中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)強(qiáng)化——主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)，超全講解+易錯(cuò)總結(jié)一、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本概念主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（Active）：主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例：Tomreadsabook.（湯姆讀一本書(shū)。—Tom是執(zhí)行者）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（Passive）：主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者常用by引出（可省略）。例：Abookisread(byTom).（書(shū)被讀。）什么時(shí)候用被動(dòng)？強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)者或事件本身，而非動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者。例：Thebridgewasbuiltin1990.（強(qiáng)調(diào)橋和建成時(shí)間）不知道或不想說(shuō)執(zhí)行者。例：Mybikewasstolenlastnight.（不知道誰(shuí)偷的）科學(xué)寫(xiě)作、說(shuō)明文多用被動(dòng)，客觀描述事實(shí)。二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般結(jié)構(gòu)（按時(shí)態(tài)分類）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)=

be（適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)）+過(guò)去分詞（V-ed/過(guò)去分詞形式）（后面可加by+執(zhí)行者）1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)→am/is/are+過(guò)去分詞Active:PeoplespeakEnglishallovertheworld.Passive:English

isspoken

allovertheworld.2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)→was/were+過(guò)去分詞Active:Theyopenedtheshopyesterday.Passive:Theshop

wasopened

yesterday.3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)→will+be+過(guò)去分詞Active:Theywillfinishtheworktomorrow.Passive:Thework

willbefinished

tomorrow.4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)→am/is/are+being+過(guò)去分詞Active:Theyarebuildinganewschool.Passive:Anewschool

isbeingbuilt.5.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)→was/were+being+過(guò)去分詞Active:Theywerecleaningtheroomat10.Passive:Theroom

wasbeingcleaned

at10.6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)→has/have+been+過(guò)去分詞Active:Theyhavefinishedthetask.Passive:Thetask

hasbeenfinished.7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)→had+been+過(guò)去分詞Active:Theyhadrepairedtheroad.Passive:Theroad

hadbeenrepaired.8.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+被動(dòng)→modal+be+過(guò)去分詞Active:Theymustfinishthereport.Passive:Thereport

mustbefinished.其他例：canbedone,shouldbetold,mightbeseen三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊與擴(kuò)展結(jié)構(gòu)get+過(guò)去分詞（口語(yǔ)/非正式）：強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生（常表示不好的事）He

gotinjured

inthegame.（他在比賽中受傷了）have/get+sb+done（使役/間接被動(dòng)常見(jiàn)表達(dá)）：表示安排別人做某事或讓某事發(fā)生（不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換）I

hadmyhaircut

yesterday.（我昨天把頭發(fā)剪了——有人替我剪）She

gothercarfixed.（她把車(chē)修好了）主動(dòng)句無(wú)法改成被動(dòng)句的情況：動(dòng)詞后沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)（不及物動(dòng)詞）Active:Hesleeps.→無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，不能改為被動(dòng)。雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換Active:Shegavemeabook.（給+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)）可轉(zhuǎn)為：Abookwasgiventome(byher).或Iwasgivenabook(byher).注意：當(dāng)把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞to不出現(xiàn)；把直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，需加to。四、從主動(dòng)改為被動(dòng)的步驟（實(shí)用方法）遇到句子要改被動(dòng)，按下面四步走，考試高效又規(guī)范：找到句子的賓語(yǔ)（若無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，不能被動(dòng)）。把賓語(yǔ)提升為被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。根據(jù)原句時(shí)態(tài)選用be的相應(yīng)形式并加過(guò)去分詞。原主語(yǔ)（若需要）用by+原主語(yǔ)放在句尾；也可省略。例：TeachersteachstudentsEnglish.步驟：賓語(yǔ)=students→StudentsaretaughtEnglish(byteachers).五、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)與易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)應(yīng)錯(cuò)誤：將現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)誤寫(xiě)成

is+

pastparticiple（應(yīng)為isbeing+p.p.）錯(cuò)：Anewroadisbuiltnow.?正：Anewroad

isbeingbuilt

now.被動(dòng)句中忘記加be的正確時(shí)態(tài)形式錯(cuò)：Theworkfinishedyesterday.?正：Thework

wasfinished

yesterday.把情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)連用錯(cuò)誤錯(cuò)：Thejobmustfinished.?正：Thejob

mustbefinished.把雙賓語(yǔ)變被動(dòng)時(shí)介詞誤用或漏用正確:Amessagewassenttome./Iwassentamessage.（注意to）Active:Hesentmeamessage.主語(yǔ)為不定代詞或量詞時(shí)的被動(dòng)Manymistakesweremade.（Manymistakes→復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞）注意一致性（數(shù)的匹配）有些動(dòng)詞不常用于被動(dòng)（例如：have（表示擁有）通常不用于被動(dòng)表達(dá)擁有）Hehasacar.→很少說(shuō)

Acarishadbyhim.（而說(shuō)Heownsacar./Hehasacar.）被動(dòng)句省略by的情況：當(dāng)執(zhí)行者明顯或不重要時(shí)，常省略by。Thewindowwasbroken.（不說(shuō)明誰(shuí)弄壞的）六、典型例題類型（中考常見(jiàn)）改錯(cuò)/改寫(xiě)題：把主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)或判斷被動(dòng)句時(shí)態(tài)是否正確。完形/閱讀填空：被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)考時(shí)態(tài)、被動(dòng)用法（被動(dòng)與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用）。改錯(cuò)題：找出被動(dòng)相關(guān)的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤（be+p.p./時(shí)態(tài)/by的使用）。翻譯題：將中文句子翻譯為被動(dòng)句（?？肌氨弧苯Y(jié)構(gòu)）。七、練習(xí)題（建議先做再看答案）一、選擇題（選出正確的被動(dòng)形式）Theletter___yesterday.A.issent?B.wassent?C.sent?D.hassentAnewbridge___now.A.isbuilding?B.isbeingbuilt?C.isbuilt?D.wasbuiltThestudents___theresultsbytheteacher.A.told?B.weretold?C.toldto?D.aretellThework___by5o’clocktomorrow.A.willfinish?B.willbefinished?C.willhavefinished?D.willbefinishingHe___hiscarrepairedlastweek.（“他上周修好了車(chē)”——choosecorrect）A.had?B.got?C.hadgot?D.gothad二、改寫(xiě)句子（把主動(dòng)句改為被動(dòng)句）Theywillfinishtheprojectnextmonth.→_______________________PeoplespeakEnglishallovertheworld.→_______________________Someonestolemybikelastnight.→_______________________Theteacheriscorrectingthepapersnow.→_______________________Theyhadcompletedtheworkbeforehearrived.→_______________________三、填空（用適當(dāng)?shù)谋粍?dòng)形式填空）Thecake___(make)bymymotheryesterday.Alotofhouses___(destroy)bythestormlastyear.Themessage___(send)toallstudentsalready.Thistask___(should/finish)byyoubeforeFriday.Thewindow___(break)whilewewereout.四、改錯(cuò)題（每題一句，句中有一處與被動(dòng)有關(guān)的錯(cuò)誤，找出并改正）Thebookwaswrotebyhim.Thehomeworkmustbedoneedbeforeclass.Theroomisbeingcleanedbythemyesterday.Thereportwillbefinishtomorrow.Englishisspokeinmanycountries.八、答案與解析一、選擇題答案（1–5）B.wassent

—昨天（過(guò)去）被寄出，用過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)。B.isbeingbuilt

—現(xiàn)在正在建造，進(jìn)行時(shí)被動(dòng)：isbeingbuilt。B.weretold

—toldsbsth→被告知，用過(guò)去被動(dòng)。B.willbefinished

—明天5點(diǎn)之前完成，用willbefinished（或willhavebeenfinishedif強(qiáng)調(diào)完成時(shí)）。B.got

—“Hegothiscarrepaired”或“Hehadhiscarrepaired”都可以，B和A都成立，但常用表達(dá)為

had/getsthdone

表示讓別人做或修好；若單選，A.had

與

B.got

都可能，但口語(yǔ)偏got，書(shū)面偏had。（優(yōu)先選A或B請(qǐng)看題目要求；此處推薦

A.had

或

B.got

均接受）注：在真實(shí)考試中，出題者會(huì)限定答案；教練建議學(xué)會(huì)兩種表達(dá)：have/getsthdone。二、改寫(xiě)句子答案（6–10）Theproject

willbefinished

nextmonth.English

isspoken

allovertheworld.Mybike

wasstolen

lastnight.Thepapers

arebeingcorrected

bytheteachernow.Thework

hadbeencompleted

beforehearrived.三、填空答案（11–15）Thecake

wasmade

bymymotheryesterday.Alotofhouses

weredestroyed

bythestormlastyear.Themessage

hasbeensent

toallstudentsalready.Thistask

shouldbefinished

byyoubeforeFriday.（或

shouldbedone）Thewindow

wasbroken

whilewewereout.（或

gotbroken）四、改錯(cuò)題答案（16–20）Thebookwaswrittenbyhim.（write的過(guò)去分詞是written）Thehomeworkmustbedonebeforeclass.（done是過(guò)去分詞，不能寫(xiě)did/doneed）Theroomwasbeingcleanedbythemyesterday.（yesterday→用過(guò)去時(shí)：wasbeingcleaned）Thereportwillbefinishedtomorrow.（finish→finished）Englishisspokeninmanycountries.（speak的過(guò)去分詞spoken）九、拓展與答題技巧（考場(chǎng)