2025—2026年人教版高二下冊(cè)英語期末考試卷及答案考生須知：1.本試卷基于人教版高二下冊(cè)英語全冊(cè)內(nèi)容，考查英語基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、語言技能及綜合運(yùn)用能力，滿分150分，考試時(shí)間120分鐘。2.答題前，務(wù)必將姓名、班級(jí)、考號(hào)填寫在答題卡指定位置，所有答案均需寫在答題卡對(duì)應(yīng)區(qū)域，寫在試卷上無效。3.聽力部分答題結(jié)束后，立即將答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上；非選擇題用黑色簽字筆書寫，字跡清晰、規(guī)范。4.考試結(jié)束后，將試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）做題時(shí)，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時(shí)間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。1.Whatwillthewomandofirst?A.GoshoppingB.FinishherworkC.Meetherfriend2.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.InarestaurantB.InahospitalC.Inalibrary3.Howmuchwillthemanpayforthetwobooks?A.$10B.$15C.$204.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A.TeacherandstudentB.DoctorandpatientC.Bossandemployee5.Whatistheweatherlikenow?A.SunnyB.RainyC.Cloudy第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Whydoesthemanmakethecall?A.TobookaroomB.TocancelareservationC.Toaskaboutroomservice7.Whattimewillthemanarriveatthehotel?A.At6:00pmtodayB.At6:00pmtomorrowC.At8:00pmtomorrow聽第7段材料，回答第8、9題。8.Whatisthewoman'sfavoritesport?A.SwimmingB.RunningC.Playingtennis9.Howoftendoesthemangoswimming?A.OnceaweekB.TwiceaweekC.Threetimesaweek聽第8段材料，回答第10至12題。10.Whatistheman'sproblem?A.HelosthiswalletB.HemissedhistrainC.Heforgothisphone11.Wheredidthemanprobablylosehiswallet?A.OnthetrainB.InthecoffeeshopC.Atthetrainstation12.Whatwillthemandonext?A.CallthepoliceB.CheckthelostandfoundC.Gobacktothecoffeeshop聽第9段材料，回答第13至16題。13.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A.AschooltripB.AsummervacationplanC.Aweekendactivity14.Wherewillthewomangoduringthevacation?A.TothemountainsB.TothebeachC.Toabigcity15.Howlongwillthewomanstaythere?A.For5daysB.ForaweekC.Fortwoweeks16.Whatwillthemando?A.VisithisgrandparentsB.TakeasummercourseC.Workpart-time聽第10段材料，回答第17至20題。17.Whenwasthelibrarybuilt?A.In1950B.In1960C.In197018.Howmanybooksarethereinthelibrary?A.About50,000B.About100,000C.About150,00019.Whattimedoesthelibraryopenonweekdays?A.At8:00amB.At8:30amC.At9:00am20.Whatisnotallowedinthelibrary?A.EatingfoodB.BorrowingbooksC.Usingcomputers第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2分，滿分30分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。AHaveyoueverdreamedofvisitingaplacewherehistorycomesalive?MachuPicchu,locatedintheAndesMountainsofPeru,issuchaplace.ThisancientIncacitywasbuiltaroundthe15thcenturyandwasforgottenforhundredsofyearsuntilitwasrediscoveredin1911byHiramBingham,anAmericanexplorer.MachuPicchuisknownforitsamazingarchitecture.Thecityisbuiltonahighmountainridge,anditsbuildingsaremadeoflargestonesthatfittogetherperfectlywithoutanymortar.ThemostfamousstructureistheTempleoftheSun,whichwasusedforreligiousceremonies.AnotherinterestingpartistheIntihuatanaStone,whichisbelievedtohavebeenusedasanastronomicalobservatory.VisitingMachuPicchuisanunforgettableexperience.Togetthere,youcantakeatrainfromCuscotoAguasCalientes,andthentakeabusupthemountain.Or,forthemoreadventurous,youcanhiketheIncaTrail,a4-dayjourneythroughbeautifulmountainsandforests.Onceyouarrive,youwillbeamazedbythebeautifulviewsofthesurroundingvalleysandmountains.MachuPicchuwasdeclaredaUNESCOWorldHeritageSitein1983andwasnamedoneoftheNewSevenWondersoftheWorldin2007.Itisamust-visitdestinationforanyoneinterestedinhistory,architecture,ornature.21.WhenwasMachuPicchurediscovered?A.Inthe15thcenturyB.In1911C.In1983D.In200722.WhatisspecialaboutthebuildingsinMachuPicchu?A.TheyaremadeofwoodB.TheyhavebeautifulpaintingsC.StonesfitperfectlywithoutmortarD.Theyareverytall23.HowcanvisitorsgettoMachuPicchu?A.OnlybytrainB.BytrainandthenbusC.OnlybyhikingD.BybusdirectlyBInrecentyears,moreandmorepeoplehavestartedtopayattentiontoenvironmentalprotection.Oneofthewaystoprotecttheenvironmentistoreducewaste.Recyclingisagreatwaytodothis,butmanypeopledon'tknowhowtorecycleproperly.First,it'simportanttoknowwhatcanberecycled.Commonrecyclablematerialsincludepaper,plastic,glass,andmetal.However,notallplasticscanberecycled.Forexample,plasticbagsandfoodcontainersareusuallynotrecyclable.It'sbesttochecktherecyclingsymbolontheproductbeforeputtingitintherecyclingbin.Second,youshouldcleanthematerialsbeforerecycling.Foodresidueonplasticorglasscontainerscancontaminateotherrecyclables,makingthemunrecyclable.So,makesuretorinseoutbottlesandcansbeforeputtingtheminthebin.Third,separatedifferenttypesofrecyclables.Mixingpaper,plastic,glass,andmetaltogethercanmaketherecyclingprocessmoredifficultandexpensive.Manycommunitieshaveseparatebinsfordifferentmaterials,sobesuretoputeachtypeofrecyclableinthecorrectbin.Finally,reduceandreusebeforerecycling.Thebestwaytoreducewasteistouselessstuffinthefirstplace.Forexample,youcanusereusablebagsinsteadofplasticbags,andreusablewaterbottlesinsteadofdisposableones.Reusingitemsisalsoagoodwaytoreducewaste—youcanrepurposeoldclothesintoragsoruseglassjarstostorefood.Byfollowingthesesimpletips,youcanmakerecyclingmoreeffectiveandhelpprotecttheenvironment.24.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.TheimportanceofenvironmentalprotectionB.HowtorecycleproperlyC.WhatmaterialscanberecycledD.Waystoreducewaste25.Whichofthefollowingplasticsisusuallynotrecyclable?A.PlasticbottlesB.PlasticbagsC.PlasticboxesfortoysD.Plasticcups26.Whyshouldwecleanrecyclablematerials?A.TomakethemlookbetterB.ToavoidcontaminatingotherrecyclablesC.TomaketherecyclingprocessfasterD.TosavewaterCTherearemanydifferenttypesofmusicintheworld,andeachtypehasitsownuniquecharacteristics.Onepopulartypeofmusicisjazz.JazzoriginatedintheUnitedStatesinthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,andithassincebecomepopularallovertheworld.Jazzisknownforitsimprovisation.Thismeansthatmusicianscreatemusiconthespotinsteadofplayingpre-writtennotes.Improvisationisoneofthemostimportantpartsofjazz,anditallowsmusicianstoexpresstheircreativity.Jazzalsousesavarietyofinstruments,includingthesaxophone,trumpet,piano,anddrums.Anothertypeofmusicisclassicalmusic.Classicalmusicismucholderthanjazz,anditoriginatedinEurope.Unlikejazz,classicalmusicisusuallywrittendown,andmusiciansplayexactlywhatiswrittenonthesheetmusic.Classicalmusicusesalargeorchestra,whichincludesstringinstruments,woodwindinstruments,brassinstruments,andpercussioninstruments.Popmusicisanotherpopulartypeofmusic.Popmusicisshortfor"popularmusic,"anditisusuallycatchyandeasytosingalongto.PopmusicisoftenplayedontheradioandonTV,anditispopularamongyoungpeople.Popmusiciansoftenuseelectronicinstrumentsandproducetheirmusicinastudio.Nomatterwhattypeofmusicyoulike,thereisnodoubtthatmusicplaysanimportantroleinourlives.Itcanmakeushappy,sad,orexcited,anditcanbringpeopletogether.27.Whendidjazzoriginate?A.Inthe18thcenturyB.Inthelate19thandearly20thcenturiesC.Inthemid-20thcenturyD.Inthe21stcentury28.Whatisspecialaboutjazz?A.ItiswrittendownB.ItusesalargeorchestraC.ItisbasedonimprovisationD.ItisonlypopularintheUS29.Whichinstrumentisnotusuallyusedinjazz?A.SaxophoneB.TrumpetC.ViolinD.Drum30.Whatispopmusicknownfor?A.BeingcatchyandeasytosingalongtoB.BeingveryoldC.UsingalargeorchestraD.BeingbasedonimprovisationDHaveyoueverwonderedwhysomepeoplearebetteratlearninglanguagesthanothers?Therearemanyfactorsthataffectlanguagelearning,includingage,motivation,andlearningstyle.Ageisanimportantfactor.Childrenareusuallybetteratlearninglanguagesthanadults.Thisisbecausechildren'sbrainsaremoreflexibleandcaneasilyabsorbnewinformation.Theyalsohavelessfearofmakingmistakes,whichisimportantforlanguagelearning.Adults,ontheotherhand,havemoredifficultylearningnewlanguagesbecausetheirbrainsarelessflexible,andtheyareoftenafraidofmakingmistakes.Motivationisanotherkeyfactor.Peoplewhoaremotivatedtolearnalanguagewillworkharderandmakemoreprogress.Motivationcancomefrommanysources,suchaswantingtocommunicatewithfriendsorfamily,wantingtotraveltoaforeigncountry,orwantingtogetabetterjob.Peoplewhohavenomotivationtolearnalanguagewillprobablynotmakemuchprogress.Learningstylealsoplaysarole.Everyonehasadifferentlearningstyle.Somepeoplelearnbestbylistening,whileotherslearnbestbyreadingorwriting.Somepeopleliketolearninagroup,whileothersprefertolearnalone.It'simportanttofindalearningstylethatworksforyou.Forexample,ifyouareavisuallearner,youcanuseflashcardsorwatchvideostolearnvocabulary.Inadditiontothesefactors,practiceisalsoveryimportant.Nomatterhowoldyouareorhowmotivatedyouare,youneedtopracticeregularlytoimproveyourlanguageskills.Youcanpracticebyspeakingwithnativespeakers,listeningtomusicorpodcasts,readingbooksorarticles,andwritinginthelanguage.Inconclusion,therearemanyfactorsthataffectlanguagelearning,butwiththerightmotivation,learningstyle,andplentyofpractice,anyonecanlearnanewlanguage.31.Whyarechildrenbetteratlearninglanguagesthanadults?A.TheyhavemoretimeB.TheirbrainsaremoreflexibleC.TheyhavebetterteachersD.Theyknowmorevocabulary32.Whatisthemeaningof"motivation"inParagraph3?A.興趣B.動(dòng)機(jī)C.方法D.天賦33.Whichlearningstyleisforvisuallearners?A.ListeningtopodcastsB.SpeakingwithnativespeakersC.UsingflashcardsD.Writingarticles34.Whatisthemostimportantthingforlanguagelearningbesidesage,motivationandlearningstyle?A.MoneyB.PracticeC.FriendsD.Books35.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.HowtolearnanewlanguageB.FactorsaffectinglanguagelearningC.ThebestagetolearnalanguageD.Differentlearningstyles第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，滿分10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。HowtoMakeFriendsEasilyMakingfriendscanbeeasyifyoufollowthesesimpletips.First,befriendlyandsmile.Asmileisauniversallanguagethatcanmakepeoplefeelwelcome.36.________Whenyoumeetsomeonenew,sayhelloandintroduceyourself.Askthemquestionsaboutthemselves,suchastheirhobbiesorfavoritethings.Thisshowsthatyouareinterestedinthem.Second,beagoodlistener.37.________Peopleliketotalkaboutthemselves,andifyoulistencarefully,theywillfeelcomfortablewithyou.Don'tinterruptwhensomeoneistalking,andshowthatyouarelisteningbynoddingormakingeyecontact.Third,bereliable.Ifyoupromisetodosomething,makesureyoudoit.38.________Peoplewilltrustyoumoreiftheyknowyouarereliable.Thisisanimportantpartofbuildinglong-termfriendships.Fourth,joinactivitiesorclubs.39.________Thisisagreatwaytomeetpeoplewhosharethesameinterestsasyou.Forexample,ifyoulikesports,youcanjoinasportsclub.Ifyoulikereading,youcanjoinabookclub.Finally,beyourself.40.________Don'ttrytobesomeoneyou'renottomakefriends.Truefriendswilllikeyouforwhoyouare.A.Don'tbeafraidtostartaconversation.B.Listeningismoreimportantthantalking.C.Friendsareimportantforourhappiness.D.Peopledon'tliketomakefriendswithpeoplewhobreaktheirpromises.E.Youcanmeetnewpeopleinmanydifferentplaces.F.Joiningaclubcanhelpyoumakefriendseasily.G.Beinghonestandgenuineisthekeytomakinggoodfriends.第三部分語言知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分45分）第一節(jié)完形填空（共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。WhenIwasachild,Ilovedtoread.MymotherwouldtakemetothelibraryeverySaturday,andIwould41.________hourstherereadingmyfavoritebooks.Ireadallkindsofbooks,fromfairytalestosciencefiction.Readingnotonlybroughtme42.________butalsohelpedmelearnalotofknowledge.Oneday,Ifoundabookaboutspace.ItwassointerestingthatIcouldn'tputitdown.Ireadaboutthestars,theplanets,andtheuniverse.I43.________dreamedofbecominganastronautandtravelingtospace.Mymothernoticedmy44.________inspaceandboughtmeatelescope.Everynight,Iwouldlookatthestarsthroughthetelescopeand45.________aboutwhatwasoutthere.AsIgrewolder,myloveforreading46.________.Istartedtoreadmorechallengingbooks,suchashistorybooksandclassicnovels.Readingthesebookshelpedme47.________theworldbetter.Ilearnedaboutdifferentcultures,differenttimes,anddifferentwaysofthinking.Now,Iamahighschoolstudent.Istilllovereading.Iusuallyreadforanhoureverydaybeforegoingtobed.Readinghelpsme48.________afteralongdayofstudying.Italsohelpsmeimprovemywritingskills.Myteachersoften49.________mywritingbecauseitisfullofideasanddetailsthatIlearnedfrombooks.Ithinkreadingisoneofthemostimportantthingsinmylife.IthasshapedwhoIamtoday.Ihopethateveryonecanfindthejoyofreadingand50.________fromitasmuchasIhave.41.A.spendB.takeC.costD.pay42.A.sadnessB.happinessC.angerD.worry43.A.oftenB.neverC.hardlyD.seldom44.A.fearB.doubtC.interestD.surprise45.A.thinkB.wonderC.talkD.care46.A.disappearedB.decreasedC.increasedD.stopped47.A.understandB.createC.changeD.control48.A.relaxB.workC.studyD.fight49.A.criticizeB.praiseC.correctD.ignore50.A.learnB.sufferC.hearD.differOnecoldwintermorning,Iwaswalkingtoschool.Thewindwasblowing51.________,andthesnowwasfallingheavily.Iputmyhandsinmypocketsandhurriedtoschool.Suddenly,Isawanoldmanwalkinginfrontofme.Hewaswearingathincoatandoldshoes.Helookedvery52.________.Istoppedandthoughtforamoment.ThenItookoffmywarmjacketandgaveittohim.Theoldmanwas53.________andthankedmeagainandagain.Itoldhimitwasnothing.AsIwalkedtoschool,Ifeltalittlecold,butmyheartwas54.________.WhenIarrivedatschool,myclassmatesnoticedthatIwasnotwearingajacket.Theyaskedmewhathappened,andItoldthemthestory.Theyall55.________meformykindness.MyteacheralsopraisedmeandsaidthatIhaddoneagooddeed.Thisexperiencetaughtmethathelpingotherscanbringhappinesstoboththegiverandthereceiver.Weshouldalwaysbe56.________tohelpthoseinneed.Evenasmallactofkindnesscanmakeabig57.________insomeone'slife.Later,Ifoundoutthattheoldmanwasahomelessperson.Hehadnofamilyandlivedonthestreet.Ifeltsadforhim,soIdecidedto58.________him.Everyweekend,Iwouldbringhimfoodandclothes.Webecamegoodfriends,andhewouldtellmestoriesabouthislife.59.________,withthehelpofthecommunity,theoldmanfoundaplacetolive.Iwasveryhappyforhim.Thisexperiencehaschangedmylife.Ihavelearnedthatkindnessisapowerfulforcethatcan60.________theworldabetterplace.51.A.gentlyB.stronglyC.softlyD.slowly52.A.warmB.happyC.coldD.excited53.A.surprisedB.angryC.sadD.bored54.A.coldB.hotC.coolD.warm55.A.laughedatB.lookedatC.praisedD.shoutedat56.A.readyB.afraidC.shyD.lazy57.A.problemB.differenceC.mistakeD.noise58.A.avoidB.helpC.leaveD.forget59.A.LuckilyB.UnluckilyC.SuddenlyD.Slowly60.A.makeB.takeC.letD.have第二節(jié)語法填空（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Nowadays,moreandmorepeopleareusingsocialmedia.Socialmediahasbecomeanimportantpartofourdailylife.Ithasmanyadvantages.First,itallowsus61.________(communicate)withfriendsandfamilywholivefaraway.Wecansendmessages,makevideocalls,andsharephotosandvideoswiththemeasily.Second,socialmediaisagoodway62.________(get)information.Wecanlearnaboutthelatestnews,sportsevents,andculturalactivitiesfromallovertheworld.However,socialmediaalsohassomedisadvantages.Forexample,spendingtoomuchtimeonsocialmediacanaffectourstudyandwork.Itcanalsobebadforourhealth,especiallyoureyes.Inaddition,thereisalotoffalseinformationonsocialmedia,63.________canmisleadpeople.Somepeoplealsousesocialmediatospreadrumorsorhurtothers.So,howcanweusesocialmediaproperly?First,weshouldsetatimelimitforusingsocialmedia.Weshouldnotspendmorethanonehouradayonit.Second,weshouldbecarefulabouttheinformation64.________(we)seeonsocialmedia.Weshouldnotbelieveeverythingwereadandshouldcheckthefactsbeforesharinganyinformation.Third,weshouldrespectothersandnotpostanythingthatmayhurtothers'feelings.Inconclusion,socialmediaisadouble-edgedsword.Ifweuseitproperly,itcanbringusalotofbenefits.Ifnot,itcancausemanyproblems.Weshoulduseit65.________(wise)tomakeourlifebetter.Lastsummer,Iwenttoasmalltown66.________(call)LijianginYunnanProvince.Itwasabeautifulplacewithclearrivers,greenmountains,andancientbuildings.Thepeopletherewereveryfriendlyandkind.Istayedinasmallhotel67.________wasrunbyalocalfamily.Theytreatedmelikeamemberoftheirfamily.Duringmystay,Ivisitedmanyinterestingplaces.IwenttotheOldTownofLijiang,68.________isaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.Iwalkedalongthestonestreets,visitedancienttemples,andtriedlocalfood.IalsotookaboattripontheLijiangRiver.Thescenerywassobeautiful69.________Icouldn'thelptakingalotofphotos.IhadagreattimeinLijiang.ItwasoneofthemostunforgettabletripsI70.________(everhave).Ihopetogobackthereagainsomeday.第四部分書面表達(dá)（滿分35分）第一節(jié)短文改錯(cuò)（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯(cuò)誤，每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加：在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)（∧），并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除：把多余的詞用斜線（\）劃掉。修改：在錯(cuò)的詞下劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意：1.每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞；2.只允許修改10處，多者（從第11處起）不計(jì)分。Myfavoritesportisswimming.IstartedtolearnswimmingwhenIwassixyearsold.Atfirst,Iwasafraidofwater,butwiththehelpofmyfather,Ifinallylearnedtoswim.Swimmingisnotonlygoodformyhealthy,butalsohelpsmerelax.Everysummer,Igoswimmingwithmyfriendsintheswimmingpoolnearourschool.Weusuallyswimfortwohoureverytime.Swimmingmakesmefeelveryhappy.Lastyear,Itakepartinaswimmingcompetitioninourcity.Itriedmybest,andIdidn'twinthefirstprize.However,IwasstillveryhappybecauseIlearnedalotfromthecompetition.Ithinkswimmingisaperfectsport.Itcanmakeusstrongandhealthy.Ihopemorepeoplewillloveswimminglikeme.IalsohopethatIcanswimbetterandbetterinthefuture.Ievendreamofbecomeaprofessionalswimmeroneday.第二節(jié)書面表達(dá)（滿分25分）假定你是李華，你的英國(guó)筆友Tom來信詢問你校的課外活動(dòng)情況。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)以下提示給他寫一封回信，介紹相關(guān)情況。提示：1.課外活動(dòng)的種類（如體育類、文藝類、科技類等）；2.你參加的課外活動(dòng)及原因；3.課外活動(dòng)給你帶來的好處。注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫；3.開頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。DearTom,I'mgladtoreceiveyourletteraskingabouttheafter-schoolactivitiesinourschool.NowI'lltellyousomethingaboutthem.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________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