRAFFIC）等組織給予大力支持。采用的案例和數(shù)據(jù)由相關(guān)部門和機(jī)構(gòu)提供，或來自新聞媒體報(bào)道。前言FOREWORD?GeorgeChan//WWF4THEBEST

PRACTICES

IN

COMBATING

ILLEGALWILDLIFETRADEIN

CHINAThe

Best

Practices

in

Combating

Illegal

Wildlife

Trade

in

China(hereinafterreferredtoastheBest

Practices)summarizesthecollaborativeactionsoftheChinesegovernment,enterprises,andcivilsociety

organizations

inthisfield.

ItsystematicallydistillsChina’s

replicableandscalableexperiences,

and

calls

onall

countries

to

work

together

to

strengthen

wildlife

protection,combat

illegal

wildlife

trade,enhance

communication

and

cooperation,and

jointly

curbglobal

biodiversity

lossandecosystemdegradation—towardasharedfuturewhere

humanityand

naturecoexistin

harmony.The

Best

Practices

wascompiled

bytheWorldWide

Fundfor

Nature(WWF),with

strong

support

from

the

Department

of

Wildlife

Protection,

NationalForestryandGrasslandAdministration(NFGA),Wildlife

Protection

Monitoring

Center,

National

ForestryandGrasslandAdministration(NFGA),

International

Cooperationand

ExchangeCenter,

National

ForestryandGrasslandAdministration(NFGA),theChinaWildlifeConservationAssociation(CWCA),membercompaniesoftheGlobalCoalitionto

EndWildlifeTraffickingOnlineandtheSustainableTravelAlliance,the

International

FundforAnimalWelfare

(IFAW),WildAid,theWildlifeConservationSociety

(WCS),andTRAFFIC.Thecasesanddata

presentedinthis

publicationwere

provided

bythe

relevantdepartmentsandorganizationsinvolvedorsourcedfrom

media

reports.Combating

illegal

trade

in

wildlife—particularly

international

wildlifetrafficking—is

notonlyacrucial

measurefor

protectingendangeredspeciesbutalsoa

keycomponentofglobalconservation

cooperation.

China’ssuccessfulconservationeffortsforspeciessuchastheTibetan

antelope(Pantholops

hodgsonii),thegiant

panda

(Ailuropodamelano

leuca),andthecrestedibis(Nippon

ia

nippon)demonstratethat

effectivespeciesprotection

requiresafocuson

bothsafeguarding

habitatsandaddressingthe

rootcausesofthreats.Thisincludesstrict

habitat

protectionand

rigorousenforcement

against

poaching

and

habitat

destruction.Concurrently,it

isvital

to

strengthen

actions

targeting

the

entire

illegal

wildlife

trade

chain,reduceillicit

marketdemand,andestablisha

comprehensive

“source–transit–destination”collaborative

framework

to

combat

wildlife

trafficking

across

allstagesofthetrade.?WWF5第一章

法律法規(guī)CHAPTER1LEGALANDREGULATORYFRAMEWORK1.1對(duì)野生動(dòng)植物實(shí)行全方位法律保護(hù)Comprehensive

Legal

Protection

for

Wildlife中國政府堅(jiān)持“保護(hù)優(yōu)先、規(guī)范利用、嚴(yán)格監(jiān)管”的基本原則，持續(xù)健全與野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)相關(guān)的違法犯罪的防范與懲戒措施，形成了以《中華人民共和國野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)法》《中華人民共和國瀕危野生動(dòng)植物進(jìn)出口管理?xiàng)l例》為主體，《中華人民共和國刑法》和其它相關(guān)法律為支撐，有關(guān)司法解釋、部門規(guī)章和其它規(guī)范性文件為補(bǔ)充的野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)法律體系。在中國，野生動(dòng)植物犯罪根據(jù)犯罪情節(jié)不同量刑不同，情節(jié)特別嚴(yán)重的處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處罰款以及沒收非法標(biāo)本、非法所得甚至個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)。The

Chinese

government

upholds

the

core

principles

of“prioritizing

protection,

ensuring

regulated

utilization,

and

enforcing

strict

oversight.”It

has

consistently

strengthened

both

preventive

and

punitive

measures

to

combat

wildlife-

related

crimes.

Over

time,

China

has

developed

a

comprehensive

legal

framework,

centered

around

key

laws

such

as

the

Wildlife

Protection

Law

of

the

People’s

Republic

of

China,the

Regulations

on

the

Administration

of

theImport

and

Export

of

Endangered

Wild

Fauna

and

Flora,

andthe

Regulations

on

the

Protection

ofWildPlants.This

legalframework

is

further

reinforced

by

the

CriminalLaw

of

thePeople’sRepublic

of

China

and

other

relevant

legislation,

withjudicial

interpretations,departmental

regulations,andadditional

normativedocumentsserving

as

crucial

supplements.In

China,

penalties

for

wildlife-related

crimes

are

scaled

according

to

the

severity

ofthe

offense.

In

particularly

serious

cases,offenders

mayfacefixed-term

imprisonmentofover

ten

years,

or

even

life

imprisonment,

in

addition

to

fines

and

theconfiscationofillegalspecimens,

proceeds,and,

in

some

instances,

personal

property.中國野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)方面的法律法規(guī)Lawsand

Regulationsonthe

ProtectionofWild

Faunaand

Florain

China中華人民共和國瀕危野生動(dòng)植物進(jìn)出口管理?xiàng)l例中華人民共和國野生植物保護(hù)條例中華人民共和國野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)法中華人民共和國刑

法6THEBEST

PRACTICES

IN

COMBATING

ILLEGALWILDLIFETRADEIN

CHINA1.2普遍實(shí)施更為嚴(yán)格的管理措施ImplementationofStricterManagementMeasures中國政府建立了野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)主管部門審批、CITES科學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)咨詢?cè)u(píng)估、CITES管理機(jī)構(gòu)核發(fā)證書、海關(guān)憑證查驗(yàn)放行、公安和海關(guān)打擊走私的履行CITES體制；

實(shí)施比公約規(guī)定更為嚴(yán)厲的國內(nèi)管理措施，將非原產(chǎn)中國的CITES附錄I、II動(dòng)物物種分別核準(zhǔn)為中國國家一級(jí)、二級(jí)保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物，對(duì)CITES附錄II、III物種的進(jìn)口也實(shí)行允許進(jìn)口證明書管理制度；嚴(yán)格禁止出售、收購、運(yùn)輸、攜帶、郵寄、進(jìn)出口犀牛和虎及其制品，全面停止商業(yè)性加工銷售及進(jìn)口象牙及其制品活動(dòng)，全面禁止食用陸生野生動(dòng)物，全面禁止以食用為目的的獵捕、交易和運(yùn)輸陸生野生動(dòng)物和國家重點(diǎn)保護(hù)水生野生動(dòng)物。The

Chinese

government

has

established

a

robust

system

for

implementing

the

Convention

on

International

Trade

in

Endangered

Species

of

Wild

Fauna

and

Flora

(CITES),

involving

multiple

authorities.

This

system

includes

approval

by

relevant

wildlife

conservation

departments,

scientific

assessments

and

advice

from

CITES

scientific

authorities,

certification

by

CITES

management

authorities,

customs

inspection

and

clearance

based

on

valid

documentation,

and

coordinatedanti-smugglingenforcement

by

publicsecurityand

customs

agencies.

China

enforces

domestic

regulations

thatareevenstricterthanthe

requirements

underthe

CITES

Convention.

Non-native

species

listed

in

CITESAppendices

I

and

II

are

classified

as

First

Class

andSecond

Class

Nationally

ProtectedWildAnimals,

respectively,

under

Chinese

law.

Forspecies

listed

inCITESAppendices

IIand

III,Chinaalso

implements

an

import

permitsystemto

regulate

imports.?Martin

Harvey/WWF72.1

建立完備的保護(hù)管理和執(zhí)法隊(duì)伍EstablishingaComprehensiveManagementandEnforcementSystemofWildlifeProtection中國政府建立起由林草、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村、市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管、公安、海關(guān)、海警等部門組成的野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)管理與執(zhí)法隊(duì)伍體系，對(duì)野外動(dòng)植物資源保護(hù)、人工繁育、市場(chǎng)經(jīng)營、國內(nèi)運(yùn)輸寄遞、進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易等實(shí)行全鏈條監(jiān)管，全方位打擊破壞野生動(dòng)植物違法犯罪行為。縣級(jí)以上人民政府動(dòng)植物保護(hù)管理執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)和隊(duì)伍健全，上下貫通、橫向連通，形成了網(wǎng)絡(luò)。The

Chinese

government

has

established

an

integrated

system

of

wildlife

protection,

management,

and

law

enforcement,

coordinating

the

efforts

of

multiple

agencies,

including

the

departments

responsible

for

forestry

and

grassland,

agriculture

and

rural

affairs,

market

regulation,

public

security,

customs,

and

the

coast

guard.

This

interdepartmental

framework

ensures

comprehensive,

full-chain

supervision,

covering

the

protection

ofwild

species

in

their

natural

habitats,artificial

breeding,

marketoperations,domestictransportationand

delivery,

as

well

as

imports

and

exports.This

enables

coordinated,

all-encompassing

action

against

wildlife-related

crimes.

Wildlife

protection

and

law

enforcement

institutions

and

teams

have

been

established

and

strengthened

at

the

county

level

and

above,

creating

a

verticallycoordinatedand

horizontallyconnectedenforcement

networkacross

jurisdictions.中國野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)執(zhí)法監(jiān)督隊(duì)伍體系China'senforcementandsupervisionsystemforwildlifeprotection市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管部門MarketRegulationAuthorities第二章

執(zhí)法CHAPTER2LAWENFORCEMENT公安部食品藥品犯罪偵查局FoodandDrugCrimeInvestigationBureauoftheMinistryofPublicSecurity海關(guān)總署緝私局Anti-SmugglingBureau

of

the

GeneralAdministrationofCustoms國家市場(chǎng)監(jiān)督管理總局State

Administration

forMarketRegulation國家林草局NationalForestryandGrasslandAdministration刑事執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)CriminalLawEnforcementAgencies農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部MinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairs8THEBEST

PRACTICES

IN

COMBATING

ILLEGALWILDLIFETRADEIN

CHINA行政主管部門Administrative

Authorities中國海警局

ChinaCoastGuard2016年，國務(wù)院辦公廳批準(zhǔn)建立了由國家林業(yè)和草原局牽頭，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、外交部、公安部、交通運(yùn)輸部、海關(guān)總署、中央網(wǎng)信辦等22個(gè)部門和單位參加的“打擊野生動(dòng)植物非法貿(mào)易部際聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度”，當(dāng)前已擴(kuò)大至27個(gè)部門和單位。地方各級(jí)政府也陸續(xù)建立了相關(guān)聯(lián)席會(huì)議制度。In

2016,

the

State

Council

of

China

approved

the

creation

of

anInter-Ministerial

Joint

Conference

System

to

Combat

Illegal

WildlifeTrade,

led

by

the

National

Forestry

and

GrasslandAdministration(NFGA).This

system

involves

22

departments

and

organizations,

including

the

Ministry

ofAgriculture

and

RuralAffairs,

the

Ministry

of

Foreign

Affairs,

the

Ministry

of

Public

Security,

the

Ministry

of

Transport,

the

General

Administration

of

Customs,

and

theCyberspace

Administration

of

China.

This

system

has

since

expanded

to

include27departments

and

organizations.

At

the

locallevel,

governments

at

various

administrative

tiers

have

gradually

established

similarjoint

conference

mechanisms

to

enhance

coordination

and

enforcement.In

2011,

China’s

CITES

Management

Authority

ledthee

stablishmentofthenational

Int

erdep

ar

tmentalCITESEnforc

ement

Coordination

Task

Force,

which

includes

relevant

divisions

fromnine

departments,

such

as

forestry

and

grassland,

agriculture,

customs,public

security,

culture

and

tourism,

marketregulation,

coast

guard,

and

postal

services.

By

2013,

all

31

provinces,

autonomous

regions,

and

municipalities

had

set

up

their

own

provincial-

level

interdepartmental

CITES

enforcement

coordination

task

forces.

This

national

task

force

was

recognized

for

its

successful

coordination

of

several

Cobras

international

operationsand

received

commendation

certificates

from

the

CITES

Secretariat

for

three

consecutive

years-2012,2013,and

2014.2011年，由國家瀕管辦牽頭的國家“部門間CITES執(zhí)法工作協(xié)調(diào)小組”成立，成員包括林草、農(nóng)業(yè)、海關(guān)、公安、文旅、市場(chǎng)、海警、郵政等8個(gè)部門的相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)司局。2013年全國31個(gè)省、自治區(qū)、直轄市也分別建立了省級(jí)部門間

CITES執(zhí)法工作協(xié)調(diào)小組。該協(xié)調(diào)小組因成功組織開展眼鏡蛇系列國際打擊行動(dòng)，于2012、2013、2014年連續(xù)三年獲得CITES秘書長表彰證書。2012年前公約秘書長約翰?斯甘倫向前國家林業(yè)局副局長印紅頒發(fā)表彰證In

2012,

the

former

CITES

Secretary-General

John

Scanlon

awarded

a

commendationcertificatetoYin

Hong,then

Deputy

Directoroftheformer

State

ForestryAdministration,in

recognitionofhercontributions2.2強(qiáng)化部門協(xié)調(diào)執(zhí)法機(jī)制StrengtheningInteragencyCoordinationandEnforcementMechanisms9●

The

Chinese

government

has

established

a

five

-

tier

Forest

Chief

System

at

the

provincial,

municipal,county,

township,

and

village

levels.

Senior

officials

from

local

party

committees

and

governments

serve

as

Forest

Chiefs,

tasked

with

overseeing

the

protection

and

sustainable

development

offorests

andwildlife

resourceswithin

theirjurisdictions,

including

preventing

illegal

hunting

and

wildlife

trafficking.

As

ofJuly

2022,

nearly

1.2

million

Forest

Chiefs

have

been

appointed

across

all

administrative

levels

nationwide.●

The

Ecological

Forest

Ranger

System

has

beenimplemented

in

22

provinces,

autonomous

regions,and

municipalities,

primarily

in

central

and

western

China.

Ecological

Forest

Rangers

are

responsible

for

promoting

awareness

of

wildlife

protection

laws

and

regulations,

patrolling

forests,

wetlands,

and

areasaffected

by

desertification

within

their

management

zones,

and

preventing

or

reporting

illegal

hunting

andtheunauthorized

collection

of

wild

plants.

By

the

end

of2020,a

total

of

1.102

million

local

residents

had

been

appointedas

Ecological

Forest

Rangers,withthe

program

receivingacumulative

allocation

of20.1billion

RMB

in

funding.●

The

National

Forestry

and

Grassland

Administration,

in

collaboration

with

several

provincial

and

municipalgovernments,

has

established

reward

schemes

thatclearly

outline

the

scope

and

standards

for

reporting

wildlife-relatedcrimes.●

The

China

Wildlife

Conservation

Association

hasestablishedavolunteer

mechanismforwildlife

protection,

encouraging

volunteers

to

play

an

active

rolein

safeguardingwildspecies.●

In

2025,

the

Ministry

of

Public

Security

officiallyla

unc

hed

theNationalPlatfo

rmforReporting

Environmental,

Resource,

and

Food

&

Drug-Related

Crimes,enablingthe

publicto

promptlyand

legally

report

on

illegalwildlifetradeto

lawenforcementauthorities.●

中國政府構(gòu)建了省、市、縣、鄉(xiāng)、村五級(jí)林長體系，明確由地方各級(jí)黨委政府主要負(fù)責(zé)同志擔(dān)任林長，負(fù)責(zé)保護(hù)發(fā)展本行政區(qū)域的森林和野生動(dòng)植物資源，包括防范非法獵捕、交易野生動(dòng)物活動(dòng)的發(fā)生。截止2022年7月，全國共有各級(jí)林長近120萬名?！裨谥形鞑?2個(gè)?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）

實(shí)施“生態(tài)護(hù)林員”制度，

賦予生態(tài)護(hù)林員宣傳野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)相關(guān)法律法規(guī)以及對(duì)管護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)森林、濕地、沙化土地等資源進(jìn)行日常巡護(hù)并制止、報(bào)告所發(fā)現(xiàn)的亂捕濫獵野生動(dòng)物、亂采濫挖野生植物等行為的職責(zé)。截至2020年底，累計(jì)選聘

110.2萬當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駬?dān)任生態(tài)護(hù)林員，累計(jì)安排生態(tài)護(hù)林員資金201億元?！?/p>

國家林業(yè)和草原局及部分省市人民政府制訂獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)辦法，明確了舉報(bào)涉野生動(dòng)物犯罪行為的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)范圍和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！?/p>

中國野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)建立保護(hù)野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)志愿者機(jī)制，鼓勵(lì)志愿者在保護(hù)野生動(dòng)植物方面發(fā)揮積極作用?！?/p>

2025年，公安部正式上線“全國環(huán)境資源和食品藥品犯罪線索舉報(bào)平臺(tái)”，公眾可通過該舉報(bào)平臺(tái)，依法及時(shí)向公安機(jī)關(guān)舉報(bào)涉及非法野生動(dòng)植物貿(mào)易犯罪線索。2.3

完善執(zhí)法支撐EnhancingLawEnforcementSupport中國全面推行林長制、生態(tài)護(hù)林員制度、義務(wù)監(jiān)督員制度和有獎(jiǎng)舉報(bào)制度Chinahascomprehensivelyimplementedthe

ForestChiefSystem,the

Ecological

Forest

RangerSystem,theVolunteerSupervisorSystem,anda

Reward-Based

ReportingSystem10THEBESTPRACTICESINCOMBATINGILLEGALWILDLIFETRADEINCHINA2.4開展專項(xiàng)打擊行動(dòng)ConductingTargetedEnforcementOperations在發(fā)揮各部門職能作用、強(qiáng)化日常監(jiān)管基礎(chǔ)上，各部門還聯(lián)合開展了清風(fēng)行動(dòng)、網(wǎng)盾行動(dòng)、昆侖行動(dòng)、國門利劍行動(dòng)、“護(hù)衛(wèi)”和保護(hù)海洋生物專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)等一系列的專項(xiàng)執(zhí)法行動(dòng)。強(qiáng)化部門協(xié)作、全面監(jiān)管、打防結(jié)合等工作機(jī)制，多措并舉、全鏈條打擊，有效遏制了破壞野生動(dòng)植物資源違法犯罪行為，加固野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。Leveragingthe

functional

roles

ofvarious

departments

and

strengthening

routine

oversight,

a

series

ofspecialized

law

enforcement

operations

have

been

jointly

launched.These

include

Operation

Qingfeng,

OperationWangdun,

Operation

Kunlun,

Operation

NationalSword,

Operation

Guardian,

andtargeted

campaignsforthe

protection

of

marine

life.These

initiatives

have

enhanced

interdepartmental

collaboration,

comprehensive

supervision,

and

a

combined

enforcement-

prevention

approach.

By

implementing

a

range

of

measures

across

the

entire

trade

chain,

these

operations

have

successfully

curtailed

illegal

activities

detrimental

to

wildlife

and

plant

resources,

thereby

reinforcing

the

national

networkforwildlifeand

plant

protection.保護(hù)鳥類活動(dòng)和專項(xiàng)打擊行動(dòng)BirdConservationand

Law

EnforcementOperation2025年，

國家林草局聯(lián)合公安部等16部門在全國范圍內(nèi)開展為期三年的保護(hù)鳥類活動(dòng)和專項(xiàng)打擊行動(dòng)，重點(diǎn)包括保護(hù)鳥類活動(dòng)、專項(xiàng)打擊行動(dòng)和宣傳教育三項(xiàng)任務(wù)。通過多部門協(xié)同作戰(zhàn)，加強(qiáng)鳥類保護(hù)的監(jiān)測(cè)，快速查處非法捕獵販賣鳥類團(tuán)伙，堅(jiān)決打擊張網(wǎng)捕鳥等亂捕濫獵和網(wǎng)下網(wǎng)上非法交易鳥類行為，實(shí)現(xiàn)野外巡護(hù)、銷售、運(yùn)輸?shù)榷喹h(huán)節(jié)、全鏈條嚴(yán)格監(jiān)管，形成全社會(huì)共同參與鳥類保護(hù)的良好氛圍。In

2025,

NFGA,

in

collaboration

with

the

Ministry

of

Public

Security

and

16

other

departments,

will

launch

a

three-

year

nationwide

bird

conservation

and

law

enforcement

operation.This

initiativewill

focus

on

bird

protection

activities,

targeted

enforcement

actions,

and

public

education.

Through

coordinated

multi-agency

efforts,

the

operation

will

enhance

monitoring

of

bird

populations,

expedite

investigations

into

illegal

hunting

and

trafficking

networks,

and

take

decisive

action

against

illegal

bird

trapping,

poaching,

and

both

online

and

offline

wildlife

trafficking.

The

objective

is

to

enforce

strict

oversight

across

all

stages—field

patrols,

sales,

and

transportation—while

fostering

a

broad

societal

commitmentto

birdconservation.清風(fēng)行動(dòng)&網(wǎng)盾行動(dòng)OperationQingfeng&OperationWangdun國家林草局聯(lián)合農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部等10部門自2021年起每年開展“清風(fēng)行動(dòng)”，全鏈條打擊整治破壞野生動(dòng)植物資源違法犯罪；國家林草局聯(lián)合中央網(wǎng)信辦等7部門自2022年起每年開展“網(wǎng)盾行動(dòng)”，重點(diǎn)打擊網(wǎng)絡(luò)非法交易。Since

2021,

the

NFGA,

in

cooperation

with

the

Ministry

ofAgriculture

and

Rural

Affairs

and10

other

departments,

has

annually

conducted

Operation

Qingfeng,

targeting

illegal

wildlife

and

plant

crimes

across

the

full

trade

chain.

Since

2022,

the

NFGA,

in

partnership

with

the

CyberspaceAdministration

of

China

and

seven

other

departments,

has

launchedOperationWangduneachyear,focusingoncurbing

illegal

onlinewildlife

trade.11昆侖行動(dòng)OperationKunlun中國公安部門連續(xù)組織開展“昆侖行動(dòng)”，先后偵破了四川雅安“12.3”（涉案川金絲猴

18只、小熊貓17只）、山東日照“6.20”（涉案鸚鵡螺2

件、虎斑寶貝

650

件）等一批大要案件，摧毀了一大批犯罪窩點(diǎn)、犯罪網(wǎng)絡(luò)、犯罪團(tuán)伙，依法嚴(yán)懲了一大

批犯罪分子。The

Ministry

of

Public

Security

has

carried

out

Operation

Kunlun

over

severalyears,

successfully

dismantling

major

wildlifecrime

networks.

Notable

cases

include

the

"12.3"

operation

in

Ya'an,

Sichuan

(involving

18Tibetan

macaques

and

17

redpandas),and

the"6.20"operation

in

Rizhao,Shandong

(involving2

specimens

of

nautilus

and

650tiger

cowrie

shells).Theseoperations

have

led

to

the

destruction

of

numerous

criminal

hideouts

and

networks

and

the

severe

prosecution

of

offenders.持續(xù)加大對(duì)海上非法獵捕、交易、走私瀕危野生動(dòng)植物違法犯罪行為打擊力度Continuously

Intensified

EffortstoCombat

Illegal

Fishing,Trade,andSmugglingofEndangered

MarineSpecies中國海警局持續(xù)加大對(duì)海上非法獵捕、交易、走私瀕危野生動(dòng)物違法犯罪行為打擊和監(jiān)管力度。近些年來共查獲危害珍貴、瀕危野生動(dòng)物案和走私珍貴動(dòng)物制品案件60余起，抓獲涉案人員350余人，查扣紅珊瑚、硨磲等百余公斤。The

China

Coast

Guard

has

continuously

intensified

efforts

to

combat

illegal

fishing,

trade,

and

smuggling

of

endangered

marine

species.

In

recentyears,

over

60

cases

involving

endangered

marine

species

and

smuggled

animal

products

have

been

seized,

resulting

in

the

arrest

of

over

350

individuals

and

the

confiscation

of

more

than

100

kilogramsofredcoral,giant

clams,

and

othervaluable

marinewildlife

products.The

China

Customs

Anti-Smuggling

Department

has

launched

continuous“Guardian”SpecialOperationstargetingthesmugglingof

endangered

species

and

their

products,

including

ivory,

rhino

horn,

and

pangolin

scales.

These

coordinated

operations

have

led

to

the

dismantling

of

major

smuggling

rings,

such

as

those

involved

in

the

"7.5,"

"1.17,"

and

"Zhongcheng

1905"

cases

.

As

a

result

of

rigorous

enforcement,

the

volume

of

smuggled

endangered

species

has

dramatically

decreased,

from

a

peak

of

9.2tons

of

ivory

in2019to

just

over

100

kilograms

in

recent

years.

These

efforts

have

garneredwidespread

international

recognition,

with

Ms.

Joyce

Msuya,

Assistant

Secretary-General

of

the

United

Nations,

commending

China

for

setting

an

exemplary

global

standard.打擊瀕危物種走私“護(hù)衛(wèi)”專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)“Guardian”SpecialOperationsTargetingtheSmugglingofEndangeredSpeciesandTheirProducts中國海關(guān)緝私部門近年來連續(xù)發(fā)起打擊瀕危物種走私“護(hù)衛(wèi)”專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)，統(tǒng)一指揮開展多次針對(duì)象牙、犀牛角、穿山甲鱗片等瀕危物種及其制品走私違法活動(dòng)，先后破獲“7.5”“1.17”“忠誠

1905”等走私大案。通過嚴(yán)厲打擊，中國走私象牙等瀕危物種案件大幅減少，從2019年最高峰的9.2噸下降到近年來的100多公斤，打擊成果獲得國際社會(huì)廣泛認(rèn)同，聯(lián)合國助理秘書長喬伊斯女士盛贊“中國為全世界做出了榜樣”。12THEBESTPRACTICESINCOMBATINGILLEGALWILDLIFETRADEINCHINA2.5

罰沒物品處置DispositionofConfiscatedItems中國政府持續(xù)完善執(zhí)法罰沒野生動(dòng)物及其制品處置相關(guān)配套制度，全力支持基層執(zhí)法部門辦理野生動(dòng)植物案件?，F(xiàn)階段，對(duì)執(zhí)法罰沒野生動(dòng)物及其制品以放歸野外、返還原產(chǎn)國、收容救護(hù)活體、制品移交主管部門、調(diào)撥、保管封存、無害化處理等多種方式進(jìn)行處置。The

Chinese

government

has

continuously

improved

the

supporting

systems

for

the

disposition

of

wildlife

specimens

and

productsconfiscatedthrough

lawenforcement,

providingfullsupportto

grassroots

enforcement

agencies

handling

such

cases.

Currently,

confiscatedwildlife

andtheir

products

are

managedthroughvarious

measures,

including

release

into

the

wild,

repatriation

to

the

country

of

origin,

rescue

and

rehabilitation

of

live

specimens,

transfer

of

products

to

competentauthorities,allocation,securestorage,and

safe

disposal.2014

年1

月6日，中國政府在廣東省公開銷毀6100

千克執(zhí)法罰沒的象牙。2014

年5

月15日，中國香港特別行政區(qū)政府公開銷毀1000千克罰沒象牙。2015年5月29

日，中國政府在北京公開銷毀了660

千克罰沒象牙。中國三次公開銷毀非法象牙及其制品，表明中國政府堅(jiān)決打擊象牙非法貿(mào)易的決心和實(shí)際行動(dòng)。On

6

January

2014,

the

Chinese

government

publicly

destroyed

6,100

kilograms

of

ivory

confiscated

through

law

enforcement

in

Guangdong

Province.

On

15

May2014,

the

Hong

Kong

Special

Administrative

Region

governmentpublicly

destroyed1,000kilogramsof

confiscated

ivory.

On

29

May

2015,

the

Chinese

government

publicly

destroyed

over

660

kilograms

of

confiscated

ivory

in

Beijing.

These

three

public

ivory

destructions

highlight

the

Chinese

government’s

firm

commitment

and

practical

actions

to

combat

the

illegal

ivorytrade.2014

年8

月18日，中國政府向巴基斯坦政府移交中國喀什海關(guān)同年6

月13日截獲和罰沒的204只走私黑池龜（Geoclemys

hamiltoni

）

，這是中國首次將活體瀕危動(dòng)物返還來源國。On

18August

2014,

the

Chinese

government

repatriated

204smuggled

blackpondturtles(Geoclemyshamiltoni)

—

confiscated

by

Kashgar

Customs

on

13June

ofthe

same

year—to

the

government

of

Pakistan.

This

marked

the

first

time

China

returned

live

endangered

animals

to

their

countryof

origin.2014年8月18

日，

中國海關(guān)向巴基斯坦野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)組織移交查獲的走私黑池龜On

18

August

2014,

Chinese

Customs

handed

over

the

confiscated

smuggled

black

pond

turtles

(Geo

cle

mys

hamiltoni)toawildlifeconservationorganizationin

Pakistan2014年1月，廣東銷毀象牙In

January

2014,

Guangdong

Province

publicly

destroyed

confiscatedivory13走私瀕危物種平胸龜返還儀式現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，這是內(nèi)地首次向香港返還走私瀕危野生動(dòng)物Atthe

repatriationceremonyforsmuggledChinese

pondturtles(Mauremysm

utica),

mainlandChina

returnedendangeredwildlifeto

Hong

KongSARforthefirsttime2.6司法鑒定與野生動(dòng)物價(jià)值評(píng)估Forensic

Identification

and

Wildlife

Valuation中國已建立覆蓋全國的司法鑒定機(jī)構(gòu)。2017年和2019年，中國政府先后發(fā)布了《野生動(dòng)物及其制品價(jià)值評(píng)估方法》和《水生野生動(dòng)物及其制品價(jià)值評(píng)估辦法》，確定了野生動(dòng)物基準(zhǔn)價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目錄。司法機(jī)關(guān)根據(jù)涉案野生動(dòng)物的價(jià)值定罪量刑。China

has

established

a

nationwide

network

of

forensic

identification

institutions.

In

2017

and

2019,

the

Chinese

government

issued

the

Methods

forValuation

ofWildlife

andTheir

Products

and

the

Methods

forValuation

ofAquatic

Wildlife

and

Their

Products,

respectively.

These

documents

set

standardized

reference

values

for

wildlife.

Judicial

authoritiesdeterminecriminalchargesandsentencing

based

onthe

assessed

value

ofthewildlife

involved

in

each

case.2025

年

2月

25

日，海關(guān)總署緝私局、國家瀕管辦、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部漁業(yè)漁政管理局在珠海舉行走私瀕危物種平胸龜((Mauremysmutica)返還儀式，將拱北海關(guān)查獲的

58只走私平胸龜返還香港漁農(nóng)自然護(hù)理署。這是內(nèi)地首次向香港特別行政區(qū)返還瀕危野生動(dòng)物。本次活動(dòng)是內(nèi)地與香港完善跨境野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)機(jī)制的重要實(shí)踐，有利于進(jìn)一步提升公眾保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物的意識(shí)，培育形成社會(huì)各界共同保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物、合作打擊走私活動(dòng)的良好局面。On

25

February

2025,

the

Anti-Smuggling

Bureau

of

the

General

Administration

of

Customs,

the

National

CITES

ManagementAuthority,

andthe

Fisheries

and

FisheryAdministration

ofthe

Ministry

ofAgriculture

and

RuralAffairs

held

a

repatriation

ceremony

in

Zhuhai

for

58

smuggled

Chinese

pond

turtles

(Mauremys

m

utica)—confiscated

by

Gongbei

Customs—returning

them

to

the

Agriculture,

Fisheries

and

Conservation

Department

of

Hong

Kong.

This

marked

the

first

time

mainland

China

repatriated

endangered

wildlife

to

the

Hong

Kong

SpecialAdministrative

Region.

The

event

represents

a

significant

step

in

enhancing

cross-border

wildlife

protection

mechanisms

between

the

mainland

and

Hong

Kong,

raising

publicawarenessofwildlifeconservation,and

fostering

broad-based

cooperation

to

protect

wildlife

andcombatsmuggling.14THEBESTPRACTICESINCOMBATINGILLEGALWILDLIFETRADEINCHINA3.1

野生動(dòng)物識(shí)別與監(jiān)測(cè)AutomatedWildlifeIdentificationandMonitoring在野生動(dòng)物識(shí)別方面，在三江源國家公園，北京林業(yè)大學(xué)攜手清華大學(xué)、青海大學(xué)、北京圖銳等機(jī)構(gòu)，在青海省科技重點(diǎn)研發(fā)與轉(zhuǎn)化計(jì)劃的支持下，建立了全天侯實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)、識(shí)別、預(yù)警智能系統(tǒng)。在通訊暢通的情境下，可在

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HyperYolo識(shí)別模型，較國際通用的YoloV系列所需的數(shù)據(jù)更少及準(zhǔn)確率更高。據(jù)2025年8月開展的統(tǒng)計(jì)，

HyperYolo對(duì)藏棕熊的識(shí)別準(zhǔn)確率超過96%，在全球處于領(lǐng)先地位。通過識(shí)別