Step1:ReadingStep1:ReadingNewDiscoveryinChimpanzeeBehavior:AnimalsCanAlsoMakeRationalChoices??黑猩猩行為新發(fā)現(xiàn)：動物也會做出理性選擇詞數(shù)：432改編自：生命科學（2025.11.01）ArticleMainideaNewresearchsuggestschimpanzeesemployavariantofthe"scientificmethod"—discardingpriorbeliefswhenconvincingcontradictory(矛盾的)evidenceemerges.Insophisticatedexperiments,theseprimates(靈長類動物)evaluatedmultipleevidencestrandsandswitchedchoicesbasedonnewinformation,demonstratingmetacognition(元認知),orthinkingaboutthinking.StudycoauthorJanEngelmann,aparativepsychologistatUCBerkeley,notesthismirrorshowhumansroutinelyweighevidenceandupdatestrategieswhenplansfail.段落大意：本段提出全文核心論點——黑猩猩具備類似"科學方法"的元認知能力，能根據(jù)矛盾證據(jù)調(diào)整信念，并指出這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與人類認知方式的相似性。論證方法：引用研究結論與專家觀點（引證法），通過類比論證（將黑猩猩行為與人類科學方法類比）建立論點，為全文奠定理論基礎。Scientistshavelongobservedthatprimatespeciescanassessbasicevidence,suchastrackingcrumbtrailsorseekingmoreinformationwhenexistingcluesproveunclear.However,akeymetacognitiveabilityremaineduntested:whetherchimpscouldrevisebeliefsinresponsetonewevidence.Engelmann'steamdesignedfivebehavioralexperimentsusingfoodrewardsplacedinoneoftwoboxestoinvestigatethisquestionsystematicallyandprehensively.段落大意：闡述研究背景與目的，梳理科學家對靈長類證據(jù)評估能力的已有認知，指出"信念修正能力"這一研究空白，并介紹實驗設計框架。論證方法：對比論證（將已知的"證據(jù)評估能力"與未知的"信念修正能力"進行對比），因果論證（因存在認知空白，故設計五組實驗進行驗證），為后續(xù)實驗必要性做鋪墊。Inthefirsttwotests,chimpsreceivedconflictingevidenceaboutwhichboxcontainedfood.Aftermakinganinitialchoicebasedonfirstevidence,theyweregivenasecondpieceandallowedtochooseagain.Evidencestrengthvariedsignificantly:"strong"evidenceinvolvedseeingfoodthroughawindowcutintothebox,while"weak"evidencewasmerelyshakingtheboxtoindicatesomethingunknowninside.Chimpanzeesfarmorefrequentlychangedtheirmindswhenpresentedwithstrongevidenceversusweakevidence.However,thisresultdidn'tconclusivelyprovetheywereweighingevidenceversussimplyrespondingtostrongervisualstimuli.段落大意：詳述前兩項實驗的設計與結果，通過強弱證據(jù)對比，初步驗證黑猩猩在高確定性證據(jù)下更易改變選擇，但指出該結果尚無法區(qū)分"主動評估"與"被動反應"。論證方法：舉例論證（具體描述實驗操作流程），對比論證（強證據(jù)與弱證據(jù)條件下黑猩猩行為頻率的顯著差異），數(shù)據(jù)支撐（"farmorefrequently"暗示量化統(tǒng)計），為后文質(zhì)疑埋下伏筆。Athirdtestprovidedclearerproofofgenuineevidenceevaluation.Researcherspresentedthreeboxessimultaneously:onewithstrongevidenceoffood,onewithweakevidence,andonewithnoevidence.Beforeselection,thestrongevidenceboxwasremoved,leavingabinary(二元的)choicebetweentheremainingoptions.Consistently,chimpschosetheweakevidenceboxoverthenoevidenceoption,demonstratingtheyactivelyconsideredevidencequalityratherthanmerelyrespondingtowhateverstrongeststimulusremainedavailable.段落大意：介紹第三項實驗的關鍵設計——通過"移除最強刺激"的巧妙設置，證明黑猩猩并非僅僅依賴最強線索，而是能主動評估剩余證據(jù)的質(zhì)量。論證方法：舉例論證（詳細描述三盒子選擇與移除操作），因果論證（因移除強證據(jù)盒子，故其最終選擇反映主動評估能力），對比論證（與第3段中"被動反應"假設形成對照），提供核心證據(jù)支撐。Subsequentexperimentstestedmoreplexmetacognitiveabilities.Whenresearchersofferedadditionalweakevidence—eitherrepeatingthesameshakingsoundorprovidingadifferentsoundoffoodbeingdropped—chimpsmoreoftenswitchedchoicesforvariedevidence.Thisshowedtheycouldbinedifferentinformationsourcestostrengthenanargument.Inthefinaltest,newevidenceundermined(削弱)previousevidence;forexample,revealingapebbleinsidethatcouldhavecausedtherattlingsoundtheypreviouslyheard.Chimpsconsistentlyrespondedtothiscontradictoryevidencebyappropriatelychangingtheirmindsbasedontheupdatedinformation.段落大意：展示后兩項更復雜的實驗設計，證明黑猩猩不僅能整合多源證據(jù)，還能識別并響應削弱原有證據(jù)的矛盾信息（如鵝卵石替代食物）。論證方法：舉例論證（詳述證據(jù)整合與矛盾證據(jù)測試），對比論證（重復弱證據(jù)與不同弱證據(jù)的效果差異），因果論證（因新證據(jù)削弱原信念，故黑猩猩改變選擇），逐層深化論證力度。CognitivescientistCathalO'Madagian,notinvolvedwiththeresearch,identifiedthefinalexperimentascrucialproofofrationality(理性).Unlikeearliertests,thisshowedchimpswere"keepingtrack"oforiginalinformationwhilelinkingittocontradictoryevidence.Henotesthatthebiggestconstraint(限制)onunderstandinganimalintelligenceisourlimitedabilitytodesignappropriatetests.Engelmannandhisteamnowplantoextendtheseexperimentstoothernonhumanprimatestodetermineifthisrationalityiswidespreadamongourclosestrelativesintheanimalkingdom.段落大意：引用專家評價為研究結論背書，強調(diào)最終實驗的突破性意義，并升華主題——人類設計實驗的能力才是限制動物認知發(fā)現(xiàn)的關鍵。論證方法：引證法（引用O'Madagian權威評價），對比論證（最終實驗與前兩實驗在證明理性上的高低差異），因果論證（因測試方法局限，導致動物智能理解受限），首尾呼應，提升立意。StepStep2:Exercise【基礎版】適合成績約90分學生Intheexperiments,whatdoes"strongevidence"specificallyreferto?A.ShakingtheboxtoproduceasoundB.SeeingthefoodthroughawindowC.HearingthesoundoffoodbeingdroppedD.DiscoveringapebbleinsidetheboxWhatdoestheunderlinedphrase"thisresult"inparagraph3referto?A.ChimpschangedtheirmindsmoreoftenwithstrongevidencethanweakevidenceB.ChimpscouldnottellthedifferencebetweenevidencetypesC.ResearchersdesignedwindowsintheboxesD.TheevidencestrengthvariedinthetestsWhatdoestheunderlinedword"undermined"inparagraph5mostprobablymean?A.SupportedB.RevealedC.WeakenedD.ReplacedWhatisthemainideaofparagraph4?A.ChimpanzeespreferstrongevidencetoweakevidenceB.ChimpanzeescanevaluateevidencequalitysystematicallyC.ThethirdtestusedmoreboxesthanprevioustestsD.RemovingthestrongevidenceboxconfusedthechimpsWhatdidthefinaltestdemonstrateaboutchimpanzees?A.TheyareskilledattrackingcrumbtrailsB.TheyrespondbettertovariedevidencethanrepeatedevidenceC.TheykeeptrackoforiginalevidencewhileprocessingcontradictoryinformationD.Theyrelymainlyonvisualevidencefordecisionmaking【提高版】適合成績約130分學生Whatcanbeinferredaboutthedesignofthefiveexperiments?A.TheywerestructuredtotestincreasinglysophisticatedreasoningskillsB.TheyallreliedonthesametwoboxmethodthroughoutC.TheyprovedchimpanzeerationalityexceedsthatofhumansD.TheyfocusedexclusivelyonvisualandauditoryevidenceWhydoestheauthorquoteCathalO'Madagianinthefinalparagraph?A.TosummarizetheexperimentalproceduresobjectivelyB.ToprovideexpertvalidationfortherationalityconclusionC.ToquestionthevalidityoftheexperimentalmethodsD.TointroduceanalternativeinterpretationofthefindingsHowdoesparagraph4functionintheoveralldevelopmentoftheargument?A.ItpresentsacounterexamplethatchallengesthemainthesisB.IthighlightsmethodologicallimitationsoftheresearchC.ItprovidescrucialevidencethatchimpsevaluateratherthanmerelyreactD.ItintroducesthecoreconceptofmetacognitionforthefirsttimeWhatdeeperimplicationdoesthestudyrevealaboutanimalintelligenceresearch?A.AnimalcognitiveabilitiesarefundamentallylimitedparedtohumansB.ExperimentaldesignshouldprioritizephysicaltasksanimalscanperformC.HumancreativityintestdesignistheprimaryconstraintondiscoveriesD.ResearchshouldconcentrateonprimatesratherthanotherspeciesWhatistheultimateconclusionaboutchimpanzeecognitionbasedonthisresearch?A.ChimpspossessascientificmethodidenticaltohumanresearchersB.Theycanweigh,bine,andtrackevidencewhileadjustingbeliefsC.TheirdecisionmakingdependsprimarilyonvisualstimulistrengthD.Theircognitivecapacityis50%greaterthanpreviouslyestimated(三)答案與解析【基礎版】答案與解析答案：1.B2.A3.C4.B5.C解析：B。細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第3段"strongevidenceinvolvedseeingfoodthroughawindowcutintothebox"可知，"strongevidence"指通過窗口看到食物。A項是"weakevidence"，C項出現(xiàn)在第5段但非"strongevidence"定義，D項是削弱原證據(jù)的contradictoryevidence。A。指代關系題。第3段"thisresult"指代前一句所述結果：黑猩猩在面對強證據(jù)時比面對弱證據(jù)時更頻繁地改變選擇。B項與原文相反，C項是實驗細節(jié)而非結果，D項是實驗設計特點。C。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)括號內(nèi)中文釋義"削弱"及上下文語境（新證據(jù)證明之前的證據(jù)可能是鵝卵石造成的聲響），undermined意為"削弱"。A項是反義，B、D項不符合語境。B。段落主旨題。第4段通過"三選一"實驗，證明黑猩猩在強證據(jù)盒子被移除后，能系統(tǒng)地評估剩余證據(jù)的質(zhì)量。A項是前文內(nèi)容，C項是表面現(xiàn)象而非主旨，D項與原文矛盾。C。細節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第56段，最終測試表明黑猩猩在面對矛盾證據(jù)時能"keepingtrackoforiginalinformation"。A項是第2段提到的已知能力，B項是第4次實驗的發(fā)現(xiàn)，D項無中生有。【提高版】答案與解析答案：1.A2.B3.C4.C5.B解析：A。推理判斷題。從實驗描述可看出邏輯遞進：從簡單證據(jù)強度比較→二元選擇評估→多證據(jù)整合→矛盾證據(jù)處理，層層深入。B項錯誤（第3實驗用三盒子），C項過度推斷，D項以偏概全（實驗涉及多感官）。B。作者意圖題。引用認知科學家O'Madagian的評價，是為研究結論"黑猩猩具有理性"提供專業(yè)背書，增強說服力。A項層次過淺，C、D項與專家正面評價矛盾。C。篇章結構題。第4段是論證轉折點：通過"移除最強刺激"的設計，排除了"黑猩猩僅對最強刺激反應"的質(zhì)疑，證明其真正在評估證據(jù)質(zhì)量。A、B項與段落功能相反，D項錯誤（元認知概念在第1段已出現(xiàn)）。C。深層含義題。第6段O'Madagian的點評點明主旨："理解動物智力最大的限制是我們設計合適檢測方法的能力"。A項與原文觀點相反，B項是次要因素，D項無中生有。B。論點論證題。全文論證黑猩猩能權衡不同證據(jù)（第34段）、整合證據(jù)（第5段）、并在矛盾出現(xiàn)時追蹤并更新原有信念（第56段）。A項"identical"絕對化，C項與主旨矛盾，D項文中無數(shù)據(jù)支持。StepStep3:Learning1.evidence重點：詞義：證據(jù)；詞性：名詞；考查重點：與proof,clue的區(qū)別；派生詞evident的形容詞用法近義詞：proof,clue,indication反義詞：guess,assumption形近詞：evident(形容詞，明顯的)拓展：evidence(名詞，證據(jù))├──evident(形容詞，明顯的)├──evidently(副詞，明顯地)└──selfevident(形容詞，不證自明的)2.convince重點：詞義：說服；詞性：動詞；考查重點：sth/that...ofsth/that...；派生詞convincing,convinced的區(qū)別近義詞：persuade,assure反義詞：discourage,dissuade形近詞：convict(動詞，定罪；名詞，罪犯)拓展：convince(動詞，說服)├──convincing(形容詞，令人信服的)├──convinced(形容詞，確信的)└──conviction(名詞，信念；定罪)3.contradict重點：詞義：與...矛盾；詞性：動詞；考查重點：與deny的區(qū)別；派生詞contradiction,contradictory近義詞：oppose,conflictwith反義詞：confirm,support,agreewith形近詞：contrast(動詞/名詞，對比)拓展：contradict(動詞，與...矛盾)├──contradiction(名詞，矛盾)├──contradictory(形容詞，矛盾的)└──contradictorily(副詞，矛盾地)4.assess重點：詞義：評估；詞性：動詞；考查重點：與evaluate的區(qū)別；派生詞assessment近義詞：evaluate,estimate,appraise反義詞：neglect,ignore形近詞：access(動詞，進入；名詞，通道),asset(名詞，資產(chǎn))拓展：assess(動詞，評估)├──assessment(名詞，評估)├──assessor(名詞，評估員)└──reassess(動詞，重新評估)5.initial重點：詞義：最初的；詞性：形容詞/名詞；考查重點：initially的副詞用法；與primary的區(qū)別近義詞：first,original,primary反義詞：final,last,ultimate形近詞：initiate(動詞，開始；名詞，新入會者),initiative(名詞，主動性)拓展：initial(形容詞，最初的；名詞，首字母)├──initially(副詞，最初)├──initiate(動詞，開始；發(fā)起)├──initiative(名詞，主動性；倡議)└──initialization(名詞，初始化)6.consistent重點：詞義：一致的；詞性：形容詞；考查重點：beconsistentwith的搭配；派生詞consistently,consistency近義詞：constant,persistent,coherent反義詞：inconsistent,contradictory,variable形近詞：consist(動詞，由...組成)，constant(形容詞，不斷的)拓展：consistent(形容詞，一致的)├──consistently(副詞，一貫地)├──consistency(名詞，一致性)└──inconsistent(形容詞，不一致的)7.bine重點：詞義：結合；詞性：動詞；考查重點：bine...with...的搭配；派生詞bination近義詞：merge,unite,integrate反義詞：separate,divide,split形近詞：bine(動詞，結合)，b(名詞，梳子)拓展：bine(動詞，結合)├──bination(名詞，結合)├──bined(形容詞，結合的)└──rebine(動詞，重新組合)8.undermine重點：詞義：削弱；詞性：動詞；考查重點：與weaken的區(qū)別；undermine強調(diào)從內(nèi)部逐漸破壞近義詞：weaken,damage,impair反義詞：strengthen,support,reinforce形近詞：underlie(動詞，位于...之下)，undergo(動詞，經(jīng)歷)拓展：undermine(動詞，削弱)├──undermining(現(xiàn)在分詞)├──undermined(過去分詞)└──underminer(名詞，破壞者)9.rational重點：詞義：理性的；詞性：形容詞；考查重點：派生詞rationality,rationalize的區(qū)別；與reasonable的辨析近義詞：reasonable,logical,sensible反義詞：irrational,emotional,absurd形近詞：national(形容詞，國家的)，operational(形容詞，運營的)拓展：rational(形容詞，理性的)├──rationality(名詞，理性)├──rationalize(動詞，使合理化)├──rationalism(名詞，理性主義)└──irrational(形容詞，不理性的)10.constrain重點：詞義：限制；詞性：動詞；考查重點：與restrain的區(qū)別；派生詞constraint,constrained近義詞：restrict,limit,confine反義詞：free,liberate,release形近詞：restrain(動詞，抑制)，constrict(動詞，壓縮)拓展：constrain(動詞，限制)├──constraint(名詞，限制)├──constrained(形容詞，受約束的)└──unconstrained(形容詞，不受約束的)11.extend重點：詞義：擴展；詞性：動詞；考查重點：tosome/alargeextent的搭配；派生詞extension,extensive,extent近義詞：expand,broaden,stretch反義詞：reduce,shorten,contract形近詞：expend(動詞，花費)，expand(動詞，擴張)拓展：extend(動詞，擴展)├──extension(名詞，擴展；延期)├──extensive(形容詞，廣泛的)├──extent(名詞，程度)└──extendable(形容詞，可擴展的)12.evaluate重點：詞義：評估；詞性：動詞；考查重點：與assess,estimate的辨析近義詞：assess,estimate,judge反義詞：neglect,overlook形近詞：evacuate(動詞，疏散)，valuable(形容詞，有價值的)拓展：evaluate(動詞，評估)├──evaluation(名詞，評估)├──evaluative(形容詞，評估的)└──reevaluate(動詞，重新評估)13.reflect重點：詞義：反映；思考；詞性：動詞；考查重點：reflecton/upon的搭配；派生詞reflection,reflective近義詞：show,indicate,mirror;consider,contemplate反義詞：absorb,conceal形近詞：reflex(名詞，反射；形容詞，反射的)，deflect(動詞，偏轉)拓展：reflect(動詞，反映；反思)├──reflection(名詞，反射；反思)├──reflective(形容詞，反射的；反思的)└──reflector(名詞，反射器)14.involve重點：詞義：涉及；包含；詞性：動詞；考查重點：involvedoingsth結構；與include的區(qū)別近義詞：include,contain,entail反義詞：exclude,omit形近詞：invade(動詞，入侵)，evolve(動詞，進化)拓展：involve(動詞，涉及)├──involvement(名詞，參與；卷入)├──involved(形容詞，復雜的；涉及的)└──involving(現(xiàn)在分詞)15.demonstrate重點：詞義：證明；展示；詞性：動詞；考查重點：與show,prove的辨析；派生詞demonstration近義詞：show,prove,illustrate反義詞：conceal,hide形近詞：demand(動詞，要求)，mand(動詞，命令)拓展：demonstrate(動詞，證明)├──demonstration(名詞，證明；示威)├──demonstrative(形容詞，證明的；外露的)└──demonstrator(名詞，示威者；示范者)16.systematic重點：詞義：系統(tǒng)的；詞性：形容詞；考查重點：派生詞systematically的副詞用法；與systemic的區(qū)別近義詞：methodical,organized,structured反義詞：random,chaotic,arbitrary形近詞：systemic(形容詞，系統(tǒng)的；全身的)，system(名詞，系統(tǒng))拓展：systematic(形容詞，系統(tǒng)的)├──systematically(副詞，系統(tǒng)地)├──systematize(動詞，使系統(tǒng)化)└──unsystematic(形容詞，無系統(tǒng)的)17.significant重點：詞義：顯著的；重要的；詞性：形容詞；考查重點：派生詞significantly,significance；與important的辨析近義詞：important,considerable,notable反義詞：insignificant,trivial,negligible形近詞：signify(動詞，意味著)，signal(名詞，信號)拓展：significant(形容詞，顯著的)├──significantly(副詞，顯著地)├──significance(名詞，意義；重要性)└──insignificant(形容詞，不重要的)18.genuine重點：詞義：真正的；真誠的；詞性：形容詞；考查重點：派生詞genuinely；與authentic的區(qū)別近義詞：authentic,real,true反義詞：fake,false,artificial形近詞：genius(名詞，天才)，genus(名詞，屬)拓展：genuine(形容詞，真正的)├──genuinely(副詞，真正地)├──genuineness(名詞，真實性)└─→(詞根gen表示"出生，產(chǎn)生")19.strengthen重點：詞義：加強；詞性：動詞；考查重點：派生詞strength；與reinforce的辨析近義詞：reinforce,enhance,fortify反義詞：weaken,undermine,diminish形近詞：strength(名詞，力量)，length(名詞，長度)拓展：strengthen(動詞，加強)├──strength(名詞，力量；優(yōu)勢)├──strong(形容詞，強壯的)└──strongest(形容詞最高級)20.reveal重點：詞義：揭示；顯示；詞性：動詞；考查重點：派生詞revelation；與display,show的辨析近義詞：disclose,expose,uncover反義詞：conceal,hide,cover形近詞：revel(動詞，狂歡)，level(名詞，水平)拓展：reveal(動詞，揭示)├──revelation(名詞，揭露；天啟)├──revealing(形容詞，發(fā)人深省的)└──revealed(過去分詞)StepStep4:plexSentence長難句1原句：

chimps

chose

theweakevidenceboxoverthenoevidenceoption,demonstratingtheyactivelyconsideredevidencequalityratherthanmerelyrespondingtowhateverstrongeststimulusremainedavailable.漢語翻譯：

黑猩猩一致地選擇了有弱證據(jù)的盒子而非無證據(jù)的選項，這表明它們主動評估了證據(jù)質(zhì)量，而不僅僅是對任何仍然存在的最強刺激做出反應。層級結構圖：chimps(主語)chose(謂語)theweakevidencebox(賓語1)→overthenoevidenceoption(介詞短語作比較狀語)demonstrating...(現(xiàn)在分詞作結果狀語)they(從句主語)considered(從句謂語1)evidencequality(賓語)ratherthan(并列連詞，表對比)merelyresponding...(動名詞作賓語，與considering對比)→towhateverstrongeststimulusremainedavailable(介詞短語作狀語，包含名詞性從句)whateverstrongeststimulus(從句主語)remained(從句系動詞)available(從句表語)長難句2原句：

newevidence

undermine