Text1

Anewstudysuggeststhatcontrarytomostsurveys,peopleareactuallymore

stressedathomethatatwork.Researchersmeasuredpeople1scortisol,whichis

stressmarker,whiletheywereatworkandwhiletheywereathomeandfoundit

higheratwhatissupposedtobeaplaceofrefuge.

"Furthercontradictingconventionalwisdom,wefoundthatwomenaswellas

menhavelowerlevelsofstressatworkthanathome/writesoneofthe

researchers,SarahDamaske.Infactwomenevensaytheyfeelbetteratwork,she

notes,"Itismen,notwomen,whoreportbeinghappierathomethanatwork.”

Anothersurpriseisthatthefindingsholdtrueforboththosewithchildrenand

without,butmoresofornonparents.Thisiswhypeoplewhoworkoutsidethe

homehavebetterhealth.

Whatthestudydoesn;tmeasureiswhetherpeoplearestilldoingworkwhen

they*reathome,whetheritishouseholdworkorworkbroughthomefromthe

office.Formanymen,theendoftheworkdayisatimetokickback.Forwomen

whostayhome,theynevergettoleavetheoffice.Andforwomenwhowork

outsidethehome,theyoftenareplayingcatch-up-with-householdtasks.Withthe

blurringofroles,andthefactthatthehomefrontlagswellbehindtheworkplace

inmakingadjustmentsforworkingwomen,it'snotsurprisingthatwomenare

morestressedathome.

Butit'snotjustagenderthing.Atwork,peopleprettymuchknowwhat

they'resupposedtobedoing:working,nidkingmoney,doingthetaskstheyhave

todoinordertodrawanincome.Thebargainisverypure:Employeeputsinhours

ofphysicalormentallaborandemployeedrawsoutlife-sustainingmoola.

Onthehomefront,however,peoplehavenosuchclarity.Rareisthe

householdinwhichthedivisionoflaborissoclinicallyandmethodicallylaidout.

Therearealotoftaskstobedone,thereareinadequaterewardsformostofthem.

Yourhomecolleagues-yourfamily-havenoclearrewardsfortheirlabor;they

needtobetalkedintoit,orifthey1reteenagers,threatenedwithcomplete

removalofallelectronicdevices.Plus,they/reyourfamily.Youcannotfireyour

family.Youneverreallygettogohomefromhome.

Soit'snotsurprisingthatpeoplearemorestressedathome.Notonlyarethe

tasksapparentlyinfinite,theco-workersaremuchhardertomotivate.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,mostprevioussurveysfoundthathome__D_

[A]wasanunrealisticplaceforrelaxation

[B]generatedmorestressthantheworkplace

[C]wasanidealplaceforstressmeasurement

[D]offeredgreaterrelaxationthantheworkplace

22.AccordingtoDamaske,whoarelikelytobethehappiestathome?B

[A]Workingmothers

[B]Childlesshusbands

[C]Childlesswives

[D]Workingfathers

23.Theblurringofv/orkingwomen'srolesreferstothefactthey_A

[A]theyarebothbreadwinnersandhousewives

[B]theirhomeisalsoaplaceforkickingback

[C]thereisoftenmuchhouseworkleftbehind

[D]itisdifficultforthemtoleavetheiroffice

24.Theword/,moola//(Line4,Para4)mostprobablymeans_C___

[A]energy

[B]skills

[C]earnings

[D]nulrilion

25.Thehomefrontdiffersfromtheworkplaceinthat_B

[A]homeishardlyacozierworkingenvironment

[B]divisionoflaborathomeisseldomclear-cut

[C]householdtasksaregenerallymoremotivating

[D]familylaborisoftenadequatelyrewarded

Text2

Foryears,studieshavefoundthatfirst-generationcollegestudents-those

whodonothaveaparentwithacollegedegree-lagotherstudentsonarangeof

educationachievementfactors.Theirgradesarelowerandtheirdropoutratesare

higher.Butsincesuchstudentsaremostlikelytoadvanceeconomicallyifthey

succeedinhighereducation,collegesanduniversitieshavepushedfordecadesto

recruitmoreofthem.Thishascreated"aparadox0inthatrecruitingfirst-

generationstudents,butthenwatchingmanyofthemfail,meansthathigher

educationhas"continuedtoreproduceandwiden,ratherthanclose"ab

achievementgapbasedonsocialclass,accordingtothedepressingbeginningofa

paperforthcominginthejournalPsychologicalScience.

Butthearticleisactuallyquiteoptimistic,asitoutlinesapotentialsolutionto

thisproblem,suggestingthatanapproach(whichinvolvesdone-hour,

next-to-no-costprogram)canclose63percentoftheachievementgap(measured

bysuchfactorsasgrades)betweenfirst-generationandotherstudents.

Theauthorsofthepaperarefromdifferentuniversities,andtheirfindingsare

basedonastudyinvolving147students(whocompletedtheproject；atan

unnamedprivateuniversity.Firstgenerationwasdefinedasnothavingaparent

withafour-yearcollegedegree.Mostofthefirst-generationstudents(59.1percent)

wererecipientsofPellGrants,afederalgrantforundergraduateswithfinancial

need,whilethiswastrueonlyfor8.6percentofthestudentswitatleastone

parentwithafour-yeardegree.

Theirthesis-thatarelativelymodestinterventioncouldhaveabigiinpact-

wasbasedontheviewthatfirst-generationstudentsmaybemostlackingnotin

potentialbutinpracticalknowledgeabouthowtodealwiththeissuesthatface

mostcollegestudents.Theycitepastresearchbyseveralauthorstoshowthatthis

isthegapthatmustbenarrowedtoclosetheachievementgap.

Manyfirst-generationstudents^struggletonavigatethemiddle-class

cultureofhighereducation,learnthe'rulesofthegame；andtakeadvantageof

collegeresources/theywrite.Andthisbecomesmoreofaproblemwhen

collagesdon'ttalkabouttheclassadvantageanddisadvantagesofdifferent

groupsofstudents.BecauseUScollegesanduniversitiesseldomacknowledge

howsocialclasscanaffectstudents'educationalexperience,many

first-generationstudentslacksightaboutwhytheyarestrugglinganddonot

understandhowstudents*likeIhenicanimprove.

26.Recruitingmorefirst-generationstudentshas_C

[A]reducedtheirdropoutrates

[B]narrowedtheachievementgao

[C]misseditsoriginalpurpose

[D]depressedcollegestudents

27.Theauthoroftheresearcharticleareoptimisticbecause_A

[A]theproblemissolvable

[B]theirapproachiscostless

[C]therecruitingratehasincreased

[D]theirfindingappealtostudents

28.Thestudysuggeststhatmostfirst-generationstudents_C_

[A]studyatprivateuniversities

[B]arefromsingle-pdrentfaniilies

[C]areinneedoffinancialsupport

[D]havefailedtheircollage

29.Theauthorofthepaperbelievethatfirst-generationstudents__D

[A]areactuallyindifferenttotheachievementgap

[B]canhaveapotentialinfluenceonotherstudents

[C]maylackopportunitiestoapplyforresearchprojects

[D]areinexperiencedinhandlingtheirissuesatcollege

30.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat_D____

[A]universitiesoftenrejectthecultureofthemiddle-class

[B]studentsareusuallytoblamefortheirlackofresources

[C]socialclassgreatlyhelpsenricheducationalexperiences

[D]collegesarepartlyresponsiblefortheprobleminquestion

Texl3

Evenintraditionaloffices,"thelinguafrancaofcorporateAmericahasgotten

muchmoreemotionalandmuchmoreright-brainedthanitwas20yearsago/

saidHarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorNancyKoehn.Shestartedspinningoff

examples."IfyouandIparachutedbacktoFortune500companiesin1990,we

wouldseemuchlessfrequentuseoftermslikejourney,mission,passion.There

weregoals,therewerestrategies,therewereobjectives,butwedidn'ttalkabout

energy;wedidn'ttalkaboutpassion/

Koehnpointedoutthatthisneweraofcorporatevocabularyisvery

"team"-oriented—andnotbycoincidence."Let'snotforgetsports—in

male-dominatedcorporateAmerica,it'sstillabigdeal.Ifsnotexplicitly

conscious;it'stheideathatrmacoach,andyou*remyteam,andwe'rein

thistogether.TherearelotsandlotsofCEOsinverydifferentcompanies,butmost

thinkofthemselvesascoachesandthisistheirteamandtheywanttowin?

Thesetermsarealsointendedtoinfuseworkwithmeaning—and,asKhurana

pointsout,increaseallegiancetothefirm."Youhavetheimportationof

terminologythathistoricallyusedtobeassociatedwithnon-profitorganizations

andreligiousorganizations:Termslikevision,values,passion,andpurpose/said

Khurana.

Thisnewfocusonpersonalfulfillmentcanhelpkeepemployeesmotivated

amidincreasinglylouddebatesoverwork-lifebalance.The"mommywars"of

the1990sarestillgoingontoddy,proniptingdrgunientsaboutwhywomenstill

can7thaveitallandbookslikeSherylSandberg'sLeanIn,whosetitlehas

becomeabuzzwordinitsownright.Termslikeunplug,offline,life-hack,

bandwidth,andcapacityareallaboutsettingboundariesbetweentheofficeand

thehome.Butifyourworkisyour“passion,"you'IIbemorelikelytodevote

yourselftoit,evenifthatmeansgoinghomefordinnerandthenworkinglong

afterthekidsareinbed.

Butthisseemstobetheironyofofficespeak:Everyonemakesfunofit,but

managersloveit,companiesdependonit,andregularpeoplewillinglyabsorbit.

AsNunbergsaid,"Youcangetpeopletothinkit'snonsenseatthesametime

thatyoubuyintoit."Inaworkplacethat1sfundamentallyindifferenttoyourlife

anditsmeaning,officespeakcanhelpyoufigureouthowyourelatetoyour

work—andhowyourworkdefineswhoyouare.

ACDAC

31.AccordingtoNancyKoehn,officelanguagehasbecome

[A]moreemotional

[B]moreobjective

[C]lessenergetic

[D]lessslrdleyic

32."team"-orientedcorporatevocabularyiscloselyrelatedto

[A]historicalincidents

[B]genderdifference

[C]sportsculture

[D]athleticexecutives

33.Khuranabelievesthattheimportationofterminologyaimsto

[A]revivehistoricalterms

[B]promotecompanyimage

[C]fostercorporatecooperation

[D]strengthenemployeeloyalty

34.ltcanbeinferredthatLeanIn

[A]voicesforworkingwomen

[B]appealstopdssiondteworkaholics

[C]triggersdebatesamongmommies

[D]praisesmotivatedemployees

BS.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutofficespeak?

[A]Managersadmireitbutavoidit

[B]Linguistsbelieveittobenonsense

[C]Companiesfindittobefundamental

[D]Regularpeoplemockitbutacceptit

Text4

Manypeopletalkedofthe288,000newjobstheLaborDepartmentreported

forJune,alongwiththedropintheunemploymentrateto6.1percent,asgood

news.Andtheywereright.Fornowitappearstheeconomyiscreatingjobsata

decentpace.Westillhavealongwaytogotogetbacktofullemployment,butat

leastwearenowfinallymovingforwardatafasterpace.

However,thereisanotherimportantpartofthejobspicturethatwaslargely

overlooked.Therewasabigjumpinthenumberofpeoplewhoreportvoluntarily

workingparl-lime.Thisfigureisnow830,000(4.4percenl)aboveitsyearagolevel.

BeforeexplainingtheconnectiontotheObamacare,itisworthmakingan

importantdistinction.Manypeoplewhoworkpart-timejobsactuallywant

full-timejobs.Theytakepart-timeworkbecausethisisalltheycanget.An

increaseininvoluntarypart-timeinJune,butthegeneraldirectionhasbeendown.

Involuntarypart-timeemploymentisstillfarhigherthanbeforetherecession,but

itisdownby640,000(7.9percent)fromitsyearagolevel.

Weknowthedifferencebetweenvoluntaryandinvoluntarypart-time

employmentbecausepeopletellus.ThesurveyusedbytheLaborDepartment

askspeopleiftheyworkedlessthan35hoursinthereferenceweek.Iftheanswer

is"yes"theyareclassifiedasworkingpart-time.Theysurveythenaskswhether

theyworkedlessthan35hoursinthatweekbecausetheywantedtoworkless

thanfulltimeorbecausetheyhadnochoice.Theyareonlyclassifiedasvountary

part-timeworkersiftheytellthesurveytakertheychosetoworklessthan35

hoursaweek.

Theissueofvoluntarypart-timerelatestoObamacarebecauseoneofthe

mainpurposeswastoallowpeopletogetinsuranceoutsideofemployment.For

manypeople,especiallythosewithserioushealthconditionsoffamilymembers

withserioushealthconditions,beforeObamacaretheonlywaytogetinsurance

wasthroughajobthatprovidedhealthinsurance.

However,Obamacarehasallowedmorethan12millionpeopletoeitherget

insur