職稱英語考試（理工類）閱讀理解新增文章-書中第3篇

第3篇CitizenScientists

Understandinghownaturerespondstoclimatechangewillrequiremonitoring

keylifecyclelevents-flowering,theappearanceofleaves,thefirstfrogcallsof

thespring-allaroundtheworld.Butecologistscan'tbeeverywheresothey're

turningtonon-scientists,sometimescalledcitizenscientists,forhelp.

Climatescientistsarenotpresenteverywhere.Becausetherearesomany

placesintheworldandnotenoughscientiststoobserveallofthem,they're

askingforyourhelpinobservingsignsofclimatechangeacrosstheworld.The

citizenscientistmovementencouragesordinarypeopletoobserveavery

specificresearchinterest-birds,trees,flowersbudding,etc.-andsendtheir

observationstoagiantdatabasetobeobservedbyprofessionalscientists.

Thishelpsasmallnumberofscientiststrackalargeamountofdatathatthey

wouldneverbeabletcgatherontheirown.Muchlikecitizenjournalistshelping

largepublicationscoverahyper-localbeat2zcitizenscientistsarereadyforthe

conditionswheretheylive.Allthat'sneededtobecomeoneisafewminutes

eachdayoreachweektogatherdataandsendit3in.

Agroupofscientistsandeducatorslaunchedanorganizationlastyearcalledthe

NationalPheonology4Network."Phenology"iswhatscientistscallthestudyof

thetimingofeventsinnature.

Oneofthegroup'sfirsteffortsreliesonscientistsandnon-scientistsaliketo

collectdataaboutplantfloweringandleafingeveryyear.Theprogram,called

ProjectBudBurst,collectslifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplantsfrom

acrosstheUnitedStates.Peopleparticipatingintheproject-whichisopento

everyone-recordtheirobservationsontheProjectBudBurstwebsite.

"Peopledon'thavetobeplantexperts-theyjusthavetolookaroundandsee

what'sintheirneighborhood,"saysJenniferSchwartz,aneducationconsultant

withtheproject,"Aswecollectthisdata,we'llbeabletomakeanestimateof

howplantsandeommunities5ofplantsandanimalswillrespondastheclimate

changes."

詞匯：

Frogn.蛙Ecologistn.生.態(tài)學(xué)家Phenologyn.物候?qū)WBudv.發(fā)芽，萌芽；n.芽，

花蕾

Neighbor(u)rhoodn.近鄰；鄰近地區(qū)Databasen.數(shù)據(jù)庫

Professionaladj.專業(yè)佗，職業(yè)的；n.職業(yè)選手，專業(yè)人員

注釋：

1.lifecycle：生命周期，即生物發(fā)展過程的系列變化。

2.hyper-localbeat:beat在此做名詞用,意思是:某類新聞報道,如，abusinessbeat；

商業(yè)專題報道。這是近年來出現(xiàn)的新詞。Hyper-localbeat即hyper-localnews,指的

是被老式新聞報道方式所忽視的小型小區(qū)或居民居住區(qū)里發(fā)生的有關(guān)信息報道。在美國由

此而誕生了hyper-localnewswebsite,專門對主流媒體所沒有覆蓋的地區(qū)所發(fā)生的事

件進(jìn)行報道，其形式多以網(wǎng)民，即短文中所提及的citizenjournalists,上傳所在小區(qū)發(fā)

生的事件報道、照片或視頻為主。這是網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代產(chǎn)生的又?新生事物。

3.data是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但常用做單數(shù)，因此這里的代詞是it。另參見最終一段''Aswe

collectthisdata,…”。這里的data也用作單數(shù)。

4.phenology：物候?qū)W或生物氣候?qū)W，是氣候?qū)W和生態(tài)學(xué)的邊緣學(xué)科，重要研究氣候環(huán)境對

生物的影響。

5.communities：生態(tài)學(xué)詞匯：生物群落，記載比較相似的環(huán)境條件下在特定自然區(qū)域或

環(huán)境中生活和互相影響的?群植物和動物。

練習(xí)：

1.Ecologiststurntonon-scientistcitizensforhelpbecausetheyneedthem

A)toprovidetheirpersonallifecycles.B)toobservethelifecycleofplants.

C)tocollectdataofthelifecycleoflivingthings.D)toteachchildren

knowledgeaboutclimatechange.

2.Whatarecitizenscientistsaskedtodo?

A)Todevelopaspecificresearchinterestandbecomeprofessionalscientists.

B)Tosendtheirresearchobservationstoaprofessionaldatabase.

C)Toincreasetheirknowledgeaboutclimatechange.

D)Tokeeparecordoftheirresearchobservations.

3.In"Allthat'sneededtobecomeone...(paragraph2)”,whatdoesthev/ord

"one"standsfor?

A)acitizRnjournalist.B)acitizenscientist.C)ascientist.D)a

citizen.

4.WhatisNOTtrueofProjectBudBurst?

A)Onlyexpertscanparticipateinit.B)Everybodycan

participateinit.

C)Itcollectslifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplants.D)Ithasitsown

website.

5.WhatisthefinalpurposeofProjectBudBurst?

A)Tostudywhenplantswillhavetheirfirstbuds.

B)Tofindoutthetypesofplantsintheneighborhood.

C)Tocollectlifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplantsfromacrossthe

UnitedStates.

D)Toinvestigatehov/plantsandanimalswillrespondastheclimatechanges.

答案與題解：

1.C第一段和第二段的第一句告訴我們，要在世界范圍內(nèi)觀測氣候?qū)Υ笞匀恢猩锷?/p>

期的影響，數(shù)量有限的科學(xué)家不也許足跡遍及天下，為此科學(xué)家求援于一般公民的參與。因

此C是對的選擇。

2.B第二段第三句中encourageordinarypeopletoobserve...的主語是Thecitizen

scientistmovement,即公民參與科學(xué)觀測的運(yùn)動。因此D不是對的選擇。A和C不

符合文章的句意，因此也不是對的的選擇。這個句子的大意是:這一運(yùn)動鼓勵一般公民根據(jù)

自己的愛好愛好進(jìn)行科學(xué)觀測，并將觀測成果送交數(shù)據(jù)庫，讓專門領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家做進(jìn)一步

的觀測。B對的體現(xiàn)了這個意思。

3.Bone在這里是一個代詞，其前置詞是citizenscientists,而不是

citizenjournalists,這里的one指的是oneofcitizenscientists。因此A、C和D都

不是對的選擇。這個句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上幾分鐘搜集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送出去，

就能成為一種公民科學(xué)家。

4.A文章最終一段說，這個計劃向所有人開放(opentoeveryone)，因此應(yīng)選擇A。

B,C,D所述內(nèi)容都在該段中提到。

5.DC表述的內(nèi)容是ProjectBudburst所要做的上年，但其最終的口的不僅僅是搜集

數(shù)據(jù)，而是研究氣候變化對生物生命周期的影響。因此，D才是對的答案。

職稱英語考試(理工類)閱讀理解新增文章?書中第6篇

第6篇ArcticMelt

Earth'sNorthandSouthPolesarefamousforbeingcoldandicy.Lastyear,

however,theamountoficeintheArcticOceanfelltoarecordlowl.

Normally,icebuildsinArcticwatersaroundtheNorthPoleeachwinterand

shrinksduringthesummer.Butformanyyears,theamountoficeleftbythe

endofsummerhasbeendeclining.

Since1979,eachdecadehasseenan11.4percentdropinend-of-summerice

cover2.Between1981and,iceintheArcticlost22percentofitsthickness—

becoming1.13metersthinner.

Lastsummer,ArcticseaicerpachpditsskimpiestIAVAISypt.BytheAndof

summer,theicehadshrunktocoverjust4.2millionsquarekilometers.That's

38percentlessareathantheaveragecoveratthattimeofyear.Andit'savery

large23percentbelowthepreviousrecordlow,whichwassetjust2yearsago.

Thiscontinuingtrendhasscientistsconcerned.

Theremaybeseveralreasonsfortheicemelt,saysJinlunZhang,an

oceanographerattheUniversityofWashington3inSeattle.Unusuallystrong

windsblewthroughtheArcticlastsummer.Thewindspushedmuchoftheice

outofthecentralArctic,leavingalargeareaofthiniceandopenwater4.

ScientistsalsosuspectthatfewercloudscovertheArcticnowthaninthepast.

Clearerskiesallowmoresunlighttoreachtheocean.Theextraheatwarmsooth

thewaterandtheatmosphere.InpartsoftheArcticOceanlastyear,surface

temperatureswere3.5℃Celsiuswarmerthanaverageand1.5nCwarmerthan

thepreviousrecordhigh5.

Withbothairandwatergettingwarmer,theiceismeltingfrombothaboveand

below.InsomepartsoftheBeaufortSea6,northofAlaskaandwesternCanada,

icethatmeasured3.3mthickatthebeginningofthesummermeasuredjust50

centimetersbyseason'send.

Thenewmeasurementssuggestthatmeltingisfarmoreseverethanscientists

haveseenbyjustlookingaticecoverfromabove,saysDonaldK.Perovich,a

geophysicistattheU.S.ArmyColdRegionsResearchandEngineering

LaboratoryinHanover,N.H.7

SomescientistsfearthattheArcticisstuckinawarmingtrendfromwhichit

mayneverrecover.

詞匯：

Arcticn,北極，北極圈；adj.北極的

theArcticOcean北冰洋shrinkv.萎縮；縮小，減少oceanographern.海洋學(xué)家

skimpyadj.缺乏的，局限性的centimetern.厘米geophysicistn.地球物理學(xué)家

注釋

1.felltoarecordlow:跌到歷史最低點。record作形容詞時，意思是''空前的，創(chuàng)記錄

的〃。Recordlow的反義詞是recordhigh:歷史最高點。

2.icecover:冰覆蓋量

3.UniversityofWashington:華盛頓大學(xué)，創(chuàng)立于1861年，座落在美國華盛頓州西

雅圖市東北角，因此又稱西雅圖華盛頓大學(xué)，是美國著名的公立研究型大學(xué)。

4.openwater:沒有冰覆蓋的海面

5.recordhigh:見注釋1。

6.theBeaufortSea:波弗特海，是北冰洋邊緣海，位于美國阿拉斯加州東北岸和加拿大

西北岸，海中島嶼稀少，有無島海之稱。

7.Hanover,N.H：新罕布什爾州漢諾威市。N.H.是NewHampshire的縮寫。該

州位于美國新英格蘭地區(qū)。

練習(xí)：

1.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword"build"inthefirst

sentenceofthesecondparagraph?

A)Construct.B)Extend.C)Create.D)Expand.

2.WhatistheicecoverintheArcticbytheendofsummer?

A)4.2millionsquarekilometers.B)11.4millionsquarekilometers.C)1.13

millionsquarekilometers.D)38millionsquarekilometers.

3.Whatarethereasonsfortheicemeltaccordingtothescientists?

A)Strongwindsandclearskies.B)Longsummerandshortwinter.

C)Openwaterandthinice.D)Lightcloudsandlightwinds.

4.Whyistheicemeltingfrombothaboveandbelow?

A)Becauseextrahectwarmstheair.

B)Becauseextraheatwarmsthewater.

C)Becausethetemperatureabovethewaterishigher.D)BothAandB.

5.Whatcanbeapossibletitleforthepassage?

A)WhatarescientistslookingforintheArcticOcean?B)Whatarescientists

doingintheArcticOcean?

C)WhyarescientistsworryingabouttheArcticOcean?D)Whyarescientists

interestedintheArcticOcean?

練習(xí)：

1.Dbuild是個多義詞，四個選項都是該詞的潛在詞義。但在第二段的第一句中，build

與后半句中shrink(becomesmaller)一詞相對，意思是becomebigger之義。Extend

是增長的意思，不適合用在此處。

2.A答案可在第四段的第二句中找到。該句的意思是：年夏末，冰的覆蓋面積已經(jīng)縮

小至420萬平方公里。

3.A短文的第五和第六段回答了這個問題。第五段告訴我們，由于強(qiáng)風(fēng)的原因，大面積海

面僅有薄冰覆蓋或沒有冰層覆蓋3第六段告訴我們，晴朗的天空使太陽直接照射海面，導(dǎo)致

高溫。因此A是對的選擇。B的內(nèi)容沒有在文中提到。C的表述內(nèi)容是間接原因，是刮

強(qiáng)風(fēng)的成果。D選項中,lightclouds確實是icemelt的原因，但fightwinds是錯

誤的理解。

4.D答案可在倒數(shù)笫三段第一句話中找到。frombothaboveandbelow的意思是：

無論從海水上面還是底下，也就是說，無論是海水還是海面上的空氣。因此A和B都回

答了問題：高溫不僅也許使水溫增高，也使氣溫增高.

5.C本文描述了科學(xué)家對北冰洋冰覆蓋量的研究，研究成果是Arcticisstuckina

warmingtrendfromwhichitmayneverrecover.（北冰洋變暖的趨勢也許不會逆轉(zhuǎn)）。

第四段最終一句說:Thiscontinuingtrendhasscientistsconcerned,短文最終一句

也告訴我們，科學(xué)家對這種趨勢十分憂慮（fear）。因此，C是本題的答案。

職稱英語考試（理工類）閱讀理解新增文章■書中第33篇

第33篇ExpertsCallforLocalandRegionalControlofSitesfor

RadioactiveWaste

ThewithdrawalofNevada'sYuccaMountainasapotentialnuclearwaste

repositorylhasreopenedthedebateoverhowandwheretodisposeofspent

nuclearfuelandhigh-levelnuclearwaste.InanarticleintheJuly10issueof

Science,UniversityofMichigan?geologistRodneyEwingandPrinceton

University3nuclearphysicistFrankvonHippelarguethat,althoughfederal

agenciesshouldsetstandardsandissuelicensesfortheapprovalofnuclear

facilities,localcommunitiesandstatesshouldhavethefinalapprovalonthe

sitingofthesefacilities.Theauthorsproposethedevelopmentofmultiplesites

thatwouldservicetheregionswherenuclearreactorsarelocated.

"Themaingoal...,shouldbetoprovidetheUniedStateswithmultipleprocess

thatrequiresacceptancebyhostcommunitiesandstates,"theauthorswrite.

EwingandyonHippelalsoanalyzethereasonswhyYuccaMountain,selectedby

Congress4in1987astheonlysitetobeinvestigatedforlong-termnuclear

wastedisposal,finallywasshelved5aftermorethanthreedecadesofoften

controversialdebate.Thereasonsincludethesite'sgeologicalproblems,

managementproblems,importantchangesintheEnvironmentalProtection

Agency'sstandard,unreliablefundingandthefailuretoinvolvelocal

communitiesinthedecision-makingprocess.

Goingforward,effortsshouldbedirectedatlocatingstoragefacilitiesinthe

nation'snortheastern,southeastern,midwesternandwesternregions,and

stateswithinagivenregionshouldberesponsiblefordevelopingsolutionsthat

suittheirparticularcircumstances.Transportationofnuclearwasteoverlong

distances,whichwasaconcernwiththeYuccaMountainsite,wouldbelessofa

problembecausetemporarystorageorgeologicaldisposalsitescouldbe

locatedclosertoreactors.

"ThisregionalapproachwouldbesimilartothecurrentapproachinEurope,

wherespentnuclearfuel6andhigh-levelnuclearwaste?fromabout150

reactorsandreprocessingplantsistobemovedtoanumberofgeological

repositoriesinavarietyofrocktypes8/'saidRodneyEwing,whohaswritten

extensivelyabouttheimpactofnuclearwastemanagementontheenvironment

andwhohasanalyzedsafetyassessmentcriteriaforthecontroversialYucca

Mountainnuclearwasterepository.

詞匯：

radioactiveadj.放射性的shelvev.擱置repositoryn.儲備地，儲備

室controversialadj.有爭議的

geologistn.地質(zhì)學(xué)家reactorn.反應(yīng)堆，反應(yīng)器geologicaladj.地質(zhì)的

注釋：

1.ThewithdrawalofNevada'sYuccaMountainasapotentialnuclearwaste

repository:Nevada'sYuccaMountain：美國境內(nèi)的內(nèi)華達(dá)州尤卡山。nuclearwaste

repository：核廢物處理庫。美國能源部部長朱棣文年3月5日表達(dá)，擬在內(nèi)華達(dá)州

尤卡山建設(shè)的核廢物最終處理庫將不再是美國儲存高放廢物的一種選項。

2.UniversityofMichigan：美國密歇根大學(xué)，建于1817年。

3.PrincetonUniversity：美國普林斯頓大學(xué),建于1746年。

4.Congress:美國國會，美國最高立法機(jī)關(guān)，山參議院(Senate)和眾議院(Houseof

Representatives)構(gòu)成。

5....wasshelved：....被束之高閣。

6.spentnuclearfuel：也叫做usednuclearfuel,一般譯為“乏核燃料〃。

7.high-levelnuclearwaste：iSi(強(qiáng)度)放(射性)核廢物。

8.geologicalrepositoriesinavarietyofrocktypes：多種不一樣巖層中的地質(zhì)處置

庫。geologicalrepositories指的是地表如下300?1500米的穩(wěn)定的地質(zhì)體中建造的

用于最終處置高放廢物和乏核燃料的工程設(shè)施。處置庫是一種多重屏障系統(tǒng)，工程屏障由

廢物體、廢物罐、外包裝和緩沖回填材料構(gòu)成，而天然屏障則是能有效阻滯放射性核素遷

移的地質(zhì)體，包括花崗巖、粘土巖、凝灰?guī)r和巖鹽等。許多專家認(rèn)為地質(zhì)處置是安全的，

技術(shù)上是可行的，對環(huán)境是無害的。

練習(xí)：

1.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestsubstitutetheword"withdrawal"inthe

firstparagraph?

ARetirement.BCanceling.CReplaced.DDisposal.

2.AccordingtoRodneyEwingandFrandvonHippel,wheretolocatenuclear

facilities

Ashouldbeapprovedbythefederalgovernment.

Bshouldbeapprovedbylocalpeopleandstates.Cshouldbeapprovedby

Congress.

Disnotanimportantissue.

3.WhatisNOTtrueaboutthe1987decisionbyCongressconcerningsitingof

nuclearwastedisposal?

AYuccaMountainwasselectedastheonlysiteforanuclearwasterepository.

BTheselectionofYuccaMountainfornuclearv/astedisposalcausedmuch

controversy.

CThedecisionbyCongresswasputasideduetoanumberofproblems.DThe

decisionbyCongresswasacceptedbylocalcommunities.

4.Whatdoestheauthoroftheessayinthefourthparagraphwanttosay?

AEffortsshouldbemadetosolvetheproblemsoftransportationofnuclear

wasteoverlongdistance.

BEffortsshouldbemadetodevelopasmanynucleardisposalsitesintheUS

aspossible.

CEffortsshouldbemadetodevelopnucleardisposalsitestosuitthe

circumstancesoftheregion.

DEffortsshouldbemadetobuilduptemporarynucleardisposalsitesas

possible.

5.Whatismeantby"regionalapproach"asmentionedinthelastparagraph?

AWastedisposalsitesarelocatedclosetoreactorsandinplacessuitablefor

theregionalcircumstances.

BGeologicalrepositoriesarelocatedinavarietyofrocktypes.

CSpentnuclearfuelandhigh-levelnuclearwasteismovedtodeveloping

countries.

DWastedisposalsitesarelocatedfarawayfromreactors.

答案與題解：

1.Bwithdrawal是個多義詞，在句子中的意思是''撤銷〃或''中斷〃。

2.B第二段中提到的兩個科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，聯(lián)邦政府可以設(shè)定核設(shè)備的原則，以及頒發(fā)許可證,

不過州政府或地方政府在選址問題上應(yīng)當(dāng)有最終決定權(quán)。

3.D第三段的第一種句子包括了A、B和C所述內(nèi)容。

4.C盡管第四段提到了尤卡山確實存在長距離運(yùn)送核廢料的問題，但不是這段的重要內(nèi)

容，因此A不是對的選擇。作者說，要在全國東西南北各地區(qū)建造核廢料處置庫，但沒有

說要盡量多的建造，因此B也不是對的選擇。作者想佃現(xiàn)的意思是，要在全國各地區(qū)建

造核廢料處置庫，但州政府必須根據(jù)地方特殊狀況制定方案，包括最終一句中所說的''靠近

核反應(yīng)堆〃的臨時處置庫。因此，C是對的的。D也不是作者的意思。

5.AThisregionalapproach的意思是：地區(qū)性措施，指的是前一段中所表述的內(nèi)容，

即，地方政府應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮當(dāng)?shù)氐奶厥猸h(huán)境，對核廢物的處置地選擇負(fù)責(zé)。B、C和D的表述

內(nèi)容都是錯誤理解。

職稱英語考試（理工類）閱讀理解新增文章■書中第38篇

*第38篇Night1oftheLivingAnts

Whenanantdies,otherantsmovethedeadinsectoutofthenest.Thisbehavior

isinterestingtoscientists,whowonderhowantsknowforsure-andso

soon-thatanotherantisdead.

Dong-HwanChoe,ascientistattheUniversityofCalifornia2foundthat

Argentine3antshaveachemicalontheoutsideoftheirbodiesthatsignalsto

otherants,"I'mdead-takemeaway."

Butthere'satwisttoChoe'sdiscovery4.Theseantsarealittlebitlikezombies.

Choesaysthatthelivingants-notjustthedeadones-havethisdeath

chemical.Inotherwords,whileanantcrawlsaround,perhapsinapicnicor

home,it'stellingotherantsthatit'sdead5.

Whatkeepsantsfromhaulingawaythelivingdead?ChoefoundthatArgentine

antshavetwoadditionalchemicalsontheirbodies,andthesetellnearbyants

somethinglike,"wait-I'mnotdeadyet."SoChoe'sresearchturnedup6two

setsofchemicalsignalsinants:onesays,"I'mdead/'theothersetsays,"I'm

notdeadyet."

Otherscientistshavetriedtofigureouthowantsknowwhenanotherantisdead.

Ifanantisknockedunconscious,otherantsleaveitaloneuntilitwakesup.That

meansantsknowthatunmovingantscanstillbealive.

ChoesuspectsthatwhenanArgentineantdies,thechemicalthatsays"Wait-

I'mnotdeadyet"quicklygoesaway.Oncethatchemicalisgone,onlytheone

thatsays"I'mdead"isleft."It'sbecausethedeadantnolongersmellslikea

livingantthatitgetscardedtothegraveyard,notbecauseitsbodyreleases

newuniquechemicalsafterdeath/'saidChoe.Whenotherantsdetectthe

"dead"chemicalwithoutthe"notdeadyet"chemical,theyhaulawaythebody.

ThiswasChoe'shypothesis.

Totesthishypothesis,ChoeandhisteamputdifferentchemicalsonArgentine

antpupae.Whenthescientistsusedthe"I'mdead"chemical,otherantsquickly

hauledthetreatedpupae?away.Whenthescientistsusedthe"Wait-I'mnot

deadyet"chemicals,etherantsleftthetreatedpupaealone.Choebelievesthis

behaviorshowsthatthe"notdeadyet"chemicalsoverridethe"dead"chemical

whenpickedupbyadultants.Andthatwhenanantdies,the"notdeadyet"

chemicalsfadeaway.Othernearbyantsthendetecttheremaining"dead"

chemicalandremovethebodyfromthenest.

詞匯：

Zombien還魂尸，僵尸Pupan.蛹

Graveyardn.墳場

hypothesisn.假設(shè)

overridev.優(yōu)先于，比......更重要

注釋：

1.night：night是個多義詞，其比方意義是''死亡〃，即本篇短文標(biāo)題中該詞的意思。標(biāo)題

是用了逆喻的修辭手法。

2.theUniversityofCalifornia：加利福尼亞大學(xué)，位于美國西部的公立高等學(xué)校系統(tǒng)，

目前擁有10所大學(xué)，包括力口州大學(xué)伯克利分校(Berkeley)、洛杉磯分校(LosAngeles).

圣地亞哥分校(SanDiego)、圣克魯茲分校(SantaCruz)等。

3.Argentine：阿根廷,位于南美洲的國家。

4.Butthere'satwisttoChoe'sdiscovery.然而，Choe又有了新的出乎意料的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

Twist有''出人意料的變億〃的意思。

5.本句it'stellingotherantsthatit'sdead中兩個it指代前面爬行中的螞蟻，也就

是下段第一句中的thelivingdead。

6.turnedup：發(fā)現(xiàn)，找到。

7.treatedpupae：通過處理的蛹，即被科學(xué)家涂抹上化學(xué)藥劑的蛹。

練習(xí)：

1.Whatismeantby"deathchemical"mentionedinparagraph3?

AAchemicalthatcontainspoison.BAchemicalthatcausesdeath.

CAchemicalthatannouncesdeath.DAchemicalthatpreventsdeath.

2.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothequestion"Whatkeepsants

fromhaulingawaythelivingdead?(paragraph4)"?

AHowdoantsknowwhatistobehauledawayfromthedeadants?

BWhatpreventsantsfromremovingtheantsthatarenotyetdead?

CWhatdoantsdotokeepthemselvesawayfromthedyingants?

DWhatpreventsantsfrombeingcarriedawayaftertheydie.

3.WhatisNOTtrueaboutChoe'sfinding?

AWhenanantdies,itproducesa"Iamdead"signal.

BLivingantshavethedeathchemicalontheirbodies.

CAntshavetwosetsofchemicalsontheftbodies.

DAntshavethe"Iamnotdead"chemicalontheirbodies.

4.AccordingtoChoe'shypothesis,

Aanantstillsmellslikealivingwhenitdies.

Bthe"Iamdead"chemicalleavestheant'sbodywhenitdies.

Cthe"Iamnotdeadyet"chemicalisleftwhenanantdies.

Dthe"Iamnotdeadyet"chemicalleavestheant'sbodywhenitdies.

5.WhatistheresultcfthetestonChoe'shypothesis?

AItprovesthathishypothesisistime.

BNotenoughevidencehasbeenfoundtosupporthishypothesis.

CItshowsthathishypothesisiswrong.

DItindicatesthathishypothesisneedsrevising.

答案與題解：

l.C根據(jù)文章第二段和第三段的表述，阿根廷螞蟻身上有種化學(xué)物質(zhì)，它會告訴其他螞蟻

amdead.\文章沒有說這種物質(zhì)有毒，也沒有說它能導(dǎo)致或防止死亡，因此其他三項

都是錯誤的選擇。

2.Bkeepsb.fromdoingsth.這個句型的意思是：使......不做...制止……去

做……。因此只有B是對的理解。

3.A第三段和第四段告訴我們,螞蟻身上會帶有兩種化學(xué)氣味，、、Iamnotdeadyet”和

VIamdead\這層意思分別在B、C和D中的表述出現(xiàn)。短文的第六段告訴我們，螞

蟻死去時，乜amnotdeadye死的氣味就離開了它的軀體,剩余的就是"Iamdead”的

氣味?！?amdead"的氣味不是死后新產(chǎn)生的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。因此A是對的的選擇。

4.D短文第六段告訴我們，當(dāng)、'Iamnotdeadyet〃化學(xué)物質(zhì)離開螞蚊的軀體，Tm

dead"isleft。這里，beleft的意思是：留了下來。因此，其他選項都是錯誤理解。

5.A最終一段告訴我們，Choe和他的研究小組用阿根廷螞蟻蛹進(jìn)行試驗，成果與他的假

設(shè)吻合，即證明了他的假設(shè)。

職稱英語考試（理工類）閱讀理解新增文章?書中第46篇

第46篇HowtheFirstStarsintheUniverseCameintoExistence

ResearchersbelievethatouruniversebeganwiththeBigBang1about13

hillionyparsago,andthatsoonafterthatevent,matterbegantoformassmall

dustgrainsandgases.Howthefirststarsformedfromthisdustandgashas

beenaburningquestion2foryears,butastate-of-the-art3computer

simulationnowoffersthemostdetailedpictureyetofhowthesefirststarsinthe

universecameintoexistence.

Thecompositionoftheearlyuniversewasquitedifferentfromthatoftoday,and

thephysicsthatgovernedtheearlyuniversewerealsosomewhatsimpler.Dr.

NaokiYoshidaandcolleaguesinJapanandtheU.S.incorporatedthese

conditionsoftheearlyuniverse,sometimesreferredtoasthe"cosmicdark

ages,"tosimulatetheformationOfanastronomicalobjectthatwould

eventuallyshineitslightintothisdarkness.

Theresultisadetaileddescriptionoftheformationofaprotostar4theearly

stageofamassiveprimordialstarofouruniverse-andtheresearchers'

computersimulationsetsthebar5forfurtherinvestigationintothestar

formationprocess.Thequestionofhowthefirststarsevolvedissoimportant

becausetheirformationsandeventuallyexplosionsprovidedtheseedsfor

subsequentstarstocomeintobeing.

Accordingtotheirsimulation,gravityactedonminutedensityvariationsin

matter,gases,andthemysterious"darkmatter"oftheuniverseaftertheBig

Banginordertoformthisearlystageofastar-aprotostarwithamassofjust

onepercentofoursun.Thesimulationrevealshowpre-stellargaseswouldhave

actuallyevolvedunderthesimplerphysicsoftheearlyuniversetoformthis

protostar.Dr.Yoshida'ssimulationalsoshowsthattheprotostarwouldlikely

evolveintoamassivestarcapableofsynthesizingheavyelements,notjustin

latergenerationsofstars,butsoonaftertheBigBang.

"Thisgeneralpictureofstarformation,andtheabilitytocomparehowstellar

objectsformindifferenttimeperiodsandregionsoftheuniverse,will

eventuallyallowinvestigationintotheoriginsoflifeandplanets,"saidLars

Hernquist,aProfessorofAstronomyatHarvardUniversity."Theabundanceof

elementsintheuniversehasincreasedasstarshaveaccumulated,"he

says/'andtheformationanddestructionofstarscontinuestospreadthese

elementsfurtheracrosstheuniverse.Sowhenyouthinkaboutit,allofthe

elementsinourbodiesoriginallyformedfromnuclearreactionsinthecentersof

stars,longago."

Theirsimulationofthebirthofaprotostarintheearlyuniversesignifiesakey

steptowardtheambitiousgoalofpiecingtogethertheformationofanentire

primordialstarandofpredictingthemassandpropertiesofthesefirststarsof

theuniverse.Morepowerfulcomputers,morephysicaldata,andanevenlarger

rangewillbeneededforfurthercalculations

andsimulations,buttheseresearchershopetoeventuallyextendthi

ssimulationtothepointofnuclearreactioninitiationwhenastellarobject

becomesatruestar.

詞匯：

astronomicaladj.天文的；天文學(xué)的pre-stellaradj.前恒星的synthesizev.合成，

綜合

protostarn.原恒星stellaradj.恒星的；星球的primordialadj.原始的

注釋：

l.theBigBang：宇宙大爆炸，創(chuàng)始大爆炸。這是天體物理學(xué)有關(guān)宇宙來源的理論。根據(jù)

大爆炸理論，大概在130億年前，宇宙所有的物質(zhì)都高度密集在一點，有著極高的溫度，

因而發(fā)生了巨大的爆炸。大爆炸后來，物質(zhì)開始向外大膨脹，就形成了我們今天看到的宇

宙。不過，宇宙大爆炸僅僅是一種學(xué)說，是根據(jù)天文觀測研究之后得到的一種設(shè)想。

2.burningquestion：最吸引人的問題，嘔待處理的問題。

3.state-oe-the-art：形容詞，意思是''最新的〃、''到達(dá)最高技術(shù)水平的〃、''代表目前科技

發(fā)展水平〃。

4.protostar原恒星，就是處在''原始狀態(tài)〃(處在慢收縮階段的天體)的恒星。原恒星由''大

爆炸〃后產(chǎn)生的星際云演變而來。

5.setsthebar：制定原則

練習(xí)：

1.Whatcanthestate-of-the-artcomputersimulationtellusabout?

AHowmatterbegantoformthefirststarsaftertheBigBang.

BHowtheBigBangmarkedthebeginningofouruniverse.

CHowtheBigBangtookplaceabout13billionyearsago.

DHowdustgrainsandgasesformaftertheBigBang.

2.Whatdoesthe"astronomicalobject"(paragraph2)referto?

AThpparlyunivarsaBCosmicdarkages.

CThefirststarformedintheuniverse.DDustgrainsandgases.

3.Whatdoestheword"minute"meanintheexpression"minutedensity

variations"?

AAunitoftimeequaltoonesixtiethofanhour.BAshortintervaloftime.

CExceptionallylarge.DExceptionallysmall.

4.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatisNOTtrueaboutaprotostar?

AIthadamassofonepercentofthesun.

BItwasdevelopedintoamassivestarbeforetheBigBang.

CIt