專題13概要寫作之說明文、實驗研究類文體寫法詳解目錄TOC\o"12"\h\u考情分析與命題趨勢 1知識體系構(gòu)建 2考點精析與突破 3考點一：說明文概要寫作（重點） 3考點二：實驗研究類文體概要寫作（難點） 8實戰(zhàn)精練與提升 13考情解讀一、考試要求概要寫作，簡言之就是對所讀過的文章簡要概括，寫出文章的中心大意，也可稱之為摘要。寫概要時，是把文章的具體信息用一些具有概括功能的詞和句表述出來，而不是抄襲文章的原句，更不是把細節(jié)性信息作為中心，而是要通過對文章中的單詞、詞組和句子進行合理轉(zhuǎn)換，對文章的具體信息進行概括，再用合適的語言表述出來。這一題型主要考查學(xué)生對文章主旨大意的概括和準確獲取關(guān)鍵詞的能力，同時考查學(xué)生用簡潔的語言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。因此，概要寫作是基于閱讀理解和書面表達，是二者的有機結(jié)合體，是閱讀理解和書面表達的溝通橋梁。上海高考概要寫作一般以說明文為主、議論文次之，，記敘文少有涉及。近年來實驗研究報告類說明文是考查熱點。二、命題分析題型概要寫作2023上海秋考說明文。青少年應(yīng)遠離沙發(fā)，多聽音樂，多參加運動等活動。2023上海春考說明文。講述閱讀小說的益處，實驗表明它能培養(yǎng)品性及產(chǎn)生共情。2022上海秋考說明文。什么是智商？什么是天才？以及智商與天才之間的關(guān)系。2022上海春考說明文。腦跡印記并不是孤立于大腦的一個區(qū)域，科學(xué)家們研究了積極記憶和消極記憶之間的存儲位置和相互作用。2021上海秋考說明文。介紹一名視覺思想家，她的記憶以時間順序作為特定的圖像出現(xiàn)在她的腦海中。2021上海春考說明文。Fluido發(fā)布了FluidoPlus，一種通過監(jiān)控MAC來收集客戶信息的產(chǎn)品，從而幫助分析他們的行為來促進市場營銷。（三）、評分標準一般而言，概要寫作的評分分為五個檔次，具體如下：檔次要求第五檔理解準確，涵蓋全部要點；能準確使用相應(yīng)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；有效使用了語句間的連接成分，使概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；完全使用自己的語言第四檔理解準確，涵蓋絕大部分要點所使用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯可能有些錯誤，但完全不影響意義表達比較有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊有個別整句抄自原文第三檔理解較為準確，涵蓋絕大部分要點所使用語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯雖有些錯誤，但不影響意義表達能應(yīng)用簡單的語句間的連接成分，使上下文內(nèi)容連貫出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文第二檔理解有誤差，僅涵蓋半數(shù)要點有些語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯誤，影響了意義的表達較少使用語句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容缺少連貫性出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文第一檔沒有理解原文，造成概要內(nèi)容與原文主題不符有較多語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯誤，嚴重影響意義的表達缺乏語句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容不連貫多個句子抄自原文0分白卷，或內(nèi)容太少無法評判或所寫內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無關(guān)知識梳理考點精講考點一：說明文概要寫作解題策略定位核心：通讀全文鎖定說明對象，標記其核心特征、成因、用途、原理等關(guān)鍵信息，同時明確文章的說明順序（如時間、因果、總分等）。篩除冗余：保留核心要點，剔除舉例、比喻、數(shù)據(jù)重復(fù)等輔助性細節(jié)，合并同類信息，避免被次要屬性干擾。邏輯串聯(lián)：按原文說明順序串聯(lián)要點，用“Furthermore”“Inaddition”等銜接詞體現(xiàn)邏輯；通過同義替換和句式簡化精簡表達，杜絕照抄原文，嚴控詞數(shù)。核對校驗：確認說明對象及核心信息無遺漏，語言客觀無主觀評價，時態(tài)統(tǒng)一（多為一般現(xiàn)在時），語法表述準確。（一）說明文概要寫作技巧說明文（Exposition）寫作抓住關(guān)鍵句：文章第一段和各段第一句。說明文體的閱讀材料內(nèi)容大致可以分為以下幾類：現(xiàn)象揭示類：Thearticlepointsoutthemonphenomenon—(主題)，which…(補充解釋)利弊對比類：Thearticleparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,…,butitmayalso…研究顯示類：Thestudyrevealsthat…;Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…1.先“解構(gòu)原文”：精準定位核心信息找主題句（TopicSentence）：說明文的主旨通常在首段（總起句）或末段（總結(jié)句），段落內(nèi)部的主題句多在段首（少數(shù)在段尾）。劃邏輯信號詞：根據(jù)說明文類型，標記邏輯詞以區(qū)分主次信息。解釋說明型：“define,referto,namely,suchas”（抓定義和特征）；比較對比型：“l(fā)ike,unlike,similarly,incontrast,ontheotherhand”（抓異同點）；因果型：“because,so,asaresult,dueto,leadto”（抓原因和結(jié)果）；問題解決型：“problem,issue,however,solution,suggest”（抓問題和方案）；過程型：“first,next,then,finally,step,process”（抓關(guān)鍵步驟）。篩除次要信息：原文中的舉例（forexample）、數(shù)據(jù)（具體數(shù)字）、形容詞（修飾性描述）、重復(fù)內(nèi)容等，若不影響核心邏輯，可在概要中省略。2.再“重構(gòu)語言”：簡潔客觀地表達用同義替換（Paraphrase）：避免直接抄襲原文句子，通過同義詞、句型轉(zhuǎn)換（如主動變被動、從句變短語）改寫。保持客觀語氣：概要需完全基于原文，不可加入“inmyopinion”“Ithink”等個人觀點，也不可夸大或縮小原文信息（如原文說“可能導(dǎo)致”，不可寫成“必然導(dǎo)致”）。3.注重“邏輯連貫”：確保結(jié)構(gòu)清晰按原文邏輯排序：概要的信息順序需與原文一致（如過程型按步驟順序，因果型按“原因→結(jié)果”順序），避免打亂邏輯鏈。用銜接詞串聯(lián)：適當使用過渡詞（如however,therefore,inaddition）使句子間銜接自然，例如對比型概要可加“while”“whereas”，因果型可加“thus”“consequently”。（二）說明文概要寫作模板1.常用模板說明文：phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(causeandeffect),introductionofanobject(howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant)2.常用句型描述現(xiàn)象：Thearticlehighlightstheissueof[現(xiàn)象]，whichhas[影響]分析原因：Themainreasonsfor[現(xiàn)象]include[原因1]and[原因2]提出建議：Toaddress[問題]，theauthorsuggests[建議]（三）說明文概要寫作典例剖析【來源】上海市延安中學(xué)20252026學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期9月英語試題HowAntsMaySaveYoufromTrafficJamsThefreeflowoftrafficbeesunstableasthedensityofcarsincreasesonahighway.At15vehiclespermileperlane,onedrivertappingtheirbrakescantriggerapersistentwaveofcongestion“It’sakindofphasetransition,”likewaterturningfromaliquidtoasolidform,saysKatsuhiroNishinari,aphysicistattheUniversityofTokyo,whostudiesthesejammingtransitions.Nishinari’spreviousresearchhadshownthatforaging(覓食的)antscanmaintaintheirflowevenathighdensities.Inarecentstudy,researchersrecordedOchetellusantsonforagingtrailsandusedtrafficengineeringmodelstoanalyzetheirmovement.Theyfoundthattheantsdon’tjambecausetheytravelingroupsofthreeto20thatmoveatnearlyconstantrateswhilekeepinggooddistancesbetweenoneanother—andtheydon’tspeeduptopassothers.Selfdrivingcars,iftheyonedaybeemon,couldhavemorecooperativeprogramming.Inonevisionofthisfuture,autonomousvehicleswouldshareinformationwithnearbycarstooptimizetrafficflowperhaps,theresearcherssuggests,byprioritizingconstantspeedsorbynotpassingothersontheroad.“Thereisnoleader,”butthisorganizationemergesanyway.Andinbothantandvehicletrafficthistypeofdistributedsystemcanbe“very,verystrong”andresilient,Nishinarisays.“Still,antscanforgetrailsaswideastheylike,unlikedriversstuckonhighways.Theinsectsdosometimesjamupwhenconfinedintunnels,buttokeepthingsmoving,they’llfindawaytowalkontheceiling”shesays.Today’sdriverscanlearnatleastonethingfromantstoavoidcausingatrafficjam,Nishinarisays:don’tdrivetoocloselybehindanothervehicle.Byleavingroombetweentheircarandtheoneaheadofthem,driverscanabsorbawaveofbrakingindensetrafficconditionsthatwouldotherwisebeamplified(放大)intoafullblown“phantom”trafficjamwithnoobviouscause.“Justkeepingaway,”hesays,canhelptrafficflowsmoothly.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了東京大學(xué)物理學(xué)家西成勝博的研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)覓食螞蟻高密度下仍能保持流動的原因，進而為緩解交通擁堵提供啟示，包括自動駕駛汽車的優(yōu)化方向和現(xiàn)有司機的駕駛建議。解題步驟第一步：讀懂原文，明確篇章結(jié)構(gòu)本文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)為“現(xiàn)象—研究發(fā)現(xiàn)—應(yīng)用啟示”式：第1段：提出高速公路車輛密度增加易引發(fā)擁堵的現(xiàn)象。第2段：介紹研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，覓食螞蟻因群體勻速移動、保持間距不超車，高密度下仍能順暢通行，為自動駕駛汽車提供優(yōu)化思路。第3段：補充螞蟻與人類交通的差異，螞蟻可靈活拓展路徑。第4段：給出現(xiàn)有司機的建議，保持車距能避免“幽靈擁堵”。第二步：去次留精，提煉關(guān)鍵信息段落關(guān)鍵詞1.交通現(xiàn)象①highwaytrafficjams，increasingcardensity2.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與自動駕駛啟示②foragingants，constantspeed，keepdistances，nopassing；selfdrivingcars，cooperativeprogramming3.螞蟻與人類交通差異③antsforgewidetrails，humansstuckonhighways4.現(xiàn)有司機建議④keepsafedistance，avoidphantomtrafficjams第三步：歸納要點，合理轉(zhuǎn)換表達第12段：Highwaytrafficjamsoccurwithmorecars,butstudiesshowforagingantsavoidjamsbymovingingroupsatconstantspeedswithdistancesandnopassing,inspiringselfdrivingcars’cooperativeprogramming.（高速公路車輛增多易擁堵，但研究表明覓食螞蟻以群體勻速移動、保持間距不超車避免擁堵，為自動駕駛汽車的協(xié)同編程提供啟示。）第4段：Currentdriverscankeepsafedistancestopreventphantomjams.（現(xiàn)有司機可保持安全車距以避免“幽靈擁堵”。）第四步：句式多樣，注意過渡銜接用“but”轉(zhuǎn)折引出螞蟻通行特點與交通啟示，邏輯連貫；用“and”并列螞蟻的通行習(xí)慣，用“to”明確司機建議的目的，表達簡潔。概要寫作答案（60詞左右）【答案01】Highwaytrafficjamshappenascardensityrises,butforagingantsavoidjamsbymovingingroupsatconstantspeedswithdistancesandnopassing.Thisinspiresselfdrivingcars’cooperation,andcurrentdriverscankeepsafedistancestopreventphantomjams.【答案02】Highwaytraffictendstogetcongestedascardensityincreases.However,foragingantscanmaintainsmoothflowevenathighdensitiesbymovingingroupswithconstantspeeds,properdistances,andnoovertaking.Selfdrivingcarscandrawonthispattern,andtoday’sdriversshouldalsokeepasafedistancefromthevehicleaheadtoensuretrafficflowssmoothly.考點二：研究報告類概要寫作解題策略定位實驗框架：通讀全文快速鎖定實驗核心模塊，標記實驗?zāi)康?、研究對象、關(guān)鍵操作方法、核心結(jié)果及最終結(jié)論，忽略實驗器材型號、重復(fù)操作流程等無關(guān)細節(jié)。提煉關(guān)鍵信息：篩選核心要點，合并同類操作或數(shù)據(jù)，剔除冗余的步驟描述與次要數(shù)據(jù)；對具體數(shù)據(jù)做概括處理，避免逐一羅列原始數(shù)據(jù)。邏輯串聯(lián)表達：按“背景→目的→方法→結(jié)果→結(jié)論”的邏輯鏈條串聯(lián)要點，用“Toconductthestudy”“Duringtheexperiment”“Asaresult”等銜接詞體現(xiàn)實驗流程；通過學(xué)術(shù)詞匯同義替換和句式簡化精簡表達，杜絕照抄原文。核對校驗細節(jié)：確認實驗核心要素?zé)o遺漏、結(jié)果與結(jié)論匹配；語言保持客觀，無主觀評價；時態(tài)統(tǒng)一（描述實驗過程常用過去時，結(jié)論常用一般現(xiàn)在時），詞數(shù)符合要求，語法表述準確。（一）題型解讀1.題型特點文本類型：實驗研究報告類文體通常圍繞某一實驗或研究展開，包括研究背景、目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論。上海高考英語中的實驗研究報告類文體概要寫作，重點考查考生對這類具有科學(xué)性、邏輯性較強文本的理解與概括能力。2.常見主題研究發(fā)現(xiàn)類：介紹某項研究的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)和結(jié)論。實驗過程類：描述實驗的具體過程和結(jié)果。問題解決類：通過實驗研究提出問題的解決方案。（二）寫作步驟與技巧通讀全文，明晰研究目的與背景梳理實驗關(guān)鍵要素（如：實驗對象、實驗方法與步驟）提取核心實驗結(jié)果與結(jié)論轉(zhuǎn)換表達，合理精簡內(nèi)容整合內(nèi)容，注重邏輯連貫（三）模板及句型1.通用模板示例開頭：explore...mentreportedinthearticleaimstoexplore...（點明文章所報道實驗的研究目的，填入具體研究內(nèi)容）.主體內(nèi)容：on...was...included...twasconductedon...（首先，說明實驗對象是誰或是什么）.Theexperimentalmethodadoptedwas...（接著闡述采用的實驗方法）.Themainstepsincluded...（然后列舉主要的實驗步驟，簡要概括）.Afterthat,theexperimentobtainedthefollowingresults:（之后，呈現(xiàn)實驗所獲得的結(jié)果，如具體數(shù)據(jù)、現(xiàn)象等）.結(jié)尾：that...ntheseresults,itcanbeconcludedthat...（基于這些結(jié)果，可以得出結(jié)論是……，清晰寫出最終結(jié)論）.2.常用句型說明研究目的：investigate...thisexperimentistoinvestigate...（此次實驗的目的是為了研究……）out...tudyaimstofindout...（這項研究旨在查明……）描述實驗對象與方法：were...jectsoftheexperimentwere...（實驗對象是……）A...methodwasemployedinthisexperiment.（此次實驗采用了……方法）呈現(xiàn)實驗結(jié)果：that...ultsshowedthat...（結(jié)果顯示……）that...foundthat...（人們發(fā)現(xiàn)……）得出結(jié)論：that...eabove,wecandrawtheconclusionthat...（從上述內(nèi)容，我們可以得出結(jié)論……）that...ently,theconclusionisreachedthat...（因此，得出的結(jié)論是……）研究報告類概要寫作技巧實例分析【2024屆上海市金山區(qū)高三上學(xué)期一模英語試題】Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.BenefitsofGreenSpacesWeallknowthevalueoftakingawalkinthefreshspringweather.Itallowsyourmindtorelaxandforgetabouttheproblemsineverydaylife.Studieshavemonlyshownthebenefitsofbeingaroundgreenspaces,includinggardens,urbanparksandforests.Butdidyouknowthatbeingincontactwiththesenaturalsurroundingsduringchildhoodcouldpositivelyimpactyourmentalhealthasanadult?AstudybytheInstituteforGlobalHealthsurveyed3,600peoplefromalloverEurope.Thealladultstudygaveparticipantsaquestionnaire(問卷)onhowfrequentlytheyusednaturalspacesduringchildhood—forexample,playinginagardenorridingabikeatthepark.Theywerealsoaskedabouttheimportancetheyputonusingsuchplaces.Volunteerswerethengivenapsychologicaltest,whichincludedavarietyofquestionnairesandproblemsolvingactivities,toanalyzetheirnervousnessandfeelingsofdepressionwithinafourweekperiod.Theresultsconsistentlyshowedthatthepeoplewhoweremoreexposedtonaturalspaceshadhighermentalhealthscoresparedtothosewithlowerchildhoodexposure—asdidthosewhoattachedhigherimportancetousinggreenspaces.Thestudy’sassistant,WilmaSmith,wrotethattheresults“showtheimportanceofchildhoodexposuretonaturalspacesforthedevelopmentofanatureappreciatingattitudeandahealthypsychologicalstateinadulthood”.Shealsostressedtheimportanceof“recognizingtheimplicationsofgrowingupinenvironmentswithlimitedopportunitiesforexposuretonature”.Accordingtothestudy,73percentofEurope’spopulationonlyhaslimitedaccesstonaturalspaces.Sowecallonpolicymakerstoimprovetheavailabilityofnaturalspacesforchildren.WhilethisstudywasbasedinEurope,alackofgreenspacecanaffectanyone,anywhere.Soremembertomaketimetoexposeyourselftonature,asyourmentalhealthisjustasimportantasthephysicalone.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹說，研究表明，童年時期接觸大自然對成年后的心理健康有積極影響。那些更頻繁地使用自然空間并更重視使用自然空間的人在心理測試中得分更高，包括解決問題的能力和消極情緒的分析。因此，政府應(yīng)該改善自然空間的可用性，并強調(diào)與自然接觸。解題步驟第一步：讀懂原文，明確篇章結(jié)構(gòu)本文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)為“總—分—總”式：第1段：引出話題——在自然環(huán)境中散步對心理健康的好處。第2段：介紹一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，童年接觸自然環(huán)境對成年心理健康有積極影響。第3段：描述研究過程，包括問卷調(diào)查和心理測試。第4段：總結(jié)研究結(jié)果，強調(diào)童年接觸自然的重要性。第5段：呼吁政策制定者改善兒童接觸自然環(huán)境的機會。第二步：去次留精，提煉關(guān)鍵信息段落關(guān)鍵詞1.引言①freshspringweather，relax，greenspaces2.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)②childhoodexposure，mentalhealth，InstituteforGlobalHealth3.研究過程③questionnaire，psychologicaltest，nervousness，depression4.研究結(jié)果④highermentalhealthscores，natureappreciatingattitude5.呼吁⑤limitedaccess，policymakers，availabilityofnaturalspaces第三步：歸納要點，合理轉(zhuǎn)換表達第1段：Walkinginnaturalenvironmentsisgoodformentalhealth.（在自然環(huán)境中散步對心理健康有益。）第2段：Astudyfoundthatchildhoodexposuretonaturepositivelyimpactsadultmentalhealth.（一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，童年接觸自然對成年心理健康有積極影響。）第3段：Participantsweresurveyedontheirchildhooduseofnaturalspacesandtestedformentalhealth.（參與者被調(diào)查童年使用自然空間的情況，并進行了心理健康測試。）第4段：Resultsshowedthatmoreexposuretonatureinchildhoodleadstobettermentalhealthinadulthood.（結(jié)果顯示，童年更多接觸自然的人成年后心理健康狀況更好。）第5段：Thestudycallsonpolicymakerstoimproveaccesstonaturalspacesforchildren.（該研究呼吁政策制定者改善兒童接觸自然空間的機會。）第四步：句式多樣，注意過渡銜接各要點之間用合適的連接詞銜接，比如用“Moreover”連接研究內(nèi)容和基于研究的現(xiàn)狀及呼吁部分，用“Finally”引出最后強調(diào)接觸自然重要性的內(nèi)容，使整體邏輯連貫。概要寫作答案（60詞左右）01：Walkinginnaturalenvironmentsisgoodformentalhealth.Astudyfoundthatchildhoodexposuretonaturepositivelyimpactsadultmentalhealth.Participantsweresurveyedontheirchildhooduseofnaturalspacesandtestedformentalhealth.Resultsshowedthatmoreexposuretonatureinchildhoodleadstobettermentalhealthinadulthood.Thestudycallsonpolicymakerstoimproveaccesstonaturalspacesforchildren.02：Researchesshowexposuretonatureduringchildhoodhasapositiveimpactonmentalhealthinadulthood.Thoseusingnaturalspacesmorefrequentlyandattachinggreaterimportancetousingthemscorehigherinpsychologicaltestsincludingproblemsolvingabilitiesandnegativefeelings’analysis.Therefore,availabilityofnaturalspacesshouldbeimprovedbygovernmentsandbeingexposedtonatureshouldbehighlighted.03：Takingawalkinspringandbeingaroundgreenspacesarebeneficial.Moreover,astudysurveyed3,600Europeanstoexploretheimpactofchildhoodcontactwithnatureonadultmentalhealth.Itusedquestionnairesandtests,findingthosemoreexposedtonatureinchildhoodhadbettermentalhealth.As73%ofEuropeanshavelimitedaccess,policymakersarecalledontoimproveavailability.Finally,lackofgreenspaceaffectspeopleeverywhere,soexposeyourselftonatureformentalhealth.實戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練一、名校最新試題Passage1【來源】上海市建平中學(xué)20252026學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期10月階段測試英語試題Fillingsforthe“SandwichGeneration”There’samomentinyourlatefortiesorfiftieswhenlifeseemstobeeplicated.Thisshouldbeatimewhenyouenjoythefruitsofyourearlierlabors:anestablishedcareer,childrenlargelygrownupandtheloanmostlypaidoff.Butit’snotsoeasy,isit?Theeconomicturmoil(動蕩)ofrecentyearshashitthisagegrouphard,withmanynowinfinancialdistress.ThisgroupbelongstotheSandwichGeneration,sittingawkwardlyinthemiddleofthegenerationalspectrum.Atoneend,wearelikelytohaveagingparentswhowillneedincreasingsupport—emotionalandphysicalaswellasfinancial.Attheotherextreme,ouryoungadultchildrenmayneedparentalhelpduringuniversityand,oncetheyjointheworkforce,theyhavetofindaplacetolivewhilestrugglingwithfulltimeworkandmanagingtheemotionalrollercoasterofyouth.Theirtopconcernishowtheycanbesthelpatbothendsofthespectrum.However,theyshouldnotforgetthatanimportantconsiderationiswhethertheyhaveenoughtofundtheirownretirement.Thequestionisespeciallypronouncedwhenfutureinvestmentreturnsaremoreuncertainthanrecentyears,andinflation,whiledeclining,isstillhigh.Extendingthesandwichanalogy,howmuchfillingcanoneafford?Asregardsplanningforretirement,therearekeyfactorstothinkabout:theaverageinflationrateduringretirement,theexpectedfutureinvestmentreturnsandourownlongevity.Allarelargelyoutsideourcontrol.Parentswanttobegeneroustotheirchildrenintheirwillswhiletheremayalsobetheirelderlyparentstothinkof.However,investingsensiblycanmakearealdifferencetohowlongtheirretirementsavingslast.Somyadviceis:faceuptobeingthefillingandgetonwithfiguringoutjustwhatyoucanputinyoursandwich.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】

TheSandwichGeneration,agedintheirlatefortiesorfifties,facesfinancialstrainfromsupportingbothagingparentsandadultchildren.Theirmainconcernisbalancingthissupportwhileensuringtheirownretirementsavingsaresufficient,giveneconomicuncertaintyandinflation.Theadviceistoinvestwiselyandrealisticallyassesswhattheycanafford.【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了“三明治一代”（40多歲或50多歲的人群）的困境，他們需同時支持年邁父母和成年子女，面臨經(jīng)濟壓力，還需考慮自身退休儲蓄，文章最后建議他們理性投資并合理評估自身能力?！驹斀狻?.要點摘錄

①TheSandwichGeneration(latefortiesorfifties)facesfinancialdistress,needingtosupportagingparents(emotional,physical,financial)andadultchildren(university,housing,workstruggles).②Theirtopconcernishelpingbothgroups,buttheymustconsiderfundingtheirownretirementamiduncertaininvestmentreturnsandhighinflation.

③Keyretirementfactors(inflation,investmentreturns,longevity)areoutofcontrol;sensibleinvestmenthelps,andtheyshouldassesswhattheycanafford.2.縝密構(gòu)思將第①個要點中對“三明治一代”的定義與贍養(yǎng)壓力整合，第②個要點中平衡贍養(yǎng)與退休儲蓄的擔(dān)憂整合，再結(jié)合第③個要點中的投資建議與自我評估需求進行重組。3.遣詞造句TheSandwichGeneration(lateforties/fifties)hasfinancialstrainfromsupportingagingparentsandadultchildren.Theyneedtobalancethissupportwiththeirownretirementsavings(facinguncertaininvestmentsandhighinflation)andshouldinvestwiselytoassessaffordability.【點睛】[高分句型1]TheSandwichGeneration,agedintheirlatefortiesorfifties,facesfinancialstrainfromsupportingbothagingparentsandadultchildren.（運用過去分詞短語“agedintheirlatefortiesorfifties”作后置定語，語意簡潔，表達貼切。）[高分句型2]Theadviceistoinvestwiselyandrealisticallyassesswhattheycanafford.（使用了連接代詞what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，表達清晰，語法高級。）Passage2【來源】上海市進才中學(xué)20242025學(xué)年下學(xué)期練階段習(xí)題EndangeredSpeciesAnendangeredspeciesisagroupofanimalsthatcouldsoonbeeextinct.Extinctionhappenswhenthelastofthespecieshasdiedoutandtherewillbenomore.Manyspeciesarenearlyextinctandcoulddisappearoffthefaceoftheearthverysoonifwedon’tdoanythingtosavethem.Therearemanyreasonswhyspeciesbeeendangeredbutmostofthemareduetohumans.Habitatdestructionisthemainreasonwhyanimalsbeeendangeredandthishappensintwoways.Whenhumansmoveintoanewarea,theanimals’habitatisdestroyedandthereisnothingtoeatbecausehumanschopdowntreesandbuildhousesandfarms.Animalhabitatsarealsodestroyedbecauseofpollution.Chemicalsinriversandpoisonsonfarmscausethedestructionofhabitatsandanimalscannolongerlivethere.Endangeredspeciesarealsotheresultofhuntingandfishing.Animalsarekilledfortheirfur,bonesorskin,orjustforsport(消遣).Somesealspeciesarenowonthevergeofextinctionbecausetheyarekilledfortheirfurtomakecoats.Tigersareshottomakemedicineandteafromtheirbones,andcrocodilesarecaughttomakebagsandshoes.Overfishingmeansthatlargeseacreatureslikewhales,tunaandsharkshaveallbeeendangeredspecies,becausetoomanyarecaughttomakethingslikeshark’sfinsoup.Sowhatcanindividualsandgovernmentsdotoprotectanimalandplantspeciesfrombeingendangered?Weshouldtakecarenottopollutenaturalareas,andfarmersorpanieswhodestroyanimalhabitatsshouldfaceafinancialpenalty(處罰).Governmentscanhelp,too,bymakingitagainstthelawtohunt,fishortradeinendangeredspecies.Ifweallcooperatebytakingthesesteps,wewillprotectourplanetsothatourchildrenandtheirchildrencanenjoyittoo.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Animalssoontobeextinctarecalledendangeredspecieswhicharemainlycausedbyhumans.Themainreasonishabitatdestructioncausedbyhumansmovingintonewareasandpollution.Anotherreasonishuntingandfishingforanimals’fur,bonesorskin,andsometimessport.Individualsandgovernmentsshouldcooperatetoprotecthabitatandbanhuntingandfishing.(58words)【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了瀕危物種的概念，闡述了物種瀕危主要是由人類活動導(dǎo)致，如棲息地破壞、捕獵和過度捕撈，最后提出個人和政府應(yīng)合作保護瀕危物種。【詳解】1.要點摘錄①Anendangeredspeciesisagroupofanimalsthatcouldsoonbeeextinct.②Therearemanyreasonswhyspeciesbeeendangeredbutmostofthemareduetohumans.③Habitatdestructionisthemainreasonwhyanimalsbeeendangeredandthishappensintwoways.④Endangeredspeciesarealsotheresultofhuntingandfishing.⑤Sowhatcanindividualsandgovernmentsdotoprotectanimalandplantspeciesfrombeingendangered?⑥Ifweallcooperatebytakingthesesteps,wewillprotectourplanetsothatourchildrenandtheirchildrencanenjoyittoo.2.縝密構(gòu)思將第1個要點提煉出瀕危物種的定義；將第2、3、4三個要點整合說明物種瀕危的原因；將第5、6兩個要點整合提出個人和政府應(yīng)合作保護瀕危物種。3.遣詞造句Animalssoontobeextinctarecalledendangeredspecies.Theendangermentofspeciesismainlycausedbyhumans,includinghabitatdestructionandhuntingandfishing.Individualsandgovernmentsshouldcooperatetoprotectendangeredspecies.【點睛】[高分句型1]Animalssoontobeextinctarecalledendangeredspecieswhicharemainlycausedbyhumans.(運用了關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句)[高分句型2]Anotherreasonishuntingandfishingforanimals’fur,bonesorskin,andsometimessport.(運用了動名詞短語作表語)Passage3【來源】上海市向明中學(xué)20252026學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期九月月考英語檢測ModifyingYourMemoriesIthasalwaysbeenthoughtthatmemoryisarecordingdevice,itspurposebeingtofileawayandlaterallowustorecalleverythingthathappensinourlives,ratherlikealibrary.Whenwerecallamemory,wegointothebrainlibrary,takeoutafile,lookatitandthenputitbackinthesameplace.Thefilesmaygetalittledustyovertheyears,buttheyarealwaysthereandneverchange.However,newresearchshowsthisunderstandingofmemoryisnotthataccurate.Whatmemoryishasbeenredefined.Tostartwith,thereisnocentralmemorybank;elementsofmemoriesarestoredseparatelyfromeachothersothatthingsrelatedtoaparticularmemory—thesmells,sounds,emotions,physicaltouch,pictures,etc.—areheldindifferentareasofthebrain,andit’sonlyintheactofrecallingthattheyareallbroughttogether.Itnowappearsthateverytimewerecallamemory,aspectsofthatmemorycanchangeslightly.Memoriesareflexible.Theparallelwouldbemorelikebringingupafileontheputer,modifyingitslightlyandthensavingitagain.Thisunderstandinghasbeencrucialinenablingscientiststoeraseandreplacememoriesinquiteinnovativeways.Onapositivenote,thisispavingthewayfornewtreatmentsofdisorders,likedepressionandalcoholaddiction.Inarecentstudy,amouseisputintoatotallynew,emptyenvironmentwhereitisdepressedandrefusestomove.Aswitchonalasermachineintroducesapreviouslyhappymemorytothemouseanditrunsaroundsatisfied,showingrelaxed,normalbehavior.Sciencefiction?No,notatall.It’shappeninghereandnowtheimpossibleisfastbeingpossible.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章先介紹了人們對記憶的傳統(tǒng)認知，再通過新研究揭示記憶的真實特性，最后說明這一認知對相關(guān)疾病治療的創(chuàng)新意義。解題步驟第一步：讀懂原文，明確篇章結(jié)構(gòu)本文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)為“傳統(tǒng)認知—新發(fā)現(xiàn)—應(yīng)用價值”式：第1段：闡述傳統(tǒng)觀點，認為記憶像圖書館文件，固定不變、可隨時調(diào)取。第2段：介紹新研究結(jié)論，指出記憶無中央存儲庫，元素分散存儲，回憶時會輕微改變。第3段：說明新認知的應(yīng)用，助力科學(xué)家創(chuàng)新記憶干預(yù)方式，為抑郁癥等疾病治療帶來新可能。第二步：去次留精，提煉關(guān)鍵信息段落關(guān)鍵詞1.傳統(tǒng)認知①memory=libraryfiles，unchangeable，recalldirectly2.新研究結(jié)論②nocentralbank，separatelystoredelements，flexible，changewhenrecalled3.應(yīng)用價值③innovativememorytreatments，depression，alcoholaddiction，mousestudyexample第三步：歸納要點，合理轉(zhuǎn)換表達第12段：Memorywastraditionallyseenasunchangeablelikelibraryfiles,butnewresearchshowsitselementsarestoredseparatelyanditchangesslightlywhenrecalled.（記憶傳統(tǒng)上被視為如圖書館文件般不可改變，但新研究表明其元素分散存儲，回憶時會輕微變化。）第3段：Thishelpsdevelopinnovativetreatmentsfordisorderslikedepression,asshowninasuccessfulmousestudy.（這一發(fā)現(xiàn)助力研發(fā)抑郁癥等疾病的創(chuàng)新療法，一項小鼠研究已證實其有效性。）第四步：句式多樣，注意過渡銜接用“but”轉(zhuǎn)折引出新舊認知差異，邏輯清晰；用“asshownin”舉例佐證，精簡表達且增強說服力。概要寫作答案（60詞左右）【01】Traditionallyregardedasunchangeablelikelibraryfiles,memory,newresearchshows,hasseparatelystoredelementsandchangesslightlywhenrecalled.Thisenablesinnovativetreatmentsfordepressionetc.,provenbyasuccessfulmousestudy.【02】Inatraditionalview,memoryworkslikealibrary,whereeverythingrecordedremainspermanentandfixed.Nowitisfoundthatdifferentmemoryelementsaresavedinseparatebrainareasandcanbemodifieduponrecall.Thisperceptionmakesitpossibleforscientiststomodifymemoriesincreativeways,whichmayhelptreatsomediseases.二、真題演練Passage12023年1月高考FictionReadingFormanypeople,nothingismoreenjoyablethanspendingawholeafternoonreadingagoodnovel.Butarenovelssimplyapleasantwaytopassthetime,orcoulditbetruethatreadingfictionactuallybenefitsourlives? t.Itofthejoysoffictionisthatitcantakeustoplacesthatourliveswon't.Itcantransportusto17thcenturyFrance,ortowartomGermany.Itcantakeustoafutureworldinwhichartificialintelligencetakesoverandbooksarebanned,orafantasyworldwherepeoplebattleitoutforfood. Fictioncanalsointroduceustoawholerangeofpeoplethatwehaven'tyetmet.Andthis, stories.IntoCarrieOates,anovelistandacademic,isperhapstherealbenefitofstories.Inoneofherstudies,participantswereaskedtoreadeitherashortstorybyChekhov,oraversionofthestoryindocumentaryform.Thosewhoweregiventhefictionalizedversionwerefoundtobemorelikelytosympathizewiththecharacters,thusgoingthroughgreaterchangesinpersonality.inanotherstudy,sheshowedparticipantsphotosoftheeyesofpeoplewhowerefeelingandthinkingdifferentthings.Thepeoplewhoreadfictionwerebetterabletointerpretthosethoughtsandfeelingsthanthosewhodidn'tread.Oatesexplainsthatwhenwereadfiction,weenterintothemindsofthecharacters.Wethinkaboutwhytheybehaveinacertainway,andwhattheyarelikelytodonext.Ju