ThePresentDevelopmentSituationofMobileCommunicationThePresentDevelopmentSituationofMobileCommunicationGeneraloverview3.FromGSMtoTD-SCDMA(2G-3G)4.FromTD-SCDMAtoLTE(3G-4G)4GinChinaand4Gdevelopmentsituation2.FromanalogsignalstoGSM(1G-2G)3Whatiscommunications?4AncientWaysofCommunication5AncientWaysofCommunicationMailstationinancientChina6WeaknesslongerdurationLowaccuracyNotflexibleenough......7Featureofmoderncommunicationtools8Transmissioncharacteristicsofcommunication

Thetransmissionchannelofmobilecommunicationmustbetransmittedbyradiowave;Thetransmissioncharacteristicsofradiowavesarecomplex.Inmobilecommunicationsystems,duetothecontinuousmovementofthemobilestation,notonlytheDopplereffect,butalsothesignaltransmissionbytheterrain,groundfeatureswillchangeatanytime;Theinterferenceismuchandcomplex;Flexiblenetworking,mobilecommunicationsystemnetworkingcanbedividedintosmallcapacitylargeareamode

andlargecapacitysmallareamode.Inordertomeettheusedemands,mobilecommunicationnetworkmusthavestrongcontrolfunctions,suchastheestablishmentandremovalcommunication(calls),channelcontrolanddistribution,registrationandlocationoftheuser,aswellastransithandoverandroamingcontrol;Moredemandingrequirementsfortheequipment;Largenumberofusersandlimitedfrequency.9Mobilecommunicationdevelopment

Generationofmobilecommunications

————Fromwirelesscommunication10Mobilecommunicationdevelopment

GPRS/EDGEPeakrate0.47/0.47Mbps3GPP

camp(GSM)WCDMAPeakrate：5.76/14.4MbpsHSPATD-SCDMAPeakrate：0.55/1.68MbpsTD-HSPAEV-DORel.0Peakrate：1.8/3.1MbpsD0Rel.ACDMA20001x3GPP2camp(CDMA)LTEFDDPeakrate50M/150MbpsLTETDDPeakrate10M/110MbpsLTE-AdvPeakrate500M~1GbpsMobileWiMAX802.16ePeakrate75MbpsMobileWiMAX802.16mPeakrate500M~1GbpsWiMAX

campTDMACDMAOFDM2G3G3.9G4GStandardevolutionroute11GeneralOverviewLTE：LongTermEvolution12SeparationofcircuitandpacketdomainsgSeparationofcontrolandloadLTEsupplementaryversionLocationConceptpreemptionPre5G/4.5G/TDD+R10R11R12R13R14R15R164G4.5G5GCapacity:0.xGbpsConnection:800millionconnectionsTimedelay:60msCapacity:XGbpsConnection:30billionconnectionsTimedelay:10msCapacity:10GbpsConnection:100billionconnectionsTimedelay:1ms201020122014201620182020MobileBroadbandMobileInternetDemandspromotestheevolutionofcommunication

technologyThemobilecommunicationtechnologyhasthelawofintergenerationalevolution

--Globalmobilecommunicationshaspassedthe1G,2Gand3Gthreestagesofdevelopment,isevolvingfrom3Gto4G

--Atpresent,countriesareactivelypromoting5Gtechnologyresearch1G2G3G4G1980s1990s2000s2010messagesSocialapplicationonline、interaction、mobilegamevoice5G

virtualreality、“zero”delay2020existgoodbetterbesthappinessThePresentDevelopmentSituationofMobileCommunicationGeneraloverview3.FromGSMtoTD-SCDMA(2G-3G)4.FromTD-SCDMAtoLTE(3G-4G)4GinChinaand4Gdevelopmentsituation2.FromanalogsignalstoGSM(1G-2G)16Beeper1G—Analogmobilephone1G,alsoknownasthefirstgenerationmobilecommunicationstechnology,wasthe

cellularradiotelephonesystembasedontheanalogtechnology,andwasformulatedinthelastcentury,80s.1Gwirelesssystemcanonlytransmitvoicetrafficandislimitedbythecapacityofthenetwork.1G—AnalogmobilephoneBigBrother？19Firstgenerationmobilecommunicationtechnology-Analogcellularapplication：TheMotorolaDynaTAC8000X20Technology:FDMAFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess21BigDistrictSystemtocellularsystemCapacityhasbeengreatlyimprovedwidelyContinuouscoverageIncreasedtechnicaldifficultyPowerisgreatlyreduced

22

Defects

MixedsystemInternationalroamingisnotpossiblePoorconfidentialityBusinesstypeissingleLimitedsystemcapacityDifficulttoexpand………ThePresentDevelopmentSituationofMobileCommunicationGeneraloverview3.FromGSMtoTD-SCDMA(2G-3G)4.FromTD-SCDMAtoLTE(3G-4G)4GinChinaand4Gdevelopmentsituation2.FromanalogsignalstoGSM(1G-2G)242G—Digitalmobilephone

Thesecondgenerationmobilephonecommunicationtechnology'sspecificationabbreviation,it'sgenerallydefinedasthelackofdirecttransmissionsuchase-mail,softwareandotherinformations;Andthemobilewithonlythecommunicationsspecificationssuchastimeanddatetransmission.However,SMS(Shortmessageservice)canbeimplementedincertainspecificationsof2G.2GintheUnitedStatesisoftencalledPCS(PersonalCommunicationsService).Secondgenerationmobilecommunicationtechnology-digitalcommunicationTDMA

SystemGSMGPRS26TDMA:time-divisionmultipleaccess;Multipleaccesstechnologyusingdifferenttimedivisionintodifferentchannels.TDMA27WhatisGSM？

GlobalSystemforMobilecommunication,knownasGSM,isthemostwidelyusedmobilephonestandard.Sinceitwasputintocommercialuseinthemiddleof90s,ithasbeenadoptedbymorethan100countriesallovertheworld.GSMstandardequipmentoccupiesmorethan80%ofthecurrentglobalmobilecellularcommunicationsequipmentmarket.ThebiggestdifferencebetweenGSManditspreviousstandardsisthatbothitssignalingandspeechchannelsaredigital,soGSMisknownasthesecondgeneration(2G)mobilephonesystem.2829302GmobilecommunicationsapplicationsGSM(MotorolaV8)

312G—Digitalmobilephone

32Withtheincreasingdemandfordataservicesandtherisingdemandformultimediaservices,2Gnetworksisdifficulttomeettheneedsoflargenumbersofusers3GThearrivalof3GsolvestheseproblemsItisdifficulttomeettheneedsofusers,whatshouldwedo?Thirdgeneration333G—Cellularmobilecommunicationtechnology

Thethirdgenerationmobilecommunicationtechnologyreferstothecellularmobilecommunicationtechnology

thatsupportshigh-speeddatatransmission.3Gservicescantransmitbothvoiceanddataatthesametime

witharateofoverafewhundredkbps.34Function:itintroducesalargenumberofproliferationservices(mobileInternet,videophone,videosharing,streamingmedia,POCintercomprivatenetwork,SMScommunicationandtelephonecommunication)Technology:mainstream3GstandardsareusingCDMAtechnologyKeywords：WCDMACDMA2000TD-SCDMADisadvantages:3GlacksglobalstandardsThirdgenerationmobilecommunicationsystem（3G)35Mobilevideocall36HSDPAhighspeedinternetaccess37Multimediaringtones38Fourstandardsfor3G:

3GTD-SCDMAWiMAXCDMA2000WCDMA39CDMA2000

ChinaTelecom40Fourstandardsfor3G:

3GTD-SCDMAWiMAXCDMA2000WCDMA41WCDMA

42Fourstandardsfor3G:

3GTD-SCDMAWiMAXCDMA2000WCDMA43Fourstandardsfor3G:

3GTD-SCDMAWiMAXCDMA2000WCDMA44TD-SCDMA

GMSCGMGWHLRMGWMSC-S（VLR）GGSNSGSNNodeBNodeBMcDMcNcCNbGsGnGrGiIu-CSIu-PSIubIub-disappear3GSystemRNCNetworkArchitecture4546Comparisonofthree3Gtechnologies

WCDMACDMA2000TD-SCDMACorenetworkBasedonGSM-MAPBasedonANSI-41BasedonGSM-MADuplexmodeFDDFDDTDDBidirectionalchannelbandwidth(MHz)102.51.6Chiprate(Mcps)3.841.22831.28Tiltinglength(MS)10msvariable10ms(dividedintotwo5mssubframe)BasestationsynchronizationAsynchronous(optionalsynchronization)AynchronizationAynchronizationPowercontrol(Hz)Openloop+fastclosedloop1500Openloop+fastclosedloop

800Openloop+slowclosedloop20047Thethirdgenerationmobilecommunicationtechnology

Broadbandcommunications

Themaindifferencebetweenthethirdgenerationandthefirsttwogenerationsistheincreaseinthespeedofthetransmissionofsoundanddata.Itcandealwithimages,music,videostreamingandotherformsofmedia,providingwebbrowsing,telephoneconferencing,e-commerceandotherinformationservices.48Thedevelopmentof3GinChina

InMay2000,theInternationalTelecommunicationUnionofficiallyannouncedthethirdgenerationofmobilecommunicationstandards,China'sTD-SCDMAbecameofficiallyaninternationalstandard,withtheEuropean'sWCDMA,theUnitedStates'sCDMA2000,becomethethreemainstreamtechnologiesin3GEra.InMay24,2008,theMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission,MinistryofFinancejointlyissued"NoticeonDeepeningtheReformofTelecommunicationSystem",encouragedtheacquisitionChinaUnicom'sCDMAnetwork(includingtheassetsandtheuser)byChinaTelecom,andChinaUnicommergedwithChineseNetcom,ChinaSatcom'sbasictelecomserviceincorporatedintoChinaTelecom,ChinaRailcommergedintoChinaMobile,thenmberofdomestictelecomoperatorschangedfrom6to3.49Thedevelopmentof3GinChina

June2,2008,ChinaUnicomproposedtoChinaNetcombywayofagreementontheimplementationofthemergerofthetwocompanies,ChinaNetcom'spersharewillbeexchangedfor1.508shareofChinaUnicomshares,ChinaNetcom'sAmericanDepositaryshareswillexchangefor3.016sharesofChinaUnicom'sAmericanDepositaryShares.Atthesametime,ChinaTelecomwillacquireUnicomCDMAnetworkwithatotalof110billionyuan.July29,2008,ChinaTelecomGroupannouncedthatinthenextthreeyearswillinvest80billionyuantodevelopCDMAbusiness,andproposedwithinthreeyearstoincreasethenumberofCDMAusersfromabout43millionto100million,thentheshareofChina'smobilecommunicationsmarketwillreach15%.50Thedevelopmentof3GinChina

InOctober15,2008,ChinaNetcom'sredchipcompanyinHongkongstockexchangeandNewYorkstockexchangedelisted.InAugust2008,theMinistryofIndustryissuedtheofficialreplyontheapprovalofChellonaMobileCommunicationsCorporationCmcctocarryoutcommercialtrialwork,andagreedthatChinaMobilewillestablishTDnetworksthroughoutthecountryandconductcommercialtrials.October1,2008,ChinaTelecombeganwithChinaUnicomCnetworkdelivery,andcompletedwithin60days.51Thedevelopmentof3GinChina

InOctober15,2008,thenewChinaUnicomofficiallyestablished,thereorganizationoftelecommunicationsreforminthecapitalmarketlevelofworkisallover.InDecember22,2008,ChinaTelecomreleasedthemobilebusinessbrand"Tianyi",189segmentinsomeprovincesandcitieswasputintotrialbusiness,fullytransformedintofull-serviceoperators.InDecember31,2008,theexecutivemeetingoftheStateCounciladoptedaresolutionandagreedtostarttheissuanceof3Glicenses.52Theimpactsof3GonChina…

EmploymentopportunityMobilecommerceVideocallMobileshoppingMobileonlinegamesThePresentDevelopmentSituationofMobileCommunicationGeneraloverview3.FromGSMtoTD-SCDMA(2G-3G)4.FromTD-SCDMAtoLTE(3G-4G)4GinChinaand4Gdevelopmentsituation2.FromanalogsignalstoGSM(1G-2G)544G—Ultrahigh-speedwirelessnetwork

Thefourthgenerationmobilecommunicationtechnology.4Gisacombinationof3GandWLAN,andcantransmithighqualityvideosandimages.Itsqualityofimagetransmissioniscomparabletothatofhdtv.4Gsystemcandownloadat100Mbpsspeed,itsuploadspeedcanreach50Mbps,andcanmeetalmostallusersforwirelessservicerequirements.Inaddition,4GcanbedeployedwhereDSLandcablemodemsarenotcovered,andthenextendedtotheentirearea.55standardsfor4G：

4Gisoftenusedtodescribethenextgenerationof3Gcommunicationnetwork,butfewpeopleclearsthemeaningof4G.Infact,4Gwasalsointroducedbymanyindependenttechnologyprovidersandtelecomoperatorsintheinitialstage,andtheirtechnologyandeffectwerealsouneven.Later,theInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU)redefinedthe4Gstandard--thespeedatwhichdatawastransmittedby100m.Thisstandardofcommunicationtechnologycantheoreticallybecalled4G.56

WhatisLTE？

LTE---LongTermEvolution57TDDFDD58Thefourthgenerationmobilecommunicationtechnology

Wirelessmultimedia

Oneofthemaingoalsof4GistoprovidemobileuserswithultrawidebandmultimediaservicessothattheycanmakefulluseofthenextgenerationInternettechnologybasedonmobilenetworks.TD-LTENetworkArchitectureOMCEPCFireWallsS-GW/P-GWMMEEUTRANUEeNodeBeNodeBeNodeB59TD-LTENetworkArchitectureMME/SAEGatewayMME/SAEGatewayeNBeNBeNBX2S1S1S1S1X2X2E-UTRANE-UTRANFlatNetworkArchitectureFlatnetworkarchitecturetoreduceequipmentinvestmentReducethenumberofinterfaces,IPnetworkinterfaceEnhancedend-to-endQoSCanceltheRNC(centralcontrolnode),leavingonlyonelayerofRANnodes——eNodeBENodeBandcorenetworkusingIP-basedflexiblemulti-connection——S1-flexinterfaceTheadjacenteNodeBusesameshconnection——X2interface60CancelRNC,leavingonlyonelayerofRANnodeeNodeBNodeBandcorenetworkadoptIPbasedflexiblemulticonnectionS1-flexinterfaceTheadjacenteNodeBadoptstheMeshconnection

X2interfaceGMSCGMGWHLRMGWMSC-S（VLR）GGSNSGSNNodeBNodeBMcDMcNcCNbGsGnGrGiIu-CSIu-PSIubIubHSSMMES6aSGWPGWS5S11ENBENBX2S1-MMES1-MMES1-US1-USGidisappear3GSystemLTESystemRNCEvolutionofnetworkarchitecture61EvolutionThePresentDevelopmentSituationofMobileCommunicationGeneraloverview3.FromGSMtoTD-SCDMA(2G-3G)4.FromTD-SCDMAtoLTE(3G-4G)4GinChinaand4Gdevelopmentsituation2.FromanalogsignalstoGSM(1G-2G)63VOLTEVoiceoverLTEDS-UE/SV-LTELTEmultimodesinglecarddualstandby(USIM)terminalthroughsimultaneousaccesstoLTEandCSnetwork,realizeddataserviceandvoiceservicecoexistenceandconcurrent:datatrafficthroughtheLTEnetworkcarryingandvoiceservicesthroughthetraditionalcircuitdomainnetwork.ImplementationschemeofvoiceserviceinLTEnetworkDual-StandbyUECS

FallBackSingleRadioVoiceCallContinuityCSFBInthelanguagecallsetupphase,UEregressesbacktothe2G/3Gnetwork,thuscontinuingthevoiceservicesunderthetraditionalcircuitdomain.VoLTEProvidingVoIPservicesbasedonIMSnetworkinLTEnetwork.WhentheUEmovesoutoftheLTEcoveragearea,itswitchesovertothetraditional2G/3Gcircuitdomainnetworktoensurecontinuityofthevoiceservice.MSCEPCMSCEPCGSM/3GLTEGSM/3GFallbackLTEEPCGSM/3GLTEIMSCS業(yè)務(wù)處理節(jié)點IMSR5SGWUEMGCFMwSLFCxHSSCxMGWMnMjMiMrMRFCShISCMRFPS-CSCFDatabasesInterworkingElementsServicesElementsIMScanbedividedintothefollowingsections:SessionMgmt&Routing(CSCFs)Databases(SLF,HSS)ServicesElements(AS,MRFC,MRFP)Inter-workingelements(BGCF,MGCFSGW,MGW)SupportEntitiesI-CSCFGmMwDxGGSNVisitedDomainHomeDomainBGCFSessionManagementandRoutingP-CSCFGoPDFSupportEntitiesSource:THEIMS,IPMultimediaconcepts&servicesinthemobiledomainASMpSessionManagementandRouting(P-CSCF)P-CSCF(ProxyCallSessionControlFunction)whenusersaccesstheIMSnetwork,thefunctionisclosetoaProxyForwardingtheuserregistrationrequesttoI-CSCF

/relayInteractwithPDFfunctionalityrelaymessagebetweenUEandS-CSCFVerifythevalidityofthesponsoranddestinationdetecttheemergencyserviceSendcharginginformationtoCCF(Chargingcollectionfunction)ProvidesintegrityandsecurityprotectionforSIPinformationbetweenIMSandUEImplementingmediacontrolpoliciesSource:THEIMS,IPMultimediaconcepts&servicesinthemobiledomainSGWUEMGCFMwSLFCxHSSCxMGWMnMjMiMrMRFCShISCMRFPS-CSCFDatabasesInterworkingElementsServicesElementsI-CSCFGmMwDxGGSNVisitedDomainHomeDomainBGCFSessionManagementandRoutingP-CSCFGoPDFSupportEntitiesASMpMpSessionManagementandRouting(I-CSCF)SGWUEMGCFMwSLFCxHSSCxMGWMnMjMiMrMRFCShISCMRFPS-CSCFASI-CSCF(Interrogating-CSCF)Whenusersroaming,theyaccessthehomenetworkastheaccesspointoftheuser

AnoperatornetworkcanhavemultipleI-CSCFContactHSStogettheS-CSCFaddressforwhichtheuserbelongs

I-CSCFforwardallSIPrequeststotheS-CSCFI-CSCFsendcharginginformationtoCCFProvidesfunctionalityfortopology,configuration,andcapabilityconcealmentI-CSCFGmMwDxGGSNVisitedDomainHomeDomainBGCFSessionManagementandRoutingP-CSCFGoPDFSource:THEIMS,IPMultimediaconcepts&servicesinthemobiledomainMpSessionManagementandRouting(S-CSCF)SGWUEMGCFMwSLFCxHSSCxMGWMnMjMiMrMRFCShISCMRFPS-CSCFASS-CSCF(Serving-CSCF)ServicecontrolcoreinIMS，belongtohomedomainResponsibleforUEregistrationandmanagementTherecanbemultipleS-CSCFinanoperatornetworkProcessinguserregistrationrequests/LogallregisteredUE'sIPaddressesDownloaduserinformationanddatafromHSSResponsibleformissioncontrolandemergencycallhandlingPerformmediapolicycontrolandmaintaintaskexecutiontimeSendcharginginformationtoCCFI-CSCFGmMwDxGGSNVisitedDomainHomeDomainBGCFSessionManagementandRoutingP-CSCFGoPDFSource:THEIMS,IPMultimediaconcepts&servicesinthemobiledomainMpDatabasesDatabases(HSSandSLF)SGWUEMGCFMwSLFCxCxMGWMnMjMiMrMRFCShISCMRFPS-CSCFASHSS(HomeSubscriberServer)StoreuserandserviceinformationrelatedtoIMS,includingIMSrelatedfunctionsincludeHLR/AUCfunctionofCSdomainincludeHLR/AUCfunctionofPSdomainHSScontainsuseridentity,registrationinformation,accessparameters,andbusinesstriggerinformationSLF(SubscriptionLocationFunction)UsedtoassistI-CSCF,S-CSCF,andASinfindingtheHSSthatstorestheuser'sinformationI-CSCFGmMwDxGGSNVisitedDomainHomeDomainBGCFP-CSCFGoPDFSource:THEIMS,IPMultimediaconcepts&servicesinthemobiledomainHSSServicesElementsServiceElements(MRFC,MRFP)SGWUEMGCFMwSLFCxHSSCxMGWMnMjMiMrMRFCShISCMRFPS-CSCFASMRFC(MultimediaResourceFunctionController)Supportandcarryserice

(conferencing,announcements,transcoding)SupportsinterworkingwithS-CSCFthroughSIPandthroughMEGACOcontroloverMRFPSendcharginginformationtoCCFMRFP(MultimediaResourceFunctionProcessor)ProvideuserinterfaceresourcesasrequiredbyMRFCI-CSCFGmMwDxGGSNVisitedDomainHomeDomainBGCFP-CSCFGoPDFSource:THEIMS,IPMultimediaconcepts&servicesinthemobiledomainMpMpServicesElementsServiceElements(AS)SGWUEMGCFMwSLFCxHSSCxMGWMnMjMiMrMRFCShISCMRFPS-CSCFASApplicationServer(AS)ProvideIMSbusinessReceiveandprocessSIPrequestsfromIMSSendSIPrequestSendcharginginformationtoCCFandOSCI-CSCFGmMwDxGGSNVisitedDomainHomeDomainBGCFP-CSCFGoPDFSource:THEIMS,IPMultimediaconcepts&servicesinthemobiledomainMpInterworkingElementsInterworkingElements(BGCF,MGCF)SGWUEMGCFMwSLFCxHSSCxMnMjMiMrMRFCShISCMRFPS-CSCFASI-CSCFGmMwDxGGSNBGCFP-CSCFGoPDFMGWBreakoutGatewayControlFunction(BGCF)UsedtoselectthesuitableMGCFforinterworkingSelecttheappropriateMGCFviatheENUMDNSin

accordancewiththecalledE.164numberMediaGatewayControlFunction(MGCF)UsedtoperforminterworkingbetweentheIMSandtheCSdomainPerformprotocolconversionbetweendifferentdomainsVisitedDomainHomeDomainSource:THEIMS,IPMultimediaconcepts&servicesinthemobiledomainMpInterworkingElementsServicesElementsInterworkingElements(MGW,SGW)SGWUEMGCFMwSLFCxHSSCxMnMjMiMrMRFCShISCMRFPS-CSCFASI-CSCFGmMwDxGGSNBGCFP-CSCFGoPDFMGWSignallingGateway(SGW)UsedtoconnectdifferentsignalingnetworksImplementingsignalingbearerconversionMediaGatewayControlFunction(MGW)Connectuserplanesindifferentdomains(PSTN,GSM,WCDMA與IMS)CodecconversionbetweendifferentnetworksSource:THEIMS,IPMultimediaconcepts&servicesinthemobiledomainVisitedDomainHomeDomainSupportEntities(PDF)SGWUEMGCFMwSLFCxHSSCxMGWMnMjMiMrMRFCShISCMRFPS-CSCFASPDF(PolicyDecisionFunction)StrategiccontrolbyP-CSCFbasedontaskandmediainformationStoragebusinessandmediarelatedinformation

(IPaddress,port#,bandwidth,etc.)GenerateAuthorisationtokentoidentifyPDFandtasksRevocationofauthorizationatanytimeControltheuseoftheloadNotifytheP-CSCFwhenthebear