2023全國1卷

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長難句2023全國1卷BWhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細(xì)菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Hewasfondoftraveling.B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.C.Hehadaninquiringmind.D.Helongedtobeadoctor.

WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observing

hownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.

Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細(xì)菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.插入語翻譯：

當(dāng)JohnTodd還是個(gè)孩子時(shí)，他喜歡探索家周圍的樹林，觀察大自然如何解決問題。例如，一條渾濁的小溪流經(jīng)植物和微小生物棲息的巖石后，往往會(huì)變得清澈。長大后，John開始思考是否可以利用這個(gè)過程來清理人類制造的污染。

在大學(xué)攻讀農(nóng)業(yè)、醫(yī)學(xué)和漁業(yè)專業(yè)后，John重新開始觀察自然并提出問題：為什么某些植物能捕獲有害細(xì)菌？哪些魚類能吞噬致癌化學(xué)物質(zhì)？他設(shè)想，若能正確組合動(dòng)植物，或許就能像大自然那樣凈化廢物。于是他決定建造后來被稱為"生態(tài)機(jī)器"的裝置。24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Hewasfondoftraveling.B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.C.Hehadaninquiringmind.D.Helongedtobeadoctor.C...Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge（污泥）.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?A.Tofeedtheanimals.B.Tobuildanecosystem.C.Toprotecttheplants.D.Totesttheeco-machine....Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge（污泥）.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?A.Tofeedtheanimals.B.Tobuildanecosystem.C.Toprotecttheplants.D.Totesttheeco-machine.翻譯：

幾周后，John添加了污泥。他被結(jié)果驚呆了。生態(tài)機(jī)器里的植物和動(dòng)物把污泥當(dāng)作食物，開始吃起來！DOvertheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse—likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans.B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C.TocompareJohn’sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.

Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse—likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans.B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C.TocompareJohn’sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.翻譯：多年來，John承擔(dān)了許多重要的工作。他開發(fā)了一個(gè)溫室——一種處理SouthBurlington1600戶家庭污水的設(shè)施。他還設(shè)計(jì)了一臺(tái)生態(tài)機(jī)器來清潔中國東南部城市福州的運(yùn)河水。同位語B“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”7.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?A.Naturecanrepairitself.B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.C.LifeonEarthisdiverse.D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.“Ecologicaldesign”isthename

Johngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”7.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?A.Naturecanrepairitself.B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.C.LifeonEarthisdiverse.D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.翻譯：“生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)”是約翰給自己的工作起的名字。“地球上的生命就像是發(fā)明家的零件盒，”他說，“你把生物放在新的關(guān)系中，觀察發(fā)生的事情。然后你讓這些新系統(tǒng)發(fā)展出自己的自我修復(fù)方式?！泵~+姓名+謂語

（省略that的定語從句）A2024全國1卷CThegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefor

digitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.28.Whatisthebookaimedat?A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefor

digitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationof

whatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.28.Whatisthebookaimedat?A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.翻譯：這本書的目標(biāo)是闡述數(shù)字極簡主義的理念，包括對(duì)它要求和為什么有效進(jìn)行詳細(xì)探索，然后教你如何采用這種哲學(xué)，如果你認(rèn)為它適合你。BPartoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.翻譯：第一部分以介紹我建議的方法來采用這種哲學(xué)作為結(jié)尾：數(shù)字?jǐn)嗌犭x。這個(gè)過程要求你在30天內(nèi)遠(yuǎn)離可選的在線活動(dòng)。AInthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.Inthefinalchapterofpartone,I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperiment

Iranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.翻譯：在第一部分的最后一章中，我將指導(dǎo)你如何進(jìn)行自己的數(shù)字整理。為此，我將引用2018年的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，在該實(shí)驗(yàn)中，超過1,600人同意進(jìn)行數(shù)字整理。你將聽到這些參與者的經(jīng)歷，了解哪些策略對(duì)他們有效，以及他們遇到的陷阱，這些都是你應(yīng)該避免的。名詞+代詞+謂語

（省略that的定語從句）CYoucanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourparticularcircumstances.31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourparticularcircumstances.31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.翻譯：你可以把這些做法看作是一個(gè)工具箱，旨在幫助你努力建立一種適合你特定情況的極簡主義生活方式。A2024全國1卷DThiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthat

whenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.If

forwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.翻譯：這種效應(yīng)利用了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：當(dāng)人們犯錯(cuò)時(shí)，這些錯(cuò)誤并不總是相同的。有些人傾向于高估，而有些人則傾向于低估。當(dāng)這些錯(cuò)誤足夠多地匯總在一起時(shí)，它們會(huì)相互抵消，從而得出更準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。如果人們相似且傾向于犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤，那么他們的錯(cuò)誤就不會(huì)相互抵消。用更技術(shù)性的術(shù)語來說，群體智慧要求人們的估計(jì)應(yīng)該是獨(dú)立的。如果由于某種原因，人們的錯(cuò)誤變得相關(guān)或依賴，估計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性將會(huì)下降。32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.BButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependentButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthat

whencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.翻譯：但由JoaquinNavajas領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一項(xiàng)新研究為這一經(jīng)典現(xiàn)象提供了一個(gè)有趣的轉(zhuǎn)折。該研究的關(guān)鍵發(fā)現(xiàn)是，當(dāng)人群進(jìn)一步分成更小的小組并允許他們進(jìn)行討論時(shí)，這些小組的平均結(jié)果比相同數(shù)量的獨(dú)立個(gè)體更為準(zhǔn)確。例如，四個(gè)五人小組的估計(jì)平均值顯著高于二十個(gè)獨(dú)立個(gè)體的平均值。ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthat

whencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.e