題型篇閱讀之解題技巧提升第一板塊核心素養(yǎng)之閱讀篇第二講推理判斷題專題一閱讀理解推理判斷題是高考閱讀理解的“皇冠上的明珠”,是區(qū)分高分段考生的關(guān)鍵。它不再滿足于讓考生找到“作者說了什么”,而是要考生讀懂“作者沒說但暗示了什么”。它考查的是考生基于文本線索,進行邏輯分析、歸納總結(jié)、洞察作者意圖的深層閱讀能力。掌握推理判斷,意味著考生從信息的接收者,躍升為意義的構(gòu)建者。考什么——透視推理題的“命題密碼”1.常見設(shè)問方式(1)直接推理型:以infer、imply、suggest、conclude、show等詞提問。如:Whatdoestheauthor’sexperienceshow?Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?(2)觀點態(tài)度型:提問作者、文中人物對某事的態(tài)度。如:Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards...?(3)寫作目的型:提問作者寫某段、某句或整篇文章的寫作目的。如:WhydoestheauthormentiontheexperimentinParagraph2?Whydoestheauthorwritethepassage?(4)文章類型/文章出處型:推斷文章最有可能的出處或文章類型。如:Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?Whatisthetext?2.正確選項特征特征類別具體描述源于原文正確的推理不是憑空想象,其所有邏輯起點都必須基于原文的信息。合理引申在原文信息基礎(chǔ)上進行合乎邏輯的、一步之遙的推斷,不過度引申。語氣委婉選項常使用may、might、could、likely、probably、some等留有余地的詞。主題一致推斷出的結(jié)論通常與文章的中心思想或段落大意保持方向上的一致。3.干擾選項特征特征類別具體描述無中生有選項內(nèi)容在原文中找不到任何依據(jù),是命題人憑空捏造的。偷換概念將原文的概念(主語、賓語、范圍、程度等)進行悄悄替換,看似相似實則千里之遙。主觀臆斷選項內(nèi)容可能是普遍的常識或個人觀點,但并非從文章邏輯中得出的結(jié)論。推理過度從原文信息出發(fā),但邏輯鏈條拉得太長,得出了過于絕對或夸張的結(jié)論。照搬原文選項幾乎是原文細節(jié)的直接復(fù)述,而推理題的答案通常不會是原文的簡單再現(xiàn)。4.熱點考向5.解題步驟怎么考——鑄造推理題的“五大破題利器”面對不同類型的推理題,告別“憑感覺”的模糊判斷,掌握以下五大核心考向,實現(xiàn)從“猜測”到“論證”的質(zhì)變?？枷?

隱含推斷題——關(guān)鍵詞句推敲法此考向是推理判斷題的“靈魂”,要求考生能品味出作者未直說的“弦外之音”。解題關(guān)鍵在于抓住文中帶有強烈感情色彩、觀點轉(zhuǎn)折或總結(jié)性的關(guān)鍵詞句,并對其進行深度“推敲”,從而得出合乎邏輯的推論。[典例]

(2025·全國一卷閱讀B)Iwalkedintoclassbelievingthatwritingisimportantasameansofcommunication.However,mystudentsdemonstratedsomethingmoreimportanttome.WhenthefinalbellranginJune,Iwalkedawaywithayearbookfullofmessagesaboutwriting’smostpowerfulsignificance—theabilitytoconnectpeople,toputusinanother’sskin,toteachuswhatitmeanstobehuman.27.Whatdoestheauthor’sexperienceshow?A.Teachingislearning.B.Stillwatersrundeep.C.Knowledgeispower.D.Practicemakesperfect.自主解答

A[導(dǎo)引]Step1:鎖定——鎖定“題眼”句。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞theauthor’sexperienceshow,可以定位“題眼”句為“However,mystudentsdemonstrated...tobehuman”。Step2:推敲——推敲“弦外之音”。由“題眼”句可知,作者的認知發(fā)生了改變,而改變的來源是作者的學(xué)生。Step3:匹配——匹配最佳推論。選項“Teachingislearning.(教學(xué)相長)”最凝練概括。[圖解]考向2

觀點態(tài)度題——忠于措辭法觀點態(tài)度題旨在考查考生能否準確把握作者或文中人物對某事物的看法、立場和情感。解題的“金鑰匙”就藏在作者的措辭之中。通過捕捉文中的褒貶性詞匯(形容詞、副詞、動詞),就能精準解碼其態(tài)度。[典例]

(2024·全國甲卷閱讀C)TheSaintLukastraindoesn’tacceptpassengers—itacceptsonlythesick....Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain’sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned,”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”27.WhatisDucke’sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas’services?A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful.C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious.自主解答

A[導(dǎo)引]Step1:定位——定位觀點主體。題干問的是Ducke對theSaintLukas’services的態(tài)度。因此,解題關(guān)鍵是找到文中Ducke的原話。Step2:捕捉——捕捉情感措辭。由文中Ducke的原話可以捕捉到體現(xiàn)Ducke態(tài)度的關(guān)鍵信息:veryimpressed,focused,veryconcerned,bestchance。Step3:定性——判定態(tài)度基調(diào)。這些關(guān)鍵信息詞匯無一例外都帶有強烈的正面、積極的情感色彩。[圖解]考向3

寫作手法題——行文標志詞法寫作手法題旨在考查考生對文章組織方式和論證方法的理解。解題的關(guān)鍵在于識別出那些如同“路標”一樣的行文標志詞,它們能清晰地指示出段落的功能和段落之間的關(guān)系(如舉例、對比、總結(jié)、因果等)。[典例]

(2021·八省聯(lián)考卷閱讀C)Twobasicmagictricksaremakingobjectsseemtoappearandmakingobjectsseemtodisappear.Acombinationofthesetwotricksmakesforsomeinterestingeffects.Forexample,themagicianputsasmallballunderoneofseveralcups.Theballthenseemstojumpfromonecuptoanotherortochangecolour...Anotherfavouritetrickistocutorburnsomething,andthenmakeitappearwholeagain.Whatactuallyhappensisthatthemagicianmakesthecutorburnedobjectdisappearbyquicklyhidingit...30.Whatdoestheauthorfocusoninthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Providingexamples.B.Makingasummary.C.Drawingcomparisons.D.Explainingaconcept.自主解答

A[導(dǎo)引]Step1:明確分析范圍題干要求我們分析最后一段。Step2:尋找標志詞在第一個目標段落的第四行的標志詞:Forexample。在第二個目標段落的開頭具有并列和舉例功能的短語:Anotherfavouritetrick。Step3:判定寫作手法Forexample直接表明了該段落的功能是舉例。Anotherfavouritetrick同樣是在列舉另一個例子。綜合判斷:最后兩段是用具體例子來說明問題。[圖解]考向4

寫作目的題——立足行文推意圖法寫作目的題旨在考查考生對文章深層目的的理解。解題時不能孤立地看待某個細節(jié),而應(yīng)將其放回原文的“上下文邏輯鏈”中,分析其是作為論點、論據(jù)還是背景而存在,從而推斷作者的真實意圖。[典例]

(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷閱讀B)Farberiscertainthattheholisticapproachwillgrowmorepopularwithtime,andifthepastisanyindication,hemayberight:Since1982,membershipintheAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociationhasgrownfrom30toover700.“Sometimesitsurprisesmethatitworkssowell,”hesays.“Iwilldoanythingtohelpananimal.That’smyjob.”27.WhydoestheauthormentiontheAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociation?A.ToproveFarber’spoint.B.Toemphasizeitsimportance.C.Topraiseveterinarians.D.Toadvocateanimalprotection.自主解答

A[導(dǎo)引]Step1:定位原文關(guān)鍵信息。根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞“theAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociation”;定位原文信息為“Since1982,membership...toover700.”。Step2:追溯上下文邏輯。前句:Farberiscertain...withtime...hemayberight(觀點句);后句:“Sometimesitsurprisesme...That’smyjob.”(細節(jié)句)。這是一個典型的“觀點+論據(jù)”結(jié)構(gòu)。Step3:推斷寫作意圖。作者引用“協(xié)會會員人數(shù)激增”這一事實數(shù)據(jù),其目的就是為了提供一個客觀的證據(jù),來證明法伯的觀點。[圖解]考向5

文章出處/類型題——依據(jù)“文章內(nèi)容”判斷判斷文章出處/類型題應(yīng)從文章的體裁和內(nèi)容著手。一般來說,報紙上的新聞前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點或通訊社名稱等;廣告類文章因其格式特殊,容易辨認;產(chǎn)品說明類文章,如家電、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式;藥品的服用說明會告知服用的時間、次數(shù)、藥量等;來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)的文章一般比較新穎,時效性強。[典例1]

(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀A)Grading

Policies

for

Introduction

to

LiteratureGrading

Scale90—100,A;80—89,B;70—79,C;60—69,D;Below60,E.Essays(60%)Yourfourmajoressayswillcombinetoformthemainpartofthegradeforthiscourse:Essay1=10%;Essay2=15%;Essay3=15%;Essay4=20%.Group

Assignments(30%)Studentswillworkingroupstocompletefourassignments(作業(yè))duringthecourse.AlltheassignmentswillbesubmittedbytheassigneddatethroughBlackboard,ouronlinelearningandcoursemanagementsystem.21.Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?A.Atextbook.

B.Anexampaper.C.Acourseplan. D.Anacademicarticle.自主解答

C[典例2]

(2022·全國乙卷閱讀B)InWickenden’sbook,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls’decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentailed(牽涉)drillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy’sreturntoAuburn.Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicism(堅忍)ofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting...27.Whatisthetext?A.Anewsreport. B.Abookreview.C.Achildren’sstory. D.Adiaryentry.自主解答

B[導(dǎo)引][典例1]Step1:掃描文體特征內(nèi)容:講的是一門課程(IntroductiontoLiterature)的評分政策、論文和小組作業(yè)要求。格式:有清晰的大標題、小標題(GradingScale,Essays,GroupAssignments)和百分比分配。語言:使用祈使句和將來時,面向?qū)W生,具有指導(dǎo)性和規(guī)定性。Step2:分析特征指向以上特征都明確指向一份在學(xué)期初發(fā)給學(xué)生的課程計劃或教學(xué)大綱。Step3:匹配最佳選項選項C“Acourseplan.”完美概括了所有特征。[典例2]Step1:掃描文體特征內(nèi)容:介紹了Wickenden’sbook的情節(jié)梗概,并對其寫作風格進行評價。格式:普通的段落式敘述。語言:包含了大量主觀評價性詞匯,如verygoodstoryteller、beautifulwriting。Step2:分析特征指向指向:“介紹情節(jié)+發(fā)表評論”是書評的典型特征。Step3:匹配最佳選項選項B“Abookreview.”是對該文體最準確的定義。[圖解]1.(2025·全國一卷閱讀C)Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsforjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrateofcarownershipintheworld.運用所學(xué)方法解答下列題目WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s?A.Theyboostedthesalesofcars.B.Theyturnedoutlargelyineffective.C.Theywongovernmentsupport.D.Theyadvocatedbuildingnewparks.本題為

。

Step1:鎖定——鎖定“題眼”句文段開頭第一句使用了強烈的轉(zhuǎn)折連詞

。

隱含推斷題AlthoughStep2:推敲——推敲“弦外之音”由讓步狀語從句“Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread”可以推斷,這些運動的目的必然是反對“以汽車為中心”的城市發(fā)展。主句“therealityisthat...”揭示了與運動愿望完全相反的結(jié)果:城市還是為汽車而建,汽車數(shù)量還在猛增。將兩部分信息整合,我們得到的“弦外之音”是:“雖然付出了努力(搞運動),但最終的結(jié)果卻走向了反面?！边@直接指向了努力的失敗。Step3:匹配——匹配最佳推論選項

完美匹配?！?/p>

”正是對“努力的失敗”最精準的概括。

Bineffective2.(2023·全國甲卷閱讀C)Hemakesphilosophicalthoughtanappealingexercisethatimprovesthequalityofourexperiences,andhedoessowithplentyofhumor.Weinerentersintoconversationwithsomeofthemostimportantphilosophersinhistory,andhebecomespartofthatcrowdintheprocessbydecoding(解讀)theirmessagesandaddinghisowninterpretation.The

Socrates

Expressisafun,sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityandgraduallypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire,loneliness,andaging.Theinvitationisclear:Weinerwantsyoutopickupacoffeeorteaandsitdownwiththisbook.Iencourageyoutotakehisoffer.It’sworthyourtime,eveniftimeissomethingwedon’thavealotof.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeiner’sbook?A.Objectiveandplain.B.Daringandambitious.C.Seriousandhardtofollow.D.Humorousandstraightforward.本題為

。

Step1:定位——定位觀點主體題干問的是theauthor對Weiner’sbook的看法。因此,我們需要在文中尋找作者對這本書的直接評價。觀點態(tài)度題Step2:捕捉——捕捉情感措辭捕捉表達觀點態(tài)度的措辭:appealing;plentyofhumor;fun;sharp;apparentsimplicity;Iencourageyou...;It’sworthyourtime等。Step3:定性——判定態(tài)度基調(diào)綜合所有捕捉到的情感措辭,判斷其整體的情感基調(diào),并與選項進行匹配。plentyofhumor直接對應(yīng)了選項中的

。apparentsimplicity和clear與

的含義高度契合。故選

項。HumorousstraightforwardD3.(2025·洛陽高三一模閱讀B)NanakoHamawasholdingalightenvelope.Whenshetoreitopenwithcare,locksofhairemerged.ManystrangerssendHamalocksoftheirhair,hopingtorecycleit.Peoplegenerateahugeamountofhairwaste.Nearlyallofthatwasteendsupinlandfill,whereitcanreleaseharmfulgreenhousegasesthatcontributetoclimatechange.Buthairpossessesusefulqualitiesandit’sashametosimplythrowitaway.That’swhypeopleallaroundtheworld,likeHama,havebeencollectinghairandfindinginnovativewaystorecycleit,includingmakingmats(墊子)outofitforremovingoilleaksintheocean.Howdoestheauthorintroducethetopic?A.Bypresentingascene.B.Bydetailingthebackground.C.Bydescribingtheusageofhair.D.Bypraisinganenvironmentalist.本題為

。

Step1:明確分析范圍題干問的是“Howdoestheauthorintroducethetopic?”。這要求我們重點分析文章的

部分,即第一段。

寫作手法題開頭Step2:尋找標志詞/結(jié)構(gòu)標志尋找:第一段沒有像Forexample或However這樣的明顯標志詞。但是,我們要注意其句子結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容:NanakoHamawasholdingalightenvelope.;Whenshetoreitopenwithcare,locksofhairemerged.這些句子共同構(gòu)成了一個具體的、動態(tài)的畫面:一個特定的人物(NanakoHama),在一個特定的情境下(holdingalightenvelope),做著一個特定的動作(toreitopen),看到了一個特定的物品(locksofhair)。Step3:判定寫作手法手法判定:這種通過描述人物、動作、環(huán)境來開篇的手法就是場景導(dǎo)入法或情景描寫法。鎖定答案:選項

完美匹配,正是對第一段功能的精準概括。

A4.(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷閱讀B)Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans.B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C.TocompareJohn’sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.本題為

。

Step1:定位原文關(guān)鍵信息題干關(guān)鍵詞是

。在原文中快速定位到這句話:Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.

寫作目的題FuzhouStep2:追溯上下文邏輯邏輯追溯:前句(觀點/總起句):Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.;中間句(例證1):Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage...inSouthBurlington.;細節(jié)句(例證2):Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou...邏輯關(guān)系:作者先提出了一個總括性的觀點(約翰做了很多大項目),然后用also連接,并列舉了兩個具體的例子(南伯靈頓項目和福州項目)來支撐這個觀點。這是一個典型的“

”結(jié)構(gòu),其中福州項目是第二個論據(jù)。

總—分Step3:推斷寫作意圖意圖推斷:福州項目和南伯靈頓項目一樣,都是作為“manybigjobs”的具體例證出現(xiàn)的。這些“bigjobs”本質(zhì)上都是約翰的“生態(tài)設(shè)計”理念(John’sidea)在現(xiàn)實世界中的具體實踐和運用(application)。因此,作者提及福州的目的,就是為了提供又一個鮮活的案例,向讀者展示約翰的理念是如何被成功應(yīng)用的。鎖定答案:選項

完美匹配,福州項目正是其理念的一個具體應(yīng)用實例。

B5.(2021·全國甲卷閱讀A)Take

a

view,theLandscape(風景)PhotographeroftheYearAward,wastheideaofCharlieWaite,oneoftoday’smostrespectedlandscapephotographers.Eachyear,thehighstandardofentrieshasshownthattheAwardsaretheperfectplatformtoshowcasetheverybestphotographyoftheBritishlandscape.Take

a

viewisadesirableannualcompetitionforphotographersfromallcornersoftheUKandbeyond.MikeShepherd(2011)Skiddaw

in

WinterCumbria,England.Itwasanextremelycoldwinter’seveningandfreezingfoghungintheair.Iclimbedtothetopofasmallriseandrealisedthatthemistwaslittlemorethanafewfeetdeep,andthoughitwasonlyashortclimb,IfoundmyselfcompletelyaboveitandlookingatawonderfullyclearviewofSkiddawwiththesunsettinginthewest.Iusedclassicaltechniques,translatedfrommycollegedaysspentinthedarkroomintoPhotoshop,toachievetheblack-and-whiteimage(圖像).TimothySmith(2014)MacclesfieldForestCheshire,England.IwasbackinmyhometownofMacclesfieldtotakesomewinterimages.WalkingupapaththroughtheforesttowardsShutlingsloe,alocalhighpoint,Icameacrossasmallclearingandimmediatelynoticedthedeadyellowgrassessetagainstthefreshsnow.ThesmallpineaddedtotheinterestandIplaceditcentrallytot