汽車(chē)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)ENALISHCHAPTER6

PowerBattery動(dòng)力蓄電池動(dòng)力蓄電池基本術(shù)語(yǔ)和類(lèi)型動(dòng)力蓄電池的結(jié)構(gòu)與工作原理蓄電池管理系統(tǒng)燃料電池技術(shù)6-1?BasicTermsandTypesofTractionBatteries6-2?StructureandPrincipleofTractionBattery6-3?BatteryManagementSystem6-4?FuelCellTechnology?6-1?Abbreviations縮寫(xiě)語(yǔ)序號(hào)NO.類(lèi)型Type維修建議Maintenanceadvice1BMS電池管理系統(tǒng)BatteryManagementSystem2BMU電池管理單元BatteryManagementUnit3BOL壽命初始BeginofLife4Bus-bar電芯極柱連接條Cellpoleconnectingrod5CAN控制器局域網(wǎng)ControllerAreaNetwork6A-CANBMU與HCU通訊CANBMUandHCUcommunicationCAN7C-CANBMU與CSC通訊CANBMU與CSC通訊CAN8S-CANBMU與CSU通訊CANBMUandCSUcommunicationCAN9CH-CANBMU與充電機(jī)通訊CANBMUandchargercommunicationCAN10CCU充電控制單元（車(chē)載充電機(jī)）

ChargeControlUnit11CSC電池監(jiān)控電路CellSupervisionCircuit12CSU電流采樣單元CurrentSampleUnit?6-1?Abbreviations縮寫(xiě)語(yǔ)序號(hào)NO.類(lèi)型Type維修建議Maintenanceadvice13EMC電磁兼容ElectromagneticCompatibility14ESD靜電釋放ElectrostaticDischarge15EOL壽命終止EndofLife16FMEA失效模式與影響分析FailureModeandEffectAnalysis17HV高壓HighVoltage18HVIL高壓互鎖HighVoltageInterlock19IPU集成功率單元IntegratedPowerUnit20LV低壓LowVoltage21MSD手動(dòng)維修開(kāi)關(guān)ManualSwitchDisconnect22OCV開(kāi)路電壓OpenCircuitVoltage23PTC加熱器PositiveTemperatureCoefficient24S-Box高壓配電盒SwitchBox25SOC荷電狀態(tài)StateofCharge本課新單詞maintenance[?me?nt?n?ns]n.維修，保持management[?m?n?d?m?nt]n.經(jīng)營(yíng)，管理supervision[?su:p??v??(?)n]n.監(jiān)督，管理circuit[?s?:k?t]n.電路；v.環(huán)行current[?k?r?nt]n.電流；adj.現(xiàn)在的sample[?sɑ:mp(?)l]n.采樣electromagnetic[??lektr??m?ɡ?net?k]adj.電磁的electrostatic[??lektr???st?t?k]adj.靜電的，靜電學(xué)的interlock[??nt??l?k]v.互鎖；n.連鎖manual[?m?nju?l]n.手冊(cè)；adj.手工的disconnect[?d?sk??nekt]v.切斷n.差異analysis[??n?l?s?s]n.分析charge[t?ɑ?d?]v.充電；n.電量board[b??d]n.板；v.登上charger[?t?ɑ?d??(r)]n.充電機(jī)，襲擊者1.BatteryCellThesmallestenergystorageunit,abasicelectrochemicalenergystoragedevice,consistsofapositiveelectrode,anegativeelectrode,anelectrolyte,aseparator,anexhaustvalve,andacase,alsocalledabatterycell.2.BatteryModuleIntermediateenergystorageunit,placedinamechanicalelectricalunit,isacombinationofseveralunitsconnectedtothecircuitandcircuitequipment(monitoringandprotectioncircuits,electricalandcommunicationinterfaces),alsoknownasamodule.3.BatteryPackApowersupplysystemcomposedofseveralbatterymodules,circuitcomponents(protectioncircuits,batterymanagementsystems,electricalandcommunicationinterfaces),andthermalmanagementdevices,etc.,whichareusedtoprovideenergyforelectricaldevices.4.NominalVoltageAt25℃,90%RH,50%SOC,thepotentialdifferencebetweenthepositiveandnegativeelectrodesofthebattery.閱讀材料Definitionofterminology5.CapacityTheamountofpowerthebatterycanprovideafterbeingfullychargedunderprescribedconditions.UsuallyexpressedinA·h.6.EnergyCapacityTheenergyprovidedbythebatterywhenfullychargedunderprescribedconditions.UsuallyexpressedinW·horkW·h.7.NominalCapacityAtthebeginningoflife(BOL),thebatterycanbefullychargedunderthespecifiedconditionstoprovideaminimumcapacityofICdischargecapacity.閱讀材料術(shù)語(yǔ)定義1.單體蓄電池最小的儲(chǔ)能單元，一個(gè)基本的電化學(xué)能源儲(chǔ)存裝置，由正極、負(fù)極、電解液、隔離膜、排氣閥及殼體組成，也稱(chēng)為電芯。2.蓄電池模組中間儲(chǔ)能單元，放在一個(gè)機(jī)械電氣單元內(nèi)的，由電路相連的若干個(gè)單體和電路設(shè)備（監(jiān)測(cè)和保護(hù)電路、電氣和通信接口）組成的一個(gè)組合體，也稱(chēng)為模組。3.蓄電池包由若干個(gè)蓄電池模組、電路設(shè)備（保護(hù)電路、蓄電池管理系統(tǒng)，電氣和通信接口）及熱管理裝置等組成的，用來(lái)為用電裝置提供能量的電源系統(tǒng)。4.標(biāo)稱(chēng)電壓在25℃，90%RH，50%SOC條件下，蓄電池正極和負(fù)極之間的電位差。術(shù)語(yǔ)定義5.容量按規(guī)定的條件完全充電后的蓄電池所能提供的電量。通常用A·h來(lái)表示。6.能量按規(guī)定的條件完全充電后的蓄電池所能提供的能量。通常用W·h或kW·h來(lái)表示。7.標(biāo)稱(chēng)容量在壽命開(kāi)始（BOL），按規(guī)定的條件完全充電后的蓄電池以1C的倍率放電所能提供的最小容量。生詞短語(yǔ)注解electrochemical[??lektr???kem?k?l]adj.電化學(xué)的electrolyte[??lektr?la?t]n.電解液separator[?sep?re?t?(r)]n.隔離膜，分離器circuit[s?:k?t]n.電路，環(huán)道thermal[θ?:m(?)l]adj.熱的；n.上升的熱氣流nominal[?n?m?n(?)l]adj.標(biāo)稱(chēng)capacity[k??p?s?ti]n.容量，能力discharge[d?s?t?ɑ:d?]n.放電；v.釋放supervision[?su:p??v??(?)n]n.監(jiān)控integrated[??nt?ɡre?t?d]adj.集成的；v.合并potential[p??ten?(?)l]adj.潛在的；n.潛力electrode[??lektr??d]n.電極；電焊條specified[?spes?fa?d]adj.規(guī)定的；v.指定prescribedconditions規(guī)定的條件thermalmanagementdevices熱管理裝置6-2?StructureandPrincipleofTractionBattery動(dòng)力蓄電池的結(jié)構(gòu)與工作原理ExplosiveviewofbatterymoduleisshowninFigure6-1.蓄電池模組爆炸圖如圖6-1所示。Figure6-1ExplosiveViewofBatteryModule蓄電池模組爆炸圖Figure6-11endplate端板2outputsidebase輸出極底座3endplateinsulationcover端板絕緣罩4protectivecoverofoutput輸出極保護(hù)蓋5uppercoverofmodule模組上保護(hù)蓋6PCBorFPC線束板組件或柔性采樣線7negativetemperaturecoefficient(NTC)負(fù)溫度系數(shù)8cell電芯9bufferspad緩沖墊10insulationfilmofsideplate側(cè)板絕緣膜（熱壓膜）11sideplate側(cè)板ModularfreedesignofthebatteryisshowinFigure6-2.無(wú)模組設(shè)計(jì)的蓄電池如圖6-2所示。Figure6-2ModularFreeDesignoftheBattery無(wú)模組設(shè)計(jì)的蓄電池Figure6-21lowvoltageconnector低壓接插件2highvoltageconnector高壓接插件3batterymanagementsystem（BMS）蓄電池管理系統(tǒng)4lowvoltagewiringharness低壓連接線束55*1P18SCTPcellscomponent5*1P18SCTP電芯組件6copper-barofhighvoltageconnection高壓連接銅巴7thermalmanagementsystem熱管理系統(tǒng)8fuse熔斷器9packsealingpad箱體密封墊Figure6-2OutsideofbatteryPackisshowninFigure6-3.蓄電池箱外部如圖6-3所示。Figure6-3OutsideofBatteryPack蓄電池箱外部Figure6-3Figure6-31fast-charginginterface快充接口2HVoutput高壓輸出3toolinghook工裝掛鉤4airpressurebalancevalve(uppercover)氣壓平衡閥（上蓋）5lowerboxofpack電箱下箱體6copper-barofhighvoltageconnection電箱上箱蓋InsideofbatterypackisshowninFigure6-4.蓄電池箱內(nèi)部如圖6-4所示。Figure6-4InsideofBatteryPack蓄電池箱內(nèi)部Figure6-4Figure6-41batterymanagementunit（BMU）蓄電池管理單元2SwitchBox（S-Box）開(kāi)關(guān)箱3seal、buffer、insulation密封、緩沖、絕緣4lowerboxofpack電箱下箱體5upperboxofpack電箱上箱蓋6airpressurebalancevalve(uppercover)氣壓平衡閥（上蓋）7airpressurebalancevalve(uppercover)熱管理系統(tǒng)8highvoltageconnection高壓連接9module模組10lowvoltageconnection低壓連接11nameplate、tags銘牌、標(biāo)簽本課新單詞insulation[??nsju?le??(?)n]n.絕緣connector[k??nekt?(r)]n.插接器harness[?hɑ:n?s]v.連接；n.系帶component[k?m?p??n?nt]n.組成部分；adj.組成的sealing[?si:l??]n.密封；v.系緊interface[??nt?fe?s]n.界面；v.連接valve[v?lv]n.閥；v.裝閥于component[k?m?p??n?nt]n.組成部分；adj.組成的wiring[?wa??r??]n.接線；v.裝電線seal[si?l]n.印章；v.封上buffer[?b?f?(r)]n.緩沖器；v.緩沖,保護(hù)tooling[?tu?l??]n.工具作業(yè)；v.使用nameplate[?ne?mple?t]n.銘牌tags[t?ɡz]n.標(biāo)簽；v.給……加上標(biāo)簽Lithium-ionbatteriesrelyonthemovementoflithium-ionsbetweentheelectrodestogenerateelectricalenergy,thestorageandreleaseofthisenergyisthroughthereleaseoflithiumionsinthepositiveactivesubstancetothenegativeactivesubstanceinsertionandremovaltocomplete,withoutchemicalreactions,whichisthebiggestfeatureoflithium-ionbatteries.Whenthebatteryischarged,lithiumionsaregeneratedonthepositiveelectrodeofthebattery,andthegeneratedlithiumionsmovethroughtheelectrolytetothenegativeelectrode.Asanegativeelectrode,carbonhasalayeredstructurewithmanymicropores.Lithiumionsthatreachthenegativeelectrodeareembeddedintothemicroporesofthecarbonlayer.Themorelithiumionsareembedded,thehigherthechargingcapacity.Similarly,whenthebatteryisdischarged,thelithiumionsembeddedinthenegativecarbonlayerescapeandmovebacktothepositiveelectrode.Themorelithiumionsareinthepositiveelectrode,thehigherthedischargecapacity.閱讀材料BasicPrincipleofCharge-DischargeofLi-ionBattery閱讀材料鋰離子蓄電池是依靠鋰離子在電極之間移動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生電能的，這種電能的存儲(chǔ)和釋放是通過(guò)正極活性物質(zhì)中放出的鋰離子向負(fù)極活性物質(zhì)中插入及脫嵌來(lái)完成的，這一過(guò)程不發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)，這是鋰離子蓄電池的最大特點(diǎn)。蓄電池進(jìn)行充電時(shí)，蓄電池的正極上有鋰離子生成，生成的鋰離子經(jīng)過(guò)電解液移動(dòng)到負(fù)極。而作為負(fù)極的碳材料呈層狀結(jié)構(gòu)，它有很多微孔，到達(dá)負(fù)極的鋰離子就嵌入到碳層的微孔中，嵌入的鋰離子越多，充電容量越高。同樣，當(dāng)蓄電池放電時(shí)，嵌在負(fù)極碳層中的鋰離子脫出，又移回正極。移回正極的鋰離子越多，放電容量越高。鋰離子蓄電池充放電基本原理生詞短語(yǔ)注解lithiumion[?l?θi?m?a??n]n.鋰離子battery[?b?tri]n.電池storage[st?:r?d?]n.存儲(chǔ)release[r??li:s]v.放出insertion[?n?s?:?n]n.插入removal[r??mu:v(?)l]n.脫嵌micropores[ma?kr?(?)p?:(r)]n.微孔embedded[?m?bed?d]adj.嵌入escape[??ske?p]v.脫出coefficient[k????f??nt]n.系數(shù)nameplate[?ne?mple?t]n.銘牌tags[t?ɡz]n.標(biāo)簽layer[?le??(r)]n.層；v.分層放置escape[??ske?p]v.逃跑；n.逃離electrode[??lektr??d]n.電極lithium-ionbattery鋰離子電池activesubstance活性物質(zhì)chargecapacity充電容量6-3?BatteryManagementSystem蓄電池管理系統(tǒng)Figure6-6BatteryManagementSystemFunctions蓄電池管理系統(tǒng)功能BatterymanagementsystemfunctionsareshowninFigure6-6.蓄電池管理系統(tǒng)功能如圖6-6所示。1balancedmanagement均衡管理2communicationmanagement通信管理3datastorage數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)4powermanagement電源管理5parametercalibration電芯組件6faulthandling參數(shù)標(biāo)定7faultdiagnosis故障處理8batterysafetymanagement蓄電池安全管理9highvoltagesafetymanagement高壓安全管理10SOCandSOHestimationSOC、SOH估算11batteryparametermonitoring蓄電池參數(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)12batteryequalization蓄電池均衡13sleepandwakeup休眠與喚醒14powersupplyvoltagedetection電源電壓檢測(cè)15powersequentialcontrol電源時(shí)序控制16communicationsCAN通信CAN17CSCautomaticencodingCSC自動(dòng)編碼18BOOTprocedureBOOT程序Figure6-619cellkeydata電芯關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)20productapplicationprogram產(chǎn)品應(yīng)用程序21cellIDtracing電芯ID追溯22voltagedetection電壓檢測(cè)23currentdetection電流檢測(cè)24temperaturemeasurement溫度檢測(cè)25internalresistancedetection內(nèi)阻檢測(cè)26SOCvaluationcalibrationSOC估值校準(zhǔn)27SOHestimateSOH估算28energyprediction能量預(yù)估29highvoltageinterlock高壓互鎖30insulationdetection絕緣檢測(cè)31relaycontrol繼電器控制32collisionsignalprocessing碰撞信號(hào)處理33maintenancestateprotection維修狀態(tài)保護(hù)34heatmanagement

熱管理35powerreductionstrategy降功率策略36chargemanagement充電管理37faultdetectionandprocessing故障檢測(cè)與處理38systemself-checkdiagnosis系統(tǒng)自檢診斷Figure6-6本課新單詞Parameter[p??r?m?t?(r)]n.參數(shù)estimation[est??me??n]n.估算diagnosis[da??ɡ?n??s?s]n.診斷calibration[?k?l??bre??n]n.標(biāo)定，刻度storage[st?:r?d?]n.存儲(chǔ)；adj.儲(chǔ)存的voltage[?v??lt?d?]n.電壓management[?m?n?d?m?nt]n.經(jīng)營(yíng)data[?de?t?]n.數(shù)據(jù)fault[f?:lt]n.錯(cuò)誤；v.挑剔monitoring[?m?n?t?r??]v.監(jiān)視equalization[i?kw?la??ze??n]n.均衡detection[d??tek?(?)n]n.察覺(jué)sequential[s??kwen?(?)l]adj.連續(xù)的automatic[???t??m?t?k]adj.自動(dòng)的；n.自動(dòng)換擋汽車(chē)resistance[r??z?st?ns]n.反對(duì)；阻力；電阻maintenance[?me?nt?n?ns]n.維護(hù)strategy[?str?t?d?i]n.策略self-check[selft?ek]adj.自我檢查的

Figure6-7BatteryManagementSystem蓄電池管理系統(tǒng)閱讀材料Theenergystorageandoutputofthetractionbatteryneedtobemanaged,thatis,thetractionbatteryenergymanagementmodule,alsoknownasthebatterymanagementsystem(BMS),asshowninFigure6-7.BMScanprotectthetractionbatterysystemfromover-voltage,under-voltage,over-current,over-temperatureandover-lowtemperaturethroughfunctionssuchasvoltage,currentandtemperaturedetection,aswellasrelaycontrol,SOCestimation,chargeanddischargemanagement,heatingorinsulation,balancecontrol,faultalarmandtreatment,andcommunicationwithothercontrollers.Toensurethesafeandreliableuseofthebattery,theBMSshouldmaximizethecapacityofthebatteryandextendtheservicelife,andreportthebasicparametersandfaultinformationofthetractionbatterysystemtoVCU.BatteryManagementSystem閱讀材料動(dòng)力蓄電池的能量?jī)?chǔ)存與輸出都需要進(jìn)行管理，即動(dòng)力蓄電池能量管理模塊，也稱(chēng)為蓄電池管理系統(tǒng)（BMS），如圖6-7所示。BMS通過(guò)電壓、電流及溫度檢測(cè)等功能，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)動(dòng)力蓄電池系統(tǒng)的過(guò)電壓、欠電壓、過(guò)電流、過(guò)高溫和過(guò)低溫保護(hù)，以及繼電器控制、SOC估算、充放電管理、加熱或保溫、均衡控制、故障報(bào)警及處理、與其他控制器通信等功能。

為保證蓄電池安全可靠，BMS要充分利用電池的容量和延長(zhǎng)其使用壽命，并向VCU上報(bào)動(dòng)力蓄電池系統(tǒng)的基本參數(shù)及故障信息。蓄電池管理系統(tǒng)生詞短語(yǔ)注解referred[r??f?:d]adj.（醫(yī)）牽涉性的；v.參考function[?f?nk?(?)n]n.功能current[?k?r?nt]adj.現(xiàn)行的n.水流relay[?ri?le?]v.傳遞；n.接力賽controller[k?n?tr??l?]n.控制器treatment[?tri?tm?nt]n.對(duì)待06CHAPTER6TractionBatterydetection[d??tek?(?)n]n.察覺(jué)over-voltage過(guò)電壓under-voltage欠電壓over-current過(guò)電流over-temperature過(guò)高溫over-lowtemperature過(guò)低溫relaycontrol繼電器控制faultalarm故障報(bào)警faultinformation故障信息6-4?FuelCellTechnology燃料電池技術(shù)FuelcellelectricvehiclestructureisshowninFigure6-8.燃料電池電動(dòng)汽車(chē)結(jié)構(gòu)如圖6-8所示。Figure6-8FuelCellElectricVehicleStructure燃料電池電動(dòng)汽車(chē)結(jié)構(gòu)Figure6-81fuelcell燃料電池23-waypowerDC/DCconverter3路電源DC/DC變換器3fillingnipplewithinfraredinterface帶紅外接口的填充接嘴4powerelectronicsrearelectricmotor電力電子后端電機(jī)5H2-Tanks(3x)

氫氣-油箱（3個(gè)）6electricmotorrearaxle電機(jī)后橋7tractionbattery動(dòng)力蓄電池8electricmotorfrontaxle電機(jī)前軸9powerelectronicsfrontelectricmotor電力電子前端電機(jī)10aircompressor空氣壓縮機(jī)11hydrogenrecirculationblower氫氣再循環(huán)鼓風(fēng)機(jī)本課新單詞defuel[di:?fj??l]v.給……卸燃permeation[?p?:mi?e??n]n.滲透humidifier[hju:?m?d?fa??(r)]n.增濕器membrane[?membre?n]n.膜06CHAPTER6TractionBatterytreatment[?tri:tm?nt]n.對(duì)待，討論receptacle[r??sept?k(?)l]n.容器，花托rated[?re?t?d]adj.額定的；v.認(rèn)為auxiliary[?:ɡ?z?li?ri]adj.輔助的；n.助手leakage[?li:k?d?]n.泄漏flammability[?fl?m??b?l?ti]n.可燃性u(píng)tilization[?ju:t?la??ze??(?)n]n.利用consumption[k?n?s?mp?(?)n]n.消費(fèi)，引用converter[k?n?v??t?(r)]n.（使）轉(zhuǎn)變的人recirculation[ri??s??kj??le???n]n.再循環(huán)tanks[t??ks]n.儲(chǔ)放液體或氣體的箱Fuelcellelectricvehicles(FCEVs)generateelectricitythroughanelectrochemicalreactionbetweenhydrogenandoxygenfromtheair,catalyzedwithinafuelcell,asshowinFigure6-9.Thiselectricityservesastheprimarypowersourcetodrivethevehicle.Essentially,FCEVsareatypeofelectricvehicle.Intermsofthevehiclebody,powertransmissionsystem,andcontrolsystem,FCEVsarefundamentallysimilartoconventionalelectricvehicles.Thekeydifferenceliesintheprincipleofthepowersource.Generallyspeaking,fuelcellsconvertchemicalenergyintoelectricityviaelectrochemicalreactions.Hydrogenistypicallyusedasthereducingagent,whileoxygenservesastheoxidant.Asaresult,theearliestfuelcellvehiclesdirectlyutilizedhydrogenfuel.Hydrogenstoragecanbeachievedthroughvariousmethods,suchasliquefiedhydrogen,compressedhydrogen,ormetalhydridehydrogenstorage.Purefuelcellvehiclesrelysolelyonthefuelcellastheirpowersource,withallthevehicle'spowerderivedfromthefuelcell.Atpresent,manyfuelcellvehiclesoperateinahybridform.Inadditiontothefuelcell,thesevehiclesincorporateabatteryorsupercapacitorasanauxiliarypowersource.Themaincomponentsofsuchasystemincludetheenergycontrolunit,aircompressor,fuelcellstack,high-pressurehydrogenstoragetank,powerbattery,andelectricmotor.Thehigh-pressurehydrogenstoragetanksuppliesfueltothevehicle,whilethepowerbatteryprovidesadditionalpowerforacceleration,climbing,andhigh-speeddriving.Whenthevehicledeceleratesorbrakes,theenergycontrolunitconvertsthemotorintoagenerator,transformingpartofthevehicle'skineticenergybackintoelectricalenergytorechargethebattery.Inotherwords,byadoptingahybridform,vehiclescanutilizeasmallerpowerbatterysystemandalsobenefitfromkineticenergyrecovery.Furthermore,thishybridapproachallowsformorestableoperationofthefuelcellsystem,therebyimprovingitsef-ficiencyandlifespan.閱讀材料FuelCellTechnologyFigure6-9FuelCellElectricVehicle燃料電池電動(dòng)汽車(chē)燃料電池技術(shù)

燃料電池電動(dòng)汽車(chē)（FCEVs）通過(guò)燃料電池內(nèi)的催化劑作用，使氫氣和空氣中的氧氣發(fā)生電化學(xué)反應(yīng)，從而產(chǎn)生電能，如圖6-9所示這種電能是驅(qū)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的主要?jiǎng)恿?lái)源。本質(zhì)上，燃料電池電動(dòng)汽車(chē)是一種電動(dòng)汽車(chē)。在車(chē)身、動(dòng)力傳輸系統(tǒng)和控制系統(tǒng)等方面，燃料電池電動(dòng)汽車(chē)與傳統(tǒng)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)基本相同，主要區(qū)別在于動(dòng)力源的原理。

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，燃料電池通過(guò)電化學(xué)反應(yīng)將化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能。氫氣通常作為還原劑，氧氣作為氧化劑。因此，最早的燃料電池汽車(chē)直接使用氫燃料。氫氣儲(chǔ)存可以通過(guò)多種方式實(shí)現(xiàn)，例如液態(tài)氫、壓縮氫或金屬氫化物儲(chǔ)氫等。純?nèi)剂想姵仄?chē)僅以燃料電池作為動(dòng)力源，車(chē)輛的所有動(dòng)力都來(lái)自燃料電池。

目前，許多燃料電池汽車(chē)采用混合動(dòng)力形式。在燃料電池的基礎(chǔ)上，增加了一套蓄電池或超級(jí)電容器作為另一動(dòng)力源。其主要結(jié)構(gòu)包括能量控制單元、空氣壓縮機(jī)、燃料電池堆、高壓氫氣瓶、動(dòng)力蓄電池和電機(jī)。高壓氫氣瓶為車(chē)輛提供燃料，動(dòng)力蓄電池則用于車(chē)輛加速、爬坡和高速行駛。當(dāng)車(chē)輛滑行或制動(dòng)時(shí)，能量控制單元將電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榘l(fā)電機(jī)，將部分車(chē)輛動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能，為蓄電池充電。也就是說(shuō)，采用混合動(dòng)力形式后，不僅可以使用較小功率的蓄電池系統(tǒng)，還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)能回收。此外，這種混合動(dòng)力形式還可以使燃料電池系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行條件更加穩(wěn)定，從而提高燃料電池系統(tǒng)的效率和使用壽命。燃料電池技術(shù)生詞短語(yǔ)注解catalyst[k?t?l?st]n.催化劑.誘因slide[sla?d]v.滑行，n.滑梯acceleration[?k?sel??re??(?)n]n.加速kinetic[k??net?k]adj.運(yùn)動(dòng)的essentially[??sen??l?]adv.本質(zhì)上，本來(lái)principle[?pr?ns?p(?)l]n.準(zhǔn)則，原則reaction[ri??k?(?)n]n.反應(yīng)convert[k?n?v?:t]v.轉(zhuǎn)變；n.改變信仰者capacitor[k??p?s?t?(r)]n.電容器transmissionsystem動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)reducingagent還原劑liquifiedhydrogen液化氫oxidizingagent氧化劑kineticenergyrecovery制動(dòng)能回收operationcondition運(yùn)行工況謝謝觀看！ENALISH汽車(chē)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)ENALISHCHAPTER7ChassisofVehicles

車(chē)輛底盤(pán)離合器手動(dòng)變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋和手動(dòng)變速器自動(dòng)變速器轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)7-1．Clutches7-2．ManualTransmissionandTransaxle7-3．AutomaticTransmission7-4．SteeringSystemandBrakeSystem7-1Clutches離合器A．Majorpartsofclutch離合器主要零件Diaphragmspringclutch膜片彈簧離合器B．Clutchdisc離合器從動(dòng)盤(pán)C．Clutchlinkage離合器操縱機(jī)構(gòu)Hydraulic(-operated)clutchlinkage離合器液壓操縱機(jī)構(gòu)1—Wavyspring波形彈簧2—Torsionaldamperspring扭轉(zhuǎn)減振彈簧3—Frictionring摩擦圈4—Splinehub花鍵轂5—Diaphragmspring膜片彈簧6—Crankshaft曲軸7—Stoprivet限位鉚釘8—Frictionlining摩擦片9—Pressure[Driving]plate盤(pán)10—Drivestrap(壓盤(pán))傳動(dòng)帶11—Flywheel飛輪12—Ringgear齒圈13—Transmissioninputshaft變速器輸入軸14—Releasebearing分離軸承7-1Clutches離合器15—Drivenplate從動(dòng)盤(pán)16—Diaphragmspring膜片彈簧17—Clutchcover離合器蓋

Clutchcoverassy.，Pressureplateassy．離合器蓋總成(注：兩詞條為同一部件，都是帶壓板的蓋總成)18—Pivot[fulcrum]ring支撐環(huán)19—Transmissioncasing變速器殼20—Release[operating]fork分離叉21—Slave[release]cylinder工作缸22—Reservoir儲(chǔ)液罐23—Vacuumbooster真空助力器24—Lowpressureline低壓管路25—Auxiliaryspring助力彈簧26—Clutchpedal離合器踏板27—Pushrod推桿28—Mastercylinder主缸29—Highpressureline高壓管路7-1Clutches離合器Inthisarticle,wewilllearnwhyyouneedaclutch,andunderstandhowtheclutchinyourcarworks.在這篇文章中，我們將學(xué)習(xí)為什么需要離合器，以及在汽車(chē)上離合器是如何工作的。Thereasonofyouneedaclutchinthecaristhattheenginespinsallthetime,butthecarwheelsdon't.Inorderforacartostopwithoutkillingtheengine,thewheelsneedtobedisconnectedfromtheenginesomehow.Theclutchallowsustosmoothlyengageaspinningenginetoanon-spinningtransmissionbycontrollingtheslippagebetweenthem.汽車(chē)上裝備的離合器可以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與傳動(dòng)系的其他部件平穩(wěn)地接合。汽車(chē)工作時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)始終旋轉(zhuǎn)，但車(chē)輪卻不是這樣。為了讓汽車(chē)停下來(lái)時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不熄火，車(chē)輪必須以某種方式與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)斷開(kāi)連接。通過(guò)離合器，我們可以控制發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)系的銜接行程，使旋轉(zhuǎn)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和靜止的傳動(dòng)系之間實(shí)現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)接合。7-1Clutches離合器Aclutchworksbecauseoffrictionbetweenaclutchplateandaflywheel.Theclutchisadevicethatletsyouconnectanddisconnecttheengineandthetransmission.Whenyoupushintheclutchpedal,theengineandthetransmissionaredisconnectedsotheenginecanrunevenifthecarisstandingstill.Whenyoureleasetheclutchpedal,theengineandtheinputshaftaredirectlyconnectedtooneanother.Theinputshaftandgearturnatthesamerpmastheengine.離合器是靠離合器片與飛輪間的摩擦力工作的。通過(guò)離合器，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)系的接合和分離。踩下離合器踏板，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)系分離，即使汽車(chē)停下來(lái)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)也可正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。松開(kāi)離合器踏板，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和輸入軸立刻接合，輸入軸及齒輪便以與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)相同的轉(zhuǎn)速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。Aclutchiscomposedoftheclutchdisc,thepressureplate,thereleaseleverandthereleasebearing.離合器是由離合器盤(pán)、壓盤(pán)、分離杠桿和分離軸承組成的。7-2．ManualTransmissionandTransaxle手動(dòng)變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋和手動(dòng)變速器MT=M／T=ManualTransaxle手動(dòng)變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋1—Mainshaft主軸2—Inputclustergearshaft帶齒輪組的輸入軸3—4thspeedgears四檔齒輪副4—3rdspeedgears三檔齒輪副5—2ndspeedgears二檔齒輪副6—Reversegears倒檔齒輪副7—Reverseidlergears倒檔惰輪副8—1stspeedgears一檔齒輪副9—5thspeedgeardriveshaft五檔齒輪傳動(dòng)軸10—5thspeedgear五檔齒輪11—5thgeardriveshaftpiniongear五檔齒輪傳動(dòng)軸小齒輪12—Mainshaftpiniongear主軸小齒輪13—Differentialoilseals差速器油封14—CVshafts等速萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳動(dòng)軸15—Differentialpiniongears差速器行星齒輪16—Differentialsidegears差速器半軸齒輪17—Finaldriveringgear主減速器齒圈18—1st/2ndsynchronizer—～

二檔同步器19—3rd/4thsynchronizer三～四檔同步器20—5thsynchronizer五檔同步器Note：Gear#11isalwaysinmeshwithgear#17.注：11號(hào)齒輪與17號(hào)常嚙合。說(shuō)明：前橋驅(qū)動(dòng)用的、帶差速器的變速器稱(chēng)為“變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋”。有些場(chǎng)合下

，只注重變速器功能時(shí)，也把事實(shí)上的“變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋”稱(chēng)

為”Transmission變速器。

7-2．ManualTransmissionandTransaxle手動(dòng)變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋和手動(dòng)變速器Agearboxchangesthespeedandtorqueoftheoutputshaftbymeshingdifferentgears.Itprovidesawaytodisconnecttheenginefromthetransmissionsystemwithoutdepressingtheclutchpedalforalongtime.Itenablesthevehicletobereversed.變速器可通過(guò)不同齒輪的嚙合改變輸出軸的轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩。通過(guò)變速器，無(wú)需踩下離合器踏板，就可使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)系長(zhǎng)時(shí)間分離。變速器還使倒車(chē)成為可能。Agearboxhasmanyshaftsandgears.Thecommonproblemswithgearboxincludethedifficultyinengaginggears,jumpingoutofgear,noisygearmeshandoilleaks.Youshouldlookforthereasonsandeliminatetheproblems.

變速器內(nèi)裝有許多軸和齒輪。變速器的常見(jiàn)故障包換檔困難、跳檔、齒輪嚙合噪聲大和漏油。應(yīng)當(dāng)仔細(xì)查找故障原因并將其排除。7-2．ManualTransmissionandTransaxle手動(dòng)變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋和手動(dòng)變速器Thediagramshowsaverysimpletwo-speedtransmissioninneutral.Let'slookateachofthepartsinthisdiagramtounderstandhowtheyfittogether.如圖所示是一個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單的兩速變速器，位于空檔位置。讓我們查看圖中的各個(gè)部件，了解其工作過(guò)程。Theinputshaftcomesfromtheenginethroughtheclutch.Theinputshaftandthegearonitareconnectedasasingleunit.輸入軸通過(guò)離合器與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)連接。輸入軸和其上面的齒輪是結(jié)為一體的。

Two-speedtransmission兩速變速器7-2．ManualTransmissionandTransaxle手動(dòng)變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋和手動(dòng)變速器Inter-mediateshaftisalsoconnectedasasinglepiece,soallofthegearsontheinter-mediateshaftandtheinter-mediateshaftitselfspinasoneunit.Theinputshaftandtheinter-mediateshaftaredirectlyconnectedthroughtheirmeshedgearssothatiftheinputshaftisspinning,soistheinter-mediateshaft.Inthisway,theinter-mediateshaftreceivesitspowerdirectlyfromtheenginewhenevertheclutchisengaged.中間軸也是一體的，所以中間軸上的齒輪與中間軸成一體旋轉(zhuǎn)。輸入軸和中間軸通過(guò)其上齒輪的相互嚙合直接相連。輸入軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，中間軸也跟著旋轉(zhuǎn)。這樣，只要離合器處于接合狀態(tài)，中間軸就能直接從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)獲取能量。Thegears1rideonbearings，sotheyspinontheoutputshaft.Iftheengineisoffbutthecariscoasting,theoutputshaftcanturninsidethegears1whilethegears1andtheinter-mediateshaftaremotionless.齒輪1浮裝在軸承上，它們?cè)谳敵鲚S上旋轉(zhuǎn)。如果發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火而汽車(chē)仍在滑行，輸出軸可在齒輪1內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，而齒輪1和中間軸則可保持靜止。7-3AutomaticTransmission自動(dòng)變速器**：本圖是“Simpsongearset辛普森行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)”。Outputshaftspeedsensor輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器Combinationmeter組合儀表(上有“Shiftrangeindicatorlight檔位指示燈”)Controlvalvebody控制閥體ECT=Electroniccontrolledtransmission[transaxle]電子控制變速器[變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋]

（此為豐田公司用語(yǔ)，=A/T=Automatictransmission[transaxle]自動(dòng)變速器［驅(qū)動(dòng)橋］）EngineandECTECU發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和自動(dòng)變速器電控單元Inputturbinespeedsensor輸入渦輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器Oilpump油泵Planetarygear行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)**Sensors傳感器Shiftlever換擋桿裝置Solenoids電磁閥Torqueconverter液力變矩器VSS=vehiclespeedsensor車(chē)速傳感器*：“A/T=automatictransmission自動(dòng)變速器”實(shí)際使用中有以下兩種含意：一是專(zhuān)指后橋驅(qū)動(dòng)或全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)用的自動(dòng)變速器，二是包括前橋驅(qū)動(dòng)用的自動(dòng)變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋(Automatictransaxle)及后橋驅(qū)動(dòng)或全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)用的自動(dòng)變速器。7-3AutomaticTransmission自動(dòng)變速器1—transaxlehousing變速驅(qū)動(dòng)橋殼2—torque[hydrodynamic]converter液力變矩器TCC=torqueconverterclutch液力變矩器離合器torqueconverterwithlockupclutch鎖止式液力變矩器3—brakeB2B2制動(dòng)器4—clutchK2K2離合器5—clutchK1K2離合器6—clutchK3K3離合器

K1,K2,K3multi-platebrake多片式制動(dòng)器7—brakeB1B1制動(dòng)器8—ringgear齒圈9—largesungear大太陽(yáng)輪10—smallsungear小太陽(yáng)輪11—planetarycarrier行星齒輪架9～11—Ravigneaux(geartrain)，Ravigneauxplanetarygearset拉維列奧克斯行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)，（俗稱(chēng)）拉威娜

式行星齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)12—Differential差速器7-4SteeringSystemandBrakeSystem轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)1—steeringwheel轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)2—steeringshaft轉(zhuǎn)向軸3—steering(knuckle)arm轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂4—suctiontube吸入管5—vanepump葉片泵6—highpressurehose高壓油軟管7—lowpressurehose低壓油軟管8—Reservoir儲(chǔ)液罐9—lefttierod左橫拉桿10—righttierod右橫拉桿11—Power-steeringgearbox動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向器Rackandpinionsteeringgear齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向器

7-4SteeringSystemandBrakeSystem轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)ABS=antilockbrakesystem防抱制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)Antilock*warninglamp(amber)防抱制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)警告燈Brakepedal制動(dòng)踏板Brakelampswitch制動(dòng)燈開(kāi)關(guān)Brakewarninglamp(red)制動(dòng)警告燈(紅色)DiscBrake盤(pán)式制動(dòng)器DrumBrake鼓式制動(dòng)器EBCM=Electronicbrakecontrolmodule電子制動(dòng)控制模塊Electricalharness電氣線束Hydrauliclines液壓管路Hydraulicunit**液壓模塊LeftfrontWSS左前輪速傳感器Mastercylinderreservoir主缸儲(chǔ)液罐Pump泵Vacuumbooster真空助力器WSS=wheelspeedsensor輪速傳感器

*：這是實(shí)際中美國(guó)人在專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)中簡(jiǎn)化運(yùn)用的表現(xiàn)：antilock=antilockbrakesystem；**：“Hydraulicunit”也常譯為“液壓?jiǎn)卧?，但是此零件英語(yǔ)中也常用“Hydraulicmodule”，所以可統(tǒng)一譯為“液壓模塊”。HydraulicbrakesystemwithABS帶防抱制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的液壓制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)7-4SteeringSystemandBrakeSystem轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)Four-wheel-drivesystemhasseveraldifferentschemesforprovidingpowertoallofthewheels.Thelanguageusedbythedifferentcarmakerscansometimesbealittleconfusing,let'sclearupsometerminology.四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)采用了一些獨(dú)特的方案為每只車(chē)輪提供動(dòng)力。不同的汽車(chē)制造商使用的措辭可能不盡相同。為不引起混淆，我們對(duì)一些術(shù)語(yǔ)加以說(shuō)明。Four-wheelDrive四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)Four-wheeldrive:Usually,whencarmakerssaythatacarhasfour-wheeldrive,theyarereferringtoapart-timesystem.Forreasonswe'llexplorelaterinthisarticle,thesesystemsaremeantonlyforuseinlow-tractionconditions,suchasoff-roadoronsnoworice.四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)：汽車(chē)制造商所說(shuō)四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，通常是就短時(shí)而言。即只有在牽引力低的路況下，如非正常路面、冰、雪路面，才使用四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)。7-4SteeringSystemandBrakeSystem轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)All-wheeldrive:Thesesystemsaresometimescalledfull-timefour-wheeldrive.All-wheel-drivesystemsaredesignedtofunctiononalltypesofsurfaces,bothon-andoff-road,andmostofthemcannotbeswitchedoff.全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)：這樣的系統(tǒng)也稱(chēng)全時(shí)四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。在任何路況，無(wú)論是正?；蚍钦Ｂ访?，全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)都在運(yùn)行中。這一系統(tǒng)大多不能關(guān)閉。Four-wheelDrive四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)7-4SteeringSystemandBrakeSystem轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)Centersupportbearings中間支撐軸承Reardifferential后差速器Transfercase分動(dòng)器Tripodjoint三銷(xiāo)式萬(wàn)向節(jié)U-joints萬(wàn)向節(jié)Viscouscoupling黏性聯(lián)軸[離合]器

ThelayoutofanAWDvehicle全輪驅(qū)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的布置

謝謝觀看！ENALISH汽車(chē)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)ENALISHCHAPTER8AutomotiveElectricalandElectronicSystems汽車(chē)電氣和電子設(shè)備汽車(chē)電氣設(shè)備索引蓄電池和熔斷器起動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和充電系統(tǒng)照明系統(tǒng)和后視鏡8-1IndexofAutomotiveElectricalSystem8-2BatteriesandFuses8-3StartingSystemandChargingSystem8-4LightingSystemandRearViewMirror8-1Indexof

automotiveelectricalsystemisshowninFigure8-1.汽車(chē)電氣設(shè)備索引如圖

8-1所示。8-1Indexof

AutomotiveElectricalSystem汽車(chē)電氣設(shè)備索引8-1Indexof

AutomotiveElectricalSystem汽車(chē)電氣設(shè)備索引1width（-indicator）lamp,markerlamp（Light）,positionlamp示廓燈2windshieldwasher前風(fēng)窗洗滌器3wiper刮水器4electricalmirror電動(dòng)后視鏡5interiorlamp（light），rooflamp（light）頂燈6centerstoplamp（light）中間制動(dòng)燈7high-mountedstoplamp（light）高位制動(dòng)燈8antenna,aerial天線9backuplamp（light），reverselamp倒車(chē)燈10rearcombinationlamp（light）后組合燈11license（number）-platelamp（light）牌照燈12sideturnsignal（indicator）lamp,lateralturn（direction）indicator側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向信號(hào)燈13foglamp（light）霧燈14frontturnsignallamp前轉(zhuǎn)向信號(hào)燈15headlamp,headlight前照燈16horn喇叭17wiring線路18wiring（cable）harness電線束8-1Indexof

AutomotiveElectricalSystem汽車(chē)電氣設(shè)備索引19seatheater座椅加熱器20sp