對蝦主要病原及防治方法研究國內(nèi)外文獻綜述目錄TOC\o"1-3"\h\u12425對蝦主要病原及防治方法研究國內(nèi)外文獻綜述 1181901.1對蝦主要病原 1117501.1.1病毒性病原 1113531.1.2細菌性病原 2167631.1.3其他病原 251981.2對蝦疾病的主要防治方法 3230681.2.1化藥防治 3120471.2.2生物防治 4229291.2.3對蝦疾病的生物安保防控技術(shù) 4186021.3生物安保在對蝦養(yǎng)殖中的應(yīng)用 4121471.3.1生物安保的定義 479531.3.2水產(chǎn)生物安保的國內(nèi)外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 5255321.3.3生物安保組成要素 573881.3.4生物安保的國內(nèi)外應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀 522276參考文獻 61.1對蝦主要病原1.1.1病毒性病原自1993年蝦病在我國大面積暴發(fā)以來，國內(nèi)外對蝦養(yǎng)殖業(yè)面對的病害問題日益嚴重，病害問題成為阻礙我國對蝦養(yǎng)殖業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要原因。其中，對蝦病毒病因其發(fā)病快、傳播性強，宿主廣泛而又缺少有效的防治方法，對對蝦產(chǎn)業(yè)和養(yǎng)殖生產(chǎn)帶來巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。近年來，對對蝦養(yǎng)殖造成較大損失的病毒性病原主要有對蝦白斑綜合征病毒(WSSV)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[1]、傳染性皮下及造血組織壞死病毒(IHHNV)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Galvan-Alvarez</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645086434">3</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Galvan-Alvarez,D.</author><author>Mendoza-Cano,F.</author><author>Hernandez-Lopez,J.</author><author>Sanchez-Paz,A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>LaboratoriodeReferencia,AnalisisyDiagnosticoenSanidadAcuicola,CentrodeInvestigacionesBiologicasdelNoroesteS.C.(CIBNOR),CalleHermosa101,Col.LosAngeles,Hermosillo,Son.C.P.83106,Mexico.</auth-address><titles><title>ExperimentalevidenceofmetabolicdisturbanceinthewhiteshrimpPenaeusvannameiinducedbytheInfectiousHypodermalandHematopoieticNecrosisVirus(IHHNV)</title><secondary-title>JInvertebrPathol</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JInvertebrPathol</full-title></periodical><pages>60-7</pages><volume>111</volume><number>1</number><edition>2012/06/26</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Aquaculture</keyword><keyword>BodyMassIndex</keyword><keyword>*Densovirinae</keyword><keyword>Glucose/metabolism</keyword><keyword>LacticAcid/metabolism</keyword><keyword>LipidMetabolism</keyword><keyword>Penaeidae/metabolism/*virology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Sep15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1096-0805(Electronic) 0022-2011(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22727717</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/22727717</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jip.2012.06.005</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]、偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[3,4]以及蝦血細胞虹彩病毒(DIV1)等ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[5]。造成對蝦感染病毒病的原因很多，養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境的惡化、蝦苗攜帶病毒性病原及對蝦抗病力弱等都會引起對蝦染病。病毒的傳播途徑主要分為垂直傳播和水平傳播。江世貴等發(fā)現(xiàn)感染W(wǎng)SSV后的親蝦產(chǎn)出的卵子也攜帶相同病原，驗證了病毒可以垂直傳播ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>江靜波</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>8</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>8</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645091706">8</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">江世貴</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">何建國</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">呂</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">玲</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">鄧</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">敏</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">江靜波</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">白斑綜合癥病毒對斑節(jié)對蝦親蝦的感染及垂直傳播的初步研究</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中山大學(xué)學(xué)報（自然科學(xué)版）</style></secondary-title></titles><pages>164-171</pages><volume>39</volume><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[6]。水平傳播是指養(yǎng)殖生物在養(yǎng)殖過程中通過攝食、水體接觸等途徑感染病原ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>劉萍</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>9</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645175828">9</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">劉萍</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">孔杰</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">孟憲紅</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">劉志鴻</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李健</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">白斑綜合癥病毒</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">(WSSV)</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">在對蝦養(yǎng)殖過程中傳播途徑的調(diào)查</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">海洋水產(chǎn)研究</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>海洋水產(chǎn)研究</full-title></periodical><pages>9-12</pages><volume>21</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[7]。目前對于病毒病的治療還沒有完全切實有效的辦法，但可以通過阻斷病毒的傳播途徑來減少疾病的發(fā)生，例如選用檢疫合格、優(yōu)質(zhì)的蝦苗，從源頭減少病毒污染的可能性；放苗前進行清塘消毒，改良池塘養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境；對水質(zhì)底質(zhì)進行消毒處理，改良池塘生態(tài)環(huán)境，防止病毒病發(fā)生。1.1.2細菌性病原近年來，隨著對蝦養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，有害細菌對對蝦養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)生的危害也日益嚴重。對蝦被細菌感染后會導(dǎo)致蝦體表的潰爛或局部感染后導(dǎo)致整體表現(xiàn)出敗血癥狀A(yù)DDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>衣啟麟</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645180017">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">衣啟麟</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">養(yǎng)殖蝦蟹疫病免疫防控的初步研究</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">實驗海洋生物學(xué)重點實驗室</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]。急性肝胰腺壞死病ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[9]、紅腿病ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Huang</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645180768">12</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Huang,Xiaodong</author><author>Gu,Yin</author><author>Zhou,Huihua</author><author>Xu,La</author><author>Cao,Haipeng</author><author>Gai,Chunlei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Acinetobactervenetianus,apotentialpathogenofredlegdiseaseinfreshwater-culturedwhitelegshrimpPenaeusvannamei</title><secondary-title>AquacultureReports</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AquacultureReports</full-title></periodical><volume>18</volume><section>100543</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>23525134</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100543</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]、爛鰓病ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>陳月華</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645181862">13</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">陳月華</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">張永嘉</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">斑節(jié)對蝦細菌性爛鰓病的病理組織學(xué)觀察</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">湛江水產(chǎn)學(xué)院學(xué)報</style></secondary-title></titles><pages>22-26</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1993</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]等細菌病近年來的大肆流行，成為對蝦養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的又一難題。其中急性肝胰腺壞死病是近兩年來影響最為重要的疾病之一。蝦的急性肝胰腺壞死?。ˋHPND）于2009年在我國海南省爆發(fā)，并依次蔓延至越南（2010），馬來西亞（2011），泰國（2012）和墨西哥（2013）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[12-15]。2011年我國福建等省對蝦由于AHPND的爆發(fā)產(chǎn)量降低80%以上。2012年泰國凡納濱對蝦因AHPND的發(fā)生減產(chǎn)一半ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Joshi</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>14</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645186351">14</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Joshi,Jyoti</author><author>Srisala,Jiraporn</author><author>Truong,VietHong</author><author>Chen,I.Tung</author><author>Nuangsaeng,Bunlung</author><author>Suthienkul,Orasa</author><author>Lo,ChuFang</author><author>Flegel,TimothyW.</author><author>Sritunyalucksana,Kallaya</author><author>Thitamadee,Siripong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>VariationinVibrioparahaemolyticusisolatesfromasingleThaishrimpfarmexperiencinganoutbreakofacutehepatopancreaticnecrosisdisease(AHPND)</title><secondary-title>Aquaculture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aquaculture</full-title></periodical><pages>297-302</pages><volume>428-429</volume><section>297</section><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>00448486</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.03.030</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[12]。2013年墨西哥也出現(xiàn)AHPNDADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[15]。AHPND的傳染方式主要表現(xiàn)為一個養(yǎng)殖池感染后傳染到同一養(yǎng)殖場的其它池塘，隨后向周邊養(yǎng)殖場進行擴散。因此，該疾病呈現(xiàn)出一定的區(qū)域性。目前不同的學(xué)者對于AHPND的發(fā)病機制存在不同看法，主要包括弧菌感染、養(yǎng)殖容納量超載、病毒和寄生蟲感染以及種苗質(zhì)量下降等學(xué)說ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>文國樑</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>18</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645187488">18</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">文國樑</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">曹煜成</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">徐煜</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">胡曉娟</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">徐武杰</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李卓佳</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">養(yǎng)殖對蝦肝胰腺壞死綜合癥研究進展</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">廣東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>廣東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)</full-title></periodical><pages>118-123</pages><number>11</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.16768/j.issn.1004-874x.2015.11.022</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。Tran等從發(fā)病對蝦中分離出一株哈維氏弧菌，與副溶血弧菌親緣關(guān)系較近，通過浸泡激發(fā)試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，死亡對蝦臨床癥狀及組織病理變化與AHPNS患病對蝦完全一致ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Tran</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>15</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>15</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645186411">15</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tran,L.</author><author>Nunan,L.</author><author>Redman,R.M.</author><author>Mohney,L.L.</author><author>Pantoja,C.R.</author><author>Fitzsimmons,K.</author><author>Lightner,D.V.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>AquaculturePathologyLaboratory,SchoolofAnimalandComparativeBiomedicalSciences,DepartmentofVeterinaryScienceandMicrobiology,UniversityofArizona,Tucson,Arizona85721,USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Determinationoftheinfectiousnatureoftheagentofacutehepatopancreaticnecrosissyndromeaffectingpenaeidshrimp</title><secondary-title>DisAquatOrgan</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>DisAquatOrgan</full-title></periodical><pages>45-55</pages><volume>105</volume><number>1</number><edition>2013/07/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Bacteria/*classification</keyword><keyword>Hepatopancreas/*pathology</keyword><keyword>Host-PathogenInteractions</keyword><keyword>*Penaeidae</keyword><keyword>TimeFactors</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Jul9</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0177-5103(Print) 0177-5103(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23836769</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/23836769</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3354/dao02621</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]。Lightner等從患病蝦中分離出一株副溶血弧菌，通過回感實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)，被感染的實驗對蝦出現(xiàn)AHPNS死亡的典型特征，且死亡率高達100%，由此證明副溶血弧菌是AHPNS的重要病原。通過基因序列比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)特異性副溶血弧菌的致病性和帶有pirA、pirB的pVA1質(zhì)粒有關(guān)ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lightner</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645187798">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lightner,D.V.</author><author>Redman,R.M.</author><author>Pantoja,C.R.</author><author>Noble,B.L.</author><author>Tran,L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EarlymortalitysyndromeaffectsshrimpinAsia</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，AHPND的其它致病原也帶有pVA1-like質(zhì)粒。Liu等人對引起對蝦嚴重急性肝胰臟壞死病(AHPND)的歐氏弧菌SH-14菌株進行了序列測定，序列分析顯示一個大的染色體外質(zhì)粒，該質(zhì)粒編碼pir毒素基因，與副溶血性弧菌AHPND致病菌株的序列高度相似。結(jié)果表明，該質(zhì)粒在對蝦AHPND中可能起重要作用ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[18,19]。Ahn等人從拉丁美洲國家養(yǎng)殖的南美白對蝦中分離出坎氏爾弧菌的完整基因組，Tn3樣轉(zhuǎn)座子和pirAB基因在質(zhì)粒pLA16-2上編碼ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[20]。目前，關(guān)于AHPND的病因和致病機制仍是研究的焦點和熱點。目前對于AHPND的致病機制還未完全了解，還沒有形成一套完整科學(xué)的防控體系，主要是通過應(yīng)用生物安保的防控策略預(yù)防疾病的發(fā)生ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李吉云</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>26</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>26</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645190260">26</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李吉云</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">沈</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%"></style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">輝</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">孟慶國</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">萬夕和</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">蔣葛</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">喬毅</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">馮艷琴</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李浩瀾</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">對蝦急性肝胰腺壞死病</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">(AHPND)</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">流行病學(xué)、診斷方法及防控措施的研究進展</style></title><secondary-title>MarineSciences</secondary-title></titles><pages>163-172</pages><volume>45</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2021</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.11759/hykx20200628002</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]。1.1.3其他病原在對蝦人工養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境中，除了病毒病和細菌病以外，寄生蟲和立克次體也是危害養(yǎng)殖蝦類健康的重要病原ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李秉鴻</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645192628">27</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李秉鴻</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">對蝦的白斑綜合征病毒研究進展</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">畜牧獸醫(yī)科技信息</style></secondary-title></titles><pages>10-11</pages><volume>5</volume><number>18</number><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]。Tourtip等在2009年對對蝦肝腸胞蟲進行了命名和分類ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Tourtip</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645236832">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tourtip,S.</author><author>Wongtripop,S.</author><author>Stentiford,G.D.</author><author>Bateman,K.S.</author><author>Sriurairatana,S.</author><author>ChavaDEj,J.</author><author>Sritunyalucksana,K.</author><author>Withyachumnarnkul,B.%JJournalofInvertebratePathology</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Enterocytozoonhepatopenaeisp.nov.(Microsporida:Enterocytozoonidae),aparasiteoftheblacktigershrimpPenaeusmonodon(Decapoda:Penaeidae):Finestructureandphylogeneticrelationships</title></titles><pages>21-29</pages><volume>102</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]，自2013年以來，EHP在我國各個地區(qū)對蝦養(yǎng)殖地出現(xiàn)較高的感染率。Tangprasittipap等通過實驗證明EHP可不通過中間宿主進行水平傳播ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sritunyalucksana</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>29</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[24]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>29</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645237502">29</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>AmornratTangprasittipap;JirapornSrisala;SaisuneeChouwdee;MontaganSomboon;NitiChuchird;ChalorLimsuwan;ThinnaratSrisuvan;TimothyWFlegel;KallayaSritunyalucksana</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ThemicrosporidianEnterocytozoonhepatopenaeiisnotthecauseofwhitefecessyndromeinwhitelegshrimpPenaeus(Litopenaeus)vannamei</title><secondary-title>BMCVeterinaryResearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BMCVeterinaryResearch</full-title></periodical><pages>139-148</pages><volume>1</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]，受感染的水體和投喂患病蝦均可對健康蝦造成感染ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[25-27]。Khac等通過南美白對蝦垂直傳播實驗，取樣后經(jīng)PCR和組織病理學(xué)分析等方法首次證明了微孢子蟲在十足目甲殼動物中的垂直傳播ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Vu-Khac</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>33</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[28]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645238965">33</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>HVu-Khac</author><author>Thanh,Tnt</author><author>Thu,Gnt</author><author>Chi,H.L.</author><author>Nguyen,V.D.%JJournalofPure</author><author>AppliedMicrobiology</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>VerticalTransmissionandEarlyDiagnosisoftheMicrosporidianEnterocytozoonhepatonaeiinWhitelegShrimpPenaeusvannamei</title></titles><pages>1125-1131</pages><volume>12</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[28]。對蝦感染EHP后不會明顯降低死亡率，但會使對蝦攝食減少，生長速度減慢，對我國對蝦養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)業(yè)造成嚴重影響。2017年河北省對蝦養(yǎng)殖病害調(diào)查報告顯示，EHP陽性蝦的死亡率不高，但個體大小不均勻，造成減產(chǎn)30%ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>申紅旗</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[29]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645240489">34</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">申紅旗</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李全振</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">孫偉彬</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">田洋</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">王鐘強</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">張麗敏</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">劉建朝</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">鄭桂霞</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">河北省</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">2017</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">年對蝦養(yǎng)殖病害防控情況調(diào)查報告</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">河北漁業(yè)</style></secondary-title></titles><pages>14-17</pages><number>12</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]。EHP的感染還會使蝦機體免疫機能降低，造成細菌、病毒的入侵，引發(fā)交叉感染。Biju等發(fā)現(xiàn)在感染EHP的對蝦中同時存在細菌感染ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Biju</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>35</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[30]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645240932">35</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Biju,N.</author><author>Sathiyaraj,G.</author><author>Raj,M.</author><author>Shanmugam,V.</author><author>Baskaran,B.</author><author>Govindan,U.</author><author>Kumaresan,G.</author><author>Kasthuriraju,K.K.</author><author>Chellamma,T.S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>CentralAquaculturePathologyLaboratory,RajivGandhiCentreForAquaculture(RGCA),TTTAC,MPEDA,MinistryofCommerceandIndustry,GovernmentofIndia,Sirkali,Nagapattinam,Tamilnadu609109,India.</auth-address><titles><title>HighprevalenceofEnterocytozoonhepatopenaeiinshrimpsPenaeusmonodonandLitopenaeusvannameisampledfromslowgrowthpondsinIndia</title><secondary-title>DisAquatOrgan</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>DisAquatOrgan</full-title></periodical><pages>225-30</pages><volume>120</volume><number>3</number><edition>2016/08/10</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>*Aquaculture</keyword><keyword>Enterocytozoon/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Host-PathogenInteractions</keyword><keyword>India</keyword><keyword>Penaeidae/*microbiology</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Aug9</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0177-5103(Print) 0177-5103(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>27503918</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/27503918</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3354/dao03036</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[30]。Aranguren等實驗證明患有EHP的凡納濱對蝦對AHPND和SHPN的易感性增加ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Aranguren</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>36</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[31]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>36</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645241316">36</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aranguren,LuisFernando</author><author>Han,JeeEun</author><author>Tang,KathyF.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Enterocytozoonhepatopenaei(EHP)isariskfactorforacutehepatopancreaticnecrosisdisease(AHPND)andseptichepatopancreaticnecrosis(SHPN)inthePacificwhiteshrimpPenaeusvannamei</title><secondary-title>Aquaculture</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aquaculture</full-title></periodical><pages>37-42</pages><volume>471</volume><section>37</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>00448486</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.12.038</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[31]。纖毛蟲病是對蝦育苗中的常見疾病，是由聚縮蟲、鐘形蟲等固著類纖毛蟲在對蝦鰓絲和附肢等部位附生引起的。發(fā)病初期，蝦類行動緩慢，反應(yīng)較慢，體表附有粘液。發(fā)病中晚期，對蝦全身有較厚的附著物，鰓絲遭到破壞，體質(zhì)降低，引發(fā)細菌或病毒感染，造成對蝦較高的死亡率。纖毛蟲病的發(fā)生與對蝦種質(zhì)、放養(yǎng)密度等密切相關(guān)。隨著對蝦養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模的不斷擴大，對蝦纖毛蟲病及其繼發(fā)性細菌、病毒性疾病不斷增加，給養(yǎng)殖業(yè)造成嚴重危害ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>尹倫甫</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>37</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[32,33]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="zrewsr0f59pdwfeazsb52e0uwww59z2v9xsv"timestamp="1645253474">37</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="中文期刊">40</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">尹倫甫</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">陳昌福</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">蝦、蟹纖毛蟲病的現(xiàn)狀與防治方法</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">科學(xué)養(yǎng)魚</style></secondary-title></titles><page