OPI練習(xí)材料

第一套emergencies

記時(shí)。分。秒

Warm-up

FromthisgroupofpicturesIcanseetheaircraftisencounteringseveral

abnormalsituations.Intheupperrightpicture,theaircraftistakingoff.It's

afterV1,1believe.Theleftengineisonfirewhiletheplaneisrotating.Ican

seefireandflamescomingfromtheleftengine.Astheaircraftcontinues

takingoff,thefirefromtheleftenginehasbeenputoutbutanewsituation

isdeveloping.Icanseesmokecomingfromtherightengineleavingalong

plumeofsmokebehind.Theattitudeoftheaircraftshowsithasnotreached

cruisingaltitudeandisstillclimbing.Inthelowerleftpicture,theaircrafthas

alandinggearproblem.Itislevelingoffbutitsnosewheelcannotbe

retracted.NowIamlookingatthelastpicture.Thereissmokeinthecockpit

butIcan'tseeanypilots.Perhapstheylefttheaircraftaftertheyhad

evacuatedallthepassengers.ThroughthewindowofthecockpitIcansee

somepeopleontheliferaftsothepilotsmusthavesuccessfullyditchedon

water.

1.Howareyoudoingtoday?

Verywell,andI'minthegoodmoodtopassthetesttoday.

2.Howdidyougethere?Bytaxi,busordidyoudrive?

Icameherebycan

3.Istoday'sweathergoodforflight?Why/whynot?

Itissunnytodayandthewindiscalm.Visibilityisgood.Itsymbolsagood

flight.Ithinkwearegoingtohaveasmoothride.Iliketoflyinsuchkindof

weather

4.Whatkinkofweatherdoyoupreferforflight?Why?

AsIsaidjustnow,Iliketoflyonsunnydaysbecausevisibilityisgood.Itis

safetoflyinsuchweather

5.Haveyoueverencounteredsevereweatherduringaflight?(turbulence,

windsheai;thunderstorm,heavyrain,snow,icingcondition)

Yes,IrememberIencounteredaseverethunderstormlastsummerWewere

flyingfromBeijingtoGuangzhou.FromtheonboardradarIcouldsee

thunderstormaheadofus.Iknewitwasdangeroustoflythroughit,soI

contactedandrequestedtodiverttoouralternateairport.

6.Haveyoueverencounteredanin-flightemergency?

Yes,Ihave.SeveralyearsagoIhadamedicalemergencysituation.Anold

passengerwashavingaheartattackwhilewewereflyingfromBeijingto

Shanghai.Luckily,wehadadoctor;whocameimmediatelytoattendthesick

passengerafterImadeaPA.IcontactedATCtoreportthesituationand

requiredprioritylanding.

7.Doesyourcompanyhaverecommendationsforselectingasuitable

airport?

Whenselectingtheairport,weconsiderenduranceoftheplane,distance,and

weatherattheairport

8.Doyouhavespecificprocedurestofollowduringanemergency?

Yes,wefollowthestandardprocedure.

9.Doyouconsiderpotentialdiversionairportbeforeeachdeparture?

Weusuallyhavethediversionairportinourflightplan.Wealsoconsiderthe

weatherinformationoftheairportbeforedeparture.

10.Haveyoueverhadtodivert?When,where,whatwerethereasons?

Whatspecificconditionsmayleadtoadiversion?

Yes,IrememberIencounteredaseverethunderstormlastsummerWewere

flyingfromBeijingtoGuangzhou.FromtheonboardradarIcouldsee

thunderstormaheadofus.Iknewitwasdangeroustoflythroughit,soI

contactedATCandrequestedtodiverttoouralternateairport.

11.Whodoyouneedtocontactwhenyouneedtodivert?

Yes,wecontactATC.Thisisrequiredbyregulations.

12.Whataresomeconsiderationsinmakingadecisiontodivert(distance,

fuel...)

Whenselectingtheairport,weconsiderenduranceoftheplane,distance,and

weatherattheairport

Questionsconcerningdiversion

Thereareanumberoffactorsthatcancausediversion.Theyincludebad

weather;suchasthunderstorms,visibilitybelowminimaatthedestination

airportandsoon.Whendiversionisnecessary,wehavetoconsiderseveral

things,forexample,theamountoffuelwehave,thedistancetothealternate

airports.Ifthereisanemergencysituation,wehavetotakethefacilitiesof

theairportintoconsideration.IfpossibleIprefertoflytotheairportIam

familiarwith.Ofcourse,beforediversion,Ihavetocontactcontrollers,who

willbeabletoprovidemewithweatherinformationandotherassistanceswe

needuponarrival.Thisisveryimportant,asamatteroffact,requiredby

regulations.

13.Doyoureviewemergencyproceduresduringsimulatortraining?

Yesfthisisthestandardpracticeinsuchkindoftraining.

14.Doprocedureschangeaccordingtoaircrafttypeandlocalenvironment?

Yes,differentaircraftfollowdifferentprocedures.

15.Whichemergencyproceduresdoyoureview?

Enginefailureprocedure,cockpitfireprocedureandsoon.

16.Chooseoneemergencysituationanddescribeit.Explainsomeofthe

checklistproceduresintheSimulatortraining

Duringsimulatortraining,wetrytopracticeasmanysituationsaspossible.

Youseewedosimulatortrainingtwiceayear;eachtimewithdifferent

trainingplans.Weusuallyfollowourinstructor/sinstructionsandcompletethe

requiredtasks.Afterthetraining,theinstructorwillgiveusabriefing.Inmy

opinion,simulatortrainingisamustforpilotsasweusuallydonotexperience

abnormalsituationsinrealflights.Itisessentialthatwefollowtherelated

proceduresonsimulatorsandgetourselvesfamiliarwiththem.Inthisway,

we'llknowwhattodowhensituationsarise.

17.Whataresomecommunicationrequirementsduringanemergency?

Inemergencysituationspilotshavedifferenttasks.Thecaptaincontrolsthe

plane.Thefirstofficerfollowsthecaptain'sinstructionsanddoesthe

checklistspercompanypolicy.

18.Haveyoueverbeeninarealemergency?Doyouknowanyonethat

hasbeeninanemergency?

Yes,IrememberIencounteredaseverethunderstormlastsummerWewere

flyingfromBeijingtoGuangzhou.FromtheonboardradarIcouldsee

thunderstormaheadofus.Iknewitwasdangeroustoflythroughit,soI

contactedATCandrequestedtodiverttoouralternateairport.

19.Foralonghaulinternationalflight,atmaximumtake-offweight,just

afterbecomingairborne,smokecomesforthecabin,whataction

wouldyoutake?

Inmyopinion,iveshouldtrytofindoutthesourceofsmoke.Ifitiscaused

byfireivehavetodistinguishitfirst.MeanwhileweshouldcontactATCto

reportthesituation.Wewillneedtoreturntotheairport,butbeforewecan

dothatwewillhavetodumpfueltoavoidoverweightlanding.

20.Whatfactorsinfluenceyoudecisions(amountofsmoke?

Communication?)

21.Immediatelyaftertakeoffinatwinengineaircraft,oneenginefails,

whatactionwouldyoutake?Whatareyourprocedures?

IbelieveitisafterV2inthissituation,soitissafetocontinuetakingoff.

Whenwereachcertainaltitude,wewilldothememoryitemstorestartthe

engine.Wewillhavetoreturntotheairportifwefail.

第二套Noseover

1.Couldyoupleasedescribewhatyounoticeinthepicture?

Icanseetheplaneinthepictureisinanose-overposition.Itisatailwheel

aircraft.Thereissnowontherunway.Therearecarstotheleftoftheplane

inthefront,soprobablytheplaneisattheendoftherunway.

2.Whysuchkindofsituationhappened

Therunwaymustbeveryslipperybecauseofthesnow,makingthepilot

applythebrakestoohard.Inmyopinion,thisisthegroundfortheaccident.

3.Ifyouwerethecaptainonboard,whatwouldyoudoundersuch

circumstances?

IwouldrequirealongerrunwaytolandifpossiblesoIcouldhaveenough

runwaytostoptheaircraft.Iwouldnotusethebrakestoohard,whichisvery

importanttooperatetaiwheelaircraft.IbelieveIwillbeabletoavoidthe

accidentbydoingso.

4.Whatemergencyassistancedoyouneedinthiscase?

Iwillneedafiretruckincaseoffireandamedicalassistance.Theremaybe

someinjuriesbecauseoftheaccident.

5.WhatassistancecanATCprovidetothecrewinthiscase?

ATCcancontacttheGroundtoprovidefiretruckandfirstaid.

6.Whatlessonscanwelearnfromthisaccident?

Thisisatypicalexampleofanose-overaccidentthathappenstotailwheel

aircraft.Pilotswhoflysuchkindofaircraftshouldbearinmindthenatureof

theplane.Theyalsoneedtoconsiderrunwayconditionswhenlanding.

7.What'stheweatherliketoday?

Itisfoggyandthevisibilityisbelowminima,whichisbadforflight.

8.Wouldyoupleaseintroduceyoureducationalorworkingbackground?

Ibegantolearnflightin...(year)whenIwasin...(place).Ispent...(number)

yearstherestudyingtheoryatfirsttheninthelastyearIbegantopractise

flying.Itwasaveryusefulandpleasantexperienceforme.Itpavedtheway

tomycareerasapilot.

9.Wheredidyoulearnyourflight?Canyousaysomethingaboutthat?

Ibegantolearnflightin...(year)whenIwasin...(place).Ispent...(number)

yearstherestudyingtheoryatfirsttheninthelastyearIbegantopractise

flying.Itwasaveryusefulandpleasantexperienceforme.Itpavedtheway

tomycareerasapilot.

10.Whatisyourhobby?

Playingbasketballismyhobby.

11.Whatisyourmostfavoritesports

Myfavoritesportisbasketball.IbegantoplayitwhenIwasintheflight

college.Ifoundthesportveryentertainingandgoodformyhealth,which,I

believed,wasveryimportantformeasapilot.IsoonfoundthatIwasvery

goodatit.AsamatteroffactIi^asontheschoolteam.

12.Whydoyouchoosetobeapilot?

I'mveryproudtobeapilot.Myjoboffersmeagoodopportunitytotravel

andtoseetheworld.Ihavebeentomanyplaces,Europe,America,Asia,and

soon.Ihavemetpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandhaveexperiencedtheir

culture.Itisavaluableexperienceforme.

13.Whatisthemainresponsibilityofbeingapilot?

Asapilotofpassengeraircraft,Ithinktoberesponsibleforthesafetyof

peopleonboardisourmainresponsibility.If1wasacargopilotIwouldbe

responsibleforthesafetyoftheairplane.Inoneword,pilots'responsibilityis

toflysafelyandsendpassengersandgoodstotheirdestinationssafeand

sound.

14.Whohasinfluencedyoumostinchoosingthejob

Myfatherwasapilot.Hehastakenmeonhisplanemanytimes.Ihave

alwaysbeenwantingtobeapiloteversinceIwasaboy,soIbelievemy

fatherwastheonewhoinfluencedmemost.

15.Whatchallengeswillpilotmeetinthenearfuture

CivilaviationisafastdevelopingindustryinChina.Iamnowflying...and

perhapsinafewyearsIshallbeflyinganewtypeofaircraftsuchasA380.A

fewyearsago,Englishwasnotarequirementforpilots.Wewerecontented

withbeingabletomanagethenormalflight.Nowwearerequiredtopastthe

Englishtest.Therearealwaysnewthingstolearn,yousee.Thatiswhywe

shouldnotbesatisfiedwithwhatweareabletodonow.Weshouldtryto

keepupwiththepaceoftheindustry,sothatwewillnotbeleftbehind.

16.WhatdoyouthinkabouttheforeignpilotsflyinginChineseairlines

AsIsaidabove,aviationindustryisdevelopingveryfastinChina.Ithinkone

ofthereasons,Ibelievethemainreason,isthatwedonothaveenough

pilotstomeettheneedsofthemarket.Pilottrainingisalongprocessandit

takesyearstofinish.Inmyopinion,weshouldputmoreresourcesintothe

taskinordertosatisfythisneed.

17.Accordingtoyourownexperience,howdoyoumakegoodlanding?

First,Ishouldfollowtherequiredproceduresbeforelanding.Next,1will

handletheplaneproperly;makeitflyattherightspeed,anduseflapsand

spoilerstocontrolthespeed.Ihavetoensurethattheplanetouchesthe

runwaysteadilyandfirmly.Then,IwillfollowthecentreUneaftertouchdown

andstoptheplanewithintherunway.Ithinkallthatmakesagoodlanding.

18.Whattypeofaircraftareyouflyingnow?Pleaseintroducethe

characteristicofit?

IflyA330.Itisahighlycomputerizedaircraft.Itusesthesidestickinsteadof

thetraditionalcontrolcolumn.Theso-called'￥ly-by-wi「e〃systemhastaken

awaytheneedformuchofthecomplexmechanicalandhydraulicconnections

ofearlieraircraft.Thesixlargescreensinfrontofpilotsareknownas"glass

cockpit'：ItisElectronicFlightInstrumentSystemorEFISforshort.Ithasnot

onlychangedthewaytheaircraftisflownbuthasalsoreducedtheweightof

theaircraft,whichallowsgreaterpayloadsandreducesthecostofairlines.

19.Whatshouldyoudowhenyouhavetoaborttakeoff

IfanunusualsituationhappensbeforeV1,wecanaborttakeoffandstop

withintherunway.ButafterV1,wehavetodecidewhethertoabortornot.

Ifwedecidetotakeoff,wewillprobablyjoinaholdingpatterntofixthe

problem.Wellhavetoreturntotheairportifv/efailtodoso.Ofcourse,we

shouldcontactATCanddotheappropriatechecklistdependingonthe

situation.ATCwillbeabletoprovideassistancesweneedonarrival.Theycan

alsoprovideuswithnecessaryinformation,suchaswindspeedanddirection.

20.Wouldyoupleasedescribeanemergencyorpotentialemergency

situationthatoccurredtoyouoroneofyourcolleagues?

Yes,IrememberIencounteredaseverethunderstormlastsummerWewere

flyingfromBeijingtoGuangzhou.FromtheonboardradarIcouldsee

thunderstormaheadofus.Iknewitwasdangeroustoflythroughit,soI

contactedATCandrequestedtodiverttoouralternateairport.

21.Howdoyouavoidtheincidentoraccidenthappenduringflight?

IhavetoknowthenatureoftheaccidentbeforeIcananswerthisquestion,

becausesomeaccidentsarebeyondpilots'controlandthereforethereis

nothingwecanto.Theseincludedefectsoftheplaneormaintenanceerrors.

Otheraccidentsrequirepropertrainingsothatweknowwhattodoincertain

situation.

22.Whatdoyouthinkoftoday'stest?

IthinkIwillbeabletopassit.

23.Whatthedifferencesbetweenthistestanotherkindoftest

ThisistheonlytestIhavetakenandIamnotinapositiontomakea

comment,lamafraid.

24.Ifyoufailedthistime,howwouldyoustudyEnglish

IwouldcontinuetostudyuntilIpassit./7/havetopassitonewayor

another

25.Howdoyougobackhomeafterfinishingtest?

Bycar,thesamewayasIcamehere.

第三套Aircraftcrashinthemountainarea,collidingwitha

truck

1.Willyoupleasedescribewhatishappeninginthepicture?

Icanseethesceneoftheaccidentisinthemountainarea.Theplaneis

collidingwithatruckthatisdrivingalongacountryroad.

2.Accordingtoyourownexperience,whatcausedtheaccident?

3.Whatcouldbethereasonsoftheaccident?

Sincethisisinthemountainareawhereconvectiveweatheriscommon,the

accidentmighthavesomethingtodowithwindshear;whichcouldmake

aircraftlosealtituderapidly.Ifflyingatalowaltitude,thepilotmightnothave

enoughtimeandspacetorecoverfromthedowndraft.Theplanemaygoout

ofcontrolandhitthetruck.

4.Isthisanunfortunateeventorisitduetopiloterror?

Ifhewasawelltrainedandexperiencedpilothewouldhavetakenthe

necessaryprecautionbeforeheflewintothemountainarea.Anywaythisis

anunfortunateevent.Sometimesaccidentsaresimplyunavoidable.

5.Ifyouwerethecaptainonboard,howwouldyoudealwithhissituation?

IfIencounteredwindshear;Iwouldmaintaintheconfigurationofthe

aeroplane.Iwouldholdthenoseup15degreesandapplyfullpoweruntilthe

windshearwasoverInthisway,Ishouldbeabletoavoidtheaccident.

Warm-up

6.Willyoupleaseintroduceyourself?

IamapilotofAirChina.IhavebeenworkingforAirChinafor...years.

7.Doyoulikesports?Whatisyourfavoritesport?（見第二套）

8.Pleasetellmesomethingaboutyouhometown.

I'mfromBeijing,thecapitalofChina.Therearealotofplacesofhistoric

interest,amongwhicharetheGreatWall,ForbiddenCityandtheSummer

Palace,justtonameafew.Iwasbornhereandgrewuphere.Ilikethecity

andenjoylivinghere.

9.Whichweb-sitedoyouusuallyvisit?Why?

Iliketowatchnews.IliketovisitSina,orSohuwherealotofnewsevents

areavailable.

10.Whataretheunforgettablethingsduringyourtraining?

MyfirstsoloflightwasanunforgettableeventbecauseitwasthefirsttimeI

couldflyonmyown.IfeltasenseoffreedomasIsoaredhighintothesky.I

feltallmytrainingasapilotpaidoffatthatmoment.

11.Whydidyouchoosetobeapilot?（見第二套）

12.Whataretheadvantagesofbeingapilot?（參考以上答案）

13.Areyouacaptain?Ifyes,whatarethemaindutiesofbeingacaptainof

apassengerplane?（見第二套）

14.Doyouenjoyyourcurrentjob?Why?（見第二套）

15.Whattypeofaircraftdoyoufly?Doyoulikeit?

IflyA330.Itisahighlycomputerizedaircraft.Itiseasytoflyandverysafe.I

likeitverymuch.

16.Haveyouflownanyothertypeofaircraft>

No,Ihaven't.

17.Howmanyhourshaveyouflown?

Ihave...hours.

18.Wheredidyoudoyourinitialtraining?

Ididmyinitialtrainingintheflightcollege.

19.WhydoyouthinkgoodcooperationwithATCcontrollersisimportant?

WhenweflyintheskywehavetodependonATC.Theygiveusinstructions

andguideussafelytoourdestinations.Wemayencounterallkindsof

problemsandabnormalsituations.ItistheATCwhoprovidemewiththe

necessaryassistance.ThatiswhyagoodcooperationwithATC/simportant.

Itensuresflightsafety.

20.HowshouldpilotscooperatewithATCcontrollerstoensureflightsafety>

PilotsshouldcommunicatewithATCasperregulations.Forexample,we

shouldnotcrossanactiverunwaywithouttheclearanceofATC.Ifwehaveto

divert,wehavetoreporttoATCthereasonfordiversion.Inaword,we

shouldkeepincontactwithATCallthetimeduringflightsothattheycan

knowthesituationweareinandofferassistancestimely.

21.Whatfactorsaffectflightsafetyaccordingtoyourflightexperience?

Therearealotoffactorsthatcanaffectflightsafety,humanerrors,

mechanicalproblems,miscommunicationbetweenpilotsandATCandsoon.

22.Couldyoupleasedescribeanyunusualeventsyouhaveexperienced

duringflight（go-around,wind-shear;andthunderstorm）?

Well,IrememberIencounteredaseverethunderstormlastsummerWewere

flyingfromBeijingtoGuangzhou.FromtheonboardradarIcouldsee

thunderstormaheadofus.Iknewitwasdangeroustoflythroughit,soI

contactedATCandrequestedtodiverttoouralternateairport.

23.What'sthemostimportantthingincopingwithanunusualevent?

Theabilitytoremaincalmandreactquicklytothesituationisveryimportant

incopingwithabnormalsituations.Bystayingcalmwecanfocusonthe

problemathand.Quickreactiontotheproblemwillenableustowinthe

valuabletimetorecoverfromtheabnormalsituation.Atlastbutnottheleast,

dearcommunicationwithATCinstandardphraseologyisalsonecessaryto

dealwiththeabnormalsituations.

24.Howcouldyoufeelduringemergencysituation?

Iwillfeelchallenged,anxiousandabitnervousatfirst.ButIshalltryto

controlmyemotionandfindawaytotracetheproblemsoastocorrectit.

25.Whatmaycauseanaircrafttodiverttoanalternateairport?

Therearesomanyfactorsthatcancauseaplanetodivertzbadweather;

mechanicalfailure,medicalsituationandsoon.

26.Wheredidyoudoyoursimulatortraining?

Ididthatinmycompany.

27.Whatotherplaceshaveyoubeentrained?

Iusuallydomysimulatortraininginthetrainingcentreofourcompany.Ialso

wenttotheUnitedStatestofinishmytrainingafterIgraduatedfromthe

flightcollege.

28.HaveyouevertakenanyEnglishtestsinthepast?

No,Ihaven't.

29.Whatdoyouthinkoftoday'stest?Whichpartisthemostdifficultto

you?

IfindItquitechallenge.Thefirstpart,listeningIsthemostdifficult,Ithink.

第四套Vortices

1.Wheredoyoulive?

IliveinBeijingnow.

2.Whatdoyouliketodowhenyou'renotflying?Anyhobbies,likesports?

Yeah,I'mverybusybutI'minterestedinmanythingssuchassports,reading

andtraveling..Basketballismyfavoritesport,andIalsolikewatchingNBAon

TV.

3.Tellmealittleaboutyourfamily?

4.Canyousaysomethingaboutyourpresentjoboryourstudy?

BeforethedayIfly,1willpreparethedetaileddataofthedestinationairport

throughJepsonchartandgetfamiliarwiththestandardarrivalanddeparture

proceduresaswellasthealternateairports.

5.Howdoyougetalongwithyourinstructor/firstofficer/captain?

Version/Well/I'mcaptain.Igetonwellwithmycolleagues.AsI'man

easy-goingman.Iliketodosharemyexperiencewithmycrewmembers.

Duringflightweshouldrespecteachother,buildupgoodcommunicationand

expressouropinionsfreely.PHtrytoavoidanyconflictordisagreement.I

believetofollowthestandardprocedureandensureflightsafetyarethemost

importantthings.

Version2Iamaco-pilot.Irespectthecaptainandtrytocommunicatewith

himtoknowhimmore.Idoeverythingthecaptainwantsmetodo..IfIam

doubtfulaboutsomething,Iwillaskthecaptainforhelpbecausehehasmore

flyingexperience.

6.Howlonghaveyoubeenflying?

Ihavebeenflyingfor10years.

7.Whattypeofaircraftareyouflying?

NowIflyBoeing7671t'satwo-enginemediumandlonghaulairliner.Ithas

260seatsandequippedwithadvancedfacilities.

8.Whydoyouselecttobeapilot?

答案1.Tobeapilothasbeenmydreamsincemychildhood.Besides,Ilike

travelingaroundtheworld.Myjoballowsmetotravelaroundtheworld

andseemanydifferentthings,meetdifferentpeople.

考噪2Itisacoincidence.WhenIgraduatedfromhighschool,theflight

collegecametoourschooltochoosestudents.Becauseofmygoodphysical

conditions,Iwaschosentobecomeastudentpilotintheflightcollege.

答案3Myparentsencouragedmetobeapilot.

9.Doyouhaveanyexperienceflyingunderthesevereweather?

Yes,Ithinkmostofthepilotshaveexperiencedbadweatherconditions,no

matterhowseriousitwas.Lastsummer;whenIwasonaneveningflight

fromBeijingtoHuhhot,Iwasadvisedthattheweatherappearedtobe

unsuitableforlandingatourdestinationduetolightning.So,wehadtoflyto

thealternate,Baotouairport.Wewaiteduntiltheweatherwasfavorablefor

flight.Wehadadelayof4hoursandmostofthepassengersgotannoyed.

Thecabincrewhadtoapologizeforthedelay.Finallywemadeasafelanding

atthedestinationlateatnight.

10.Whatdoesthetoppictureshow?

Fromthepicture,Icanseeafour-engineaircrafttakingoffnow.After

rotationpoint,itproducesthewaketurbulence.Thedistancebetweenisless

than760m.

11.Whendoeswaketurbulenceposethemostdangertosmalleraircraft?

答:Whenthesmallaircrafttakeofforlandbehindthebigaircraft,itposes

mostdangertosmallaircraft.Wehavetobeverycautiouswhenapproaching

onparallelrunwayswithtailwind.Wemustkeepasafeseparationbehindthe

precedingaircraft.

12.Dolargeaircraftproducemorewaketurbulencethansmallerones?

Why?

Yes.Largeaircraftalwaysproducesmorewaketurbulence.Thetakeoffand

landingspeedoflargeraircraftisfasterthanthesmalleraircraft.Andthus

thevorticesareusuallystrongerthanthoseofsmallerone.Secondly,the

engineoflargeaircraftismorepowerful.Ithinkthatisanotherreasonwhy

largeaircraftproducesmorewaketurbulencethansmallerones.

13.Inwhatcircumstancedoyouneedtoavoidwaketurbulence?What

shouldyoudo?

WhenItakeofforlandbehindtheheavyaircraft,Ineedtoavoidthewake

turbulence.Normally,Iwillkeepthesafeseparationwiththeheavyaircraft

butiftheseparationisbelowtheminimum.Iwillhold.

14.Whatarethecriteriafor"heavy“callsigndesignation,exceptforthe

B757?

Ifthetakeoffweightishigherthan130tons,theaircraftisheavyaircraft.

15.YouareinanA320,onanILSapproach15milesout,windcalm,

establishedontheglidepathandlocalizer;followingaB757.Whatisthe

safe/minimumdistancebetweenyouandtheB757?Explainwhy?

ThesafedistancebetweenB757andmeis5miles,becausethisdistancewill

allowmetoavoidthewaketurbulenceproducedbyB757.

16.Ifthetowertellsyouthatthedistancebetv/eenyouandtheD757isfour

miles,whatactionwouldyoutake?Assumeyouarealreadyatthe

minimumapproachspeed?Pleaseexplain.

NormallyIwillreducemyspeed.IfIamalreadyattheminimumapproach

speed,Iwillmakeamaneuvertoincreasethedistancebetweenus.

17.YouareinaB737takingtheactiverunwayafterthetowerhascleareda

B747fortakeoffonthesamerunwayinfrontofyou.Thewindisfrom

yourleftat6knots.Whatwouldyoudo?Why?

NormallyIwillkeep2minutestimeseparationwiththeB747.IftherunwayIs

abusyrunwayandImusttakeoffimmediately,Iwillrotatebeforethe

rotationpointofB747andstayontheleftofitstracktoavoidthewake

turbulence.)

18.Assumingyouareatabusyairport,whileyouareenteringthatrunway,

thetowerclearsyouforanIMMEDIATEtakeoffonthatrunway.Landing

trafficis3milesout.Whatwouldyoudo?

NormallyIwillkeep2minutestimeseparationwiththeB747.Iftherunwayis

abusyrunwayandImusttakeoffimmediately,Iwillrotatebeforethe

rotationpointofB747andstayontheleftofitstracktoavoidthewake

turbulence.)

19.YouareinaTurbo-propaircraft,aSaab340,YouhavenoticedtheB747

infrontofyouliftedoffatabout8500feetdowntherunway.Nowthe

towerclearsyoufortakeoffandyouknowthatyouaircraftrequires2500

feettakeoffdistance.Whatwouldyoudo?Why?

Iwilltakeoffimmediately.Becausemyrotationpointiswellbeforethe

rotationpointoftheB747,1won'tencounterthewaketurbulence.

20.YouareinaB757takingoffbehindaB747,bothwitha"heavy"callsign

designation.Whatprecautionwouldyoutake,ifany,followingtheB747

aheadofyou?Pleaseexplainwhy.

Asaprecaution,Iwilltakeoff2minutesaftertheB747hastake